# Lake Malawi, East Africa 1.3 Million Year TEX86 Paleotemperature
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21890
#       Description: 
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/malawi2016d13c.txt
#       Description:
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Paleolimnology
#
# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: geochemistry, carbon isotopes, reconstruction 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2017-04-02
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2020-04-06
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Lake Malawi, East Africa 1.3 Million Year TEX86 Paleotemperature
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Johnson, T.C.; Werne, J.P.; Brown, E.T.; Abbott, A.; Berke, M.; Steinman, B.A.; Halbur, J.; Contreras, S.; Grosshuesch, S.; Deino, A.; Scholz, C.A.; Lyons, R.P.; Schouten, S.; Sinninghe Damste, J.S.
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: TEX86 paleotemperatures, n-alkane 13C, and Ca abundance (XRF) data from sediments collected in Lake Malawi, East Africa for the past 1.3 million years. 
#	Record consists of data from piston core M98-13P (11.2667S,34.435E) and from drill holes MAL05-1B and MAL05-1C (11.2939S, 34.4372E).
#	Provided Keywords: paleotemperature, paleo-hydroclimate, tropical climate dynamics, East Africa
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: T.C. Johnson, J.P. Werne, E.T. Brown, A. Abbott, M. Berke, B.A. Steinman, J. Halbur, S. Contreras, S. Grosshuesch, A. Deino, C.A. Scholz, R.P. Lyons, S. Schouten, and J.S. Sinninghe Damste 
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-09-08      
#	Published_Title: A progressively wetter climate in southern East Africa over the past 1.3 million years
#	Journal_Name: Nature
#	Volume: 537
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 7619
#	Pages: 220-224
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1038/nature19065
#	Online_Resource: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7619/full/nature19065.html
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: African climate is generally considered to have evolved towards progressively drier conditions over the past few million years, with increased variability as glacial-interglacial change intensified worldwide. Palaeoclimate records derived mainly from northern Africa exhibit a 100,000-year (eccentricity) cycle overprinted on a pronounced 20,000-year (precession) beat, driven by orbital forcing of summer insolation, global ice volume and long-lived atmospheric greenhouse gases. Here we present a 1.3-million-year-long climate history from the Lake Malawi basin (10-14S in eastern Africa), which displays strong 100,000-year (eccentricity) cycles of temperature and rainfall following the Mid-Pleistocene Transition around 900,000 years ago. Interglacial periods were relatively warm and moist, while ice ages were cool and dry. The Malawi record shows limited evidence for precessional variability, which we attribute to the opposing effects of austral summer insolation and the temporal/spatial pattern of sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. The temperature history of the Malawi basin, at least for the past 500,000 years, strongly resembles past changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrigenous dust flux in the tropical Pacific Ocean, but not in global ice volume. Climate in this sector of eastern Africa (unlike northern Africa) evolved from a predominantly arid environment with high-frequency variability to generally wetter conditions with more prolonged wet and dry intervals.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#	Grant: EAR-902714
