Lake Tanganyika 60,000 Year TEX86 LST and dD Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Lake Tanganyika 60,000 Year TEX86 LST and dD Data LAST UPDATE: 5/2010. Addition of improved Tierney et al. 2010 TEX86 temperature calibration, plus d13C data and corrected dD series. Original receipt by WDC Paleo 12/2008. CONTRIBUTOR: Jessica E. Tierney, Brown University IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-122 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Tierney, J.E., et al. 2008. Lake Tanganyika 60,000 Year TEX86 LST and dD Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-122. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Tierney, J.E., J.M. Russell, Y. Huang, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, E.C. Hopmans, and A.S. Cohen. 2008. Northern Hemisphere Controls on Tropical Southeast African Climate During the Past 60,000 Years. Science, Vol. 322, No. 5899, pp. 252-255, 10 October 2008. doi: 10.1126/science.1160485 ABSTRACT: The processes that control climate in the tropics are poorly understood. We applied compound-specific hydrogen isotopes (dD) and the TEX86 (tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms) temperature proxy to sediment cores from Lake Tanganyika to independently reconstruct precipitation and temperature variations during the past 60,000 years. Tanganyika temperatures follow Northern Hemisphere insolation and indicate that warming in tropical southeast Africa during the last glacial termination began to increase ~3000 years before atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. dD data show that this region experienced abrupt changes in hydrology coeval with orbital and millennial-scale events recorded in Northern Hemisphere monsoonal climate records. This implies that precipitation in tropical southeast Africa is more strongly controlled by changes in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and the winter Indian monsoon than by migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: for d13C data and corrected dD series: Tierney, J.E., J.M. Russell, and Y. Huang. 2010. A molecular perspective on Late Quaternary climate and vegetation change in the Lake Tanganyika basin, East Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 787-800. Hopmans, E.C., J.W.H. Weijers, E. Schefuss, L. Herfort, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, and S. Schouten. 2004. A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 224, Issues 1-2, 30 July 2004, pp. 107-116. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.012 Powers, L.A., T.C. Johnson, J.P. Werne, I.S. Castaņeda, E.C. Hopmans, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, and S. Schouten. 2005. Large temperature variability in the southern African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08706, doi:10.1029/2004GL022014. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Southeast Africa PERIOD OF RECORD: 60 KyrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: US National Science Foundation EAR 0639474 (J.R.), the Nyanza Project grants NSF-ATM 0223920 and BIO 0383765 (A.C.), US National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (J.T.). DESCRIPTION: This dataset includes TEX86 and compound-specific D/H data from Lake Tanganyika cores KH3 and KH4. The TEX86 temperature data are provided with both the original Powers et al. 2005 calibration and the new Tierney et al. (2010) calibration. Chronology was constrained by 26 radiocarbon dates on KH3 and 7 additional dates on KH4. The TEX86 data files include the TEX86 index value, calibration to temperature utilizing the lakes calibrations of Powers et al., 2005, and Tierney et al. 2010, and the Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index value. The BIT index, ranging from 0-1, is an indicator of the relative amount of soil-derived vs. aquatic GDGTs, with a value of 0 indicative of completely aquatic sources, and 1 indicating completely soil-derived sources (Hopmans et al. 2004). The data for KH4 also includes the modified TEX temperatures (T +0.5ē) to account for site offset. D/H values were measured on the C28 n-acid and are expressed in per mil vs. VSMOW. The carbon isotopes were also measured on the C-28 fatty acid expressed in per mil vs. VPDB. Two corrections have been applied to the dD data. "dDIVonly" refers to the D/H data corrected for global ice volume, and "dDIVandbio" refers to the D/H data corrected for biosynthetic fractionation and global ice volume. These corrections are described in the Tierney et al. QSR 2010 paper. Data from cores NP04-KH04-3A-1K (KH3) and NP04-KH04-4A-1K (KH4), Kalya Horst, Lake Tanganyika. Core (KH3): 6ē42.827'S, 29ē49.957'E, 773m elev, 644m depth. Core (KH4): 6ē36.101'S, 30ē00.696'E, 773m elev, 349m depth. DATA: 1. Core KH3 isotope data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (yr BP) Column 3: C28acid dD vs. VSMOW Column 4: C28_d13C vs. VPDB Depth Age dD d13C 7.5 1405 -105.2 -31.4 15.5 1769 -97.3 -30.7 20.5 1997 -93.7 -30.4 27.5 2316 -107.8 -29.8 32.5 2545 -103.1 -30.4 41.5 2955 -98.1 -31.4 47.5 3229 -101.4 -31.7 50.5 3366 -97.9 -29.7 55.5 3593 -93.9 -27.2 60.5 3