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Lake Malawi GLAD7-MAL05-1
#	Location: Africa>Eastern Africa
#	Country:  
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -11.29389
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -11.29389
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 34.43722
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 34.43722 
# 	Elevation: 378 m  
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Malawi2016d13C
#	Earliest_Year: 1275150
#	Most_Recent_Year: 490
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# 
# Ages of magnetic reversals are what was known in 2015.  Error estimates on these age assignments 
# were made to accommodate the ages now accepted for the reversals in 2020.
# 
# mblf	known age	±	source
# 0.555	816	67	C14
# 1.7	1772	50	C14
# 3.705	4273	95	C14
# 5.46	7141	90	C14
# 6.705	11009	138	C14
# 7.5075	12628	79	C14
# 7.9	13329	145	C14
# 8.5075	14565	313	C14
# 9.4565	18451	222	C14
# 9.5565	18799	180	C14
# 10.545	21528	470	C14
# 11.524	23973	267	C14
# 12.458	26590	427	C14
# 14.09	30890	214	C14
# 15.806	36139	423	C14
# 28.09	75000	1000	Toba
# 167.84	590000	20000	Ar/Ar
# 222	790000	20000	Brunhes/Matuyama
# 241.63	915000	8000	Ar/Ar
# 247	932000	5000	Santa Rosa
# 271.5	987000	4000	U. Jaramillo
# 290	1010000	60000	L. Jaramillo
# 313	1120000	6000	Punaruu
# 342	1190000	31000	U. Cobb Mt.
# 347	1220000	11000	L. Cobb Mt
# 
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_m	depth, , , m, , paleolimnology, , ,N, meters below lake floor
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , paleolimnology, , ,N, Re-scaled 13C WMA
## d13Cwax	delta 13C, leaf wax, , per mil, , paleolimnology, , ,N, 13C WMAvg; Del 13C is the weighted mean average of the C29, C31 and C33 n-alkanes. 
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_m	age_calBP	d13Cwax
0.165	490.38	-30.34
0.775	999.69	-27.75
5.655	7746.83	-30.13
6.305	9766.27	-29.72
6.815	11230.92	-29.22
7.075	11755.45	-27.86
7.365	12340.51	-28.24
7.473	12558.40	-27.94
9.164	17253.26	-28.45
10.114	20338.12	-28.34
10.62	21715.31	-27.55
11.55	24045.85	-27.65
13.509	29359.18	-28.12
14.507	32165.54	-30.9
16.561	38527.48	-29.65
17.002	39922.60	-29.4
17.496	41485.39	-30.95
18.585	44930.49	-29.33
19.45	47666.96	-29.11
23.625	60874.77	-29.76
25.405	66505.88	-29.24
26.975	71472.65	-28.63
27.785	74035.12	-30.01
29.985	81407.01	-29.49
31.225	85599.46	-30
32.381	89507.91	-30.11
34.707	97372.13	-30.21
36.905	104459.53	-30.25
38.633	109867.34	-27.37
40.34	115209.44	-28.36
41.119	117647.34	-29.34
42.49	121937.92	-30.16
43.013	123574.66	-30.98
44.03	126023.04	-29.55
44.07	126106.80	-30.39
45.895	129928.14	-30.53
46.03	130210.81	-29.18
48.024	134386.01	-28.17
49.779	137967.39	-27.26
51.585	141206.08	-26.75
52.08	142093.76	-29.6
53.194	144091.49	-25.43
54.41	146272.13	-28.83
54.527	146481.95	-28.36
56.31	149679.39	-28.3
57.18	151239.56	-28.24
59.98	156260.78	-28.87
60.882	157878.33	-28.27
61.76	159452.84	-27.69
63.41	162411.78	-28.57
63.977	163428.57	-26.29
65.24	165693.50	-29.83
67.26	169315.96	-30.35
70.249	174676.11	-28.53
70.49	175108.30	-29.47
72.849	179751.06	-29.8
74.43	182863.19	-28
76.637	187207.58	-27.97
76.97	188067.90	-27.35
78.74	194845.88	-28.71
79.194	196584.41	-26.55
80.37	201087.75	-27.84
82.4	208861.37	-27.4
82.826	210492.69	-28.76
84.27	216022.30	-29.45
84.939	218584.15	-30.14
85.21	219621.90	-30.41
87.37	227893.34	-27.92
87.375	227912.49	-28.89
88.934	233882.48	-29.21
89.67	236700.90	-28.95
91.14	242330.07	-26.49
93.19	250180.28	-27.48
95.07	259348.67	-27.38
95.95	263739.90	-27.63
97.92	273570.27	-28.63
100.23	285097.26	-27.63
102.82	298021.45	-29.28
103.89	303360.79	-27.77
106.36	315686.18	-28.83
107.23	320027.51	-29.32
108.09	324318.95	-29.46
114.23	336241.28	-25.08
116.44	337895.07	-27.69
118.2	339212.12	-25.68
120.67	341060.47	-28.28
122.95	342766.64	-27.18
124.71	344827.35	-28.74
126.55	360788.45	-29.76
128.33	376229.08	-29.22
130.26	392970.88	-28.21
132.23	405185.86	-29.19
135.03	416503.59	-30.41
136.87	423940.96	-30.79
141.39	448927.09	-28.24
143.6	465499.44	-27.75
145.68	481096.94	-29.6
147.53	494969.72	-27.28
149.91	512816.86	-27.63
151.87	524790.10	-28.3
153.67	530535.54	-29.48
155.97	537876.95	-26.4
157.5	544046.65	-26.29
159.13	551290.75	-26.67
161.6	562268.00	-26.75
163.71	571645.33	-27.1
165.23	578400.56	-26.69
167.61	588977.83	-29.84
169.31	595428.36	-27.91
171.06	601890.69	-28.86
173.44	610679.47	-28
175.13	616920.24	-27.3
177.67	626299.85	-24.13
179.44	632836.04	-28.03
181.6	640812.41	-29
183.2	646720.83	-26.33
185.53	655324.96	-28.6
187.18	661418.02	-27.5
189.38	669542.10	-27.45
193.85	686048.74	-27.02
195.59	692474.15	-27.23
197.54	699675.04	-28.92
200.24	709645.49	-24.07
201.77	715295.42	-26.57
207.2	735347.12	-24.32
208.93	741735.60	-24.82
211.05	749564.25	-24.72
213.02	756839.00	-29.37
215.17	764778.43	-28.44
216.64	770206.79	-25.32
220.45	784276.22	-26.34
222.71	794521.14	-28.23
224.63	806747.33	-26.85
226.15	816426.39	-28.14
227.59	825596.03	-25.46
229.89	840241.98	-25.29
231.4	849857.36	-25.44
233.91	865840.55	-24.38
235.52	876092.72	-24.62
237.26	887172.69	-27.15
239.94	904238.41	-25.18
241.85	915696.46	-24.87
243.47	920824.95	-25.33
245.01	925700.19	-26.84
245.76	928074.49	-24.84
251.78	942730.61	-22.47
253.43	946434.69	-23.8
255.33	950700.00	-25.56
257.13	954740.82	-24.66
258.1	956918.37	-29.16
260	961183.67	-23.92
262.23	966189.80	-22.96
264.68	971689.80	-23.33
266.21	975124.49	-25.2
267.14	977212.24	-24.64
271.01	985900.00	-26.85
273.46	989436.76	-23.31
275.24	991649.73	-25.28
277.52	994484.32	-23.3
279.74	997244.32	-23.77
281.92	999954.59	-25.64
282.93	1001210.27	-25.43
284.57	1003249.19	-26.01
286.91	1006158.38	-25.4
288.45	1008072.97	-24.56
290.41	1011644.32	-22.23
292.79	1021189.40	-23.29
294.69	1028809.42	-22.81
298.87	1045573.46	-25.06
300.35	1051509.06	-24.24
302.58	1060452.56	-26.38
304.19	1066909.52	-23.9
305.26	1071462.07	-24.57
306.91	1081809.31	-25.22
308.81	1093724.30	-24.07
309.66	1099054.69	-22.8
311.42	1110091.74	-24.91
313.79	1123276.42	-27.07
315.69	1131156.41	-25.04
317.45	1138455.77	-25.37
319.28	1146045.45	-23.83
321.41	1154879.33	-25.28
323.96	1165423.84	-25.91
325.77	1167889.63	-25.25
331.08	1175123.52	-24.73
335.35	1180940.61	-22.96
337.23	1183501.76	-24.14
339.03	1185953.93	-25.98
341.6	1189455.07	-25.15
343.21	1197260.00	-21.62
345.43	1210580.00	-24.74
347.21	1220385.28	-24.3
349.63	1224825.17	-24.31
351.32	1227925.75	-22.51
353.78	1232439.02	-24.74
355.6	1235778.11	-25.98
356.58	1237576.08	-27.33
358.22	1240584.93	-26.85
360.35	1244492.77	-25.84
362.29	1248052.02	-25.31
364.66	1252400.17	-24.4
366.24	1255298.94	-23.94
367.86	1258271.10	-23.88
369.62	1261500.11	-25.16
371.45	1264857.54	-27.24
373.15	1267976.47	-25.28
374.03	1269590.98	-26.38
377.06	1275150.01	-25.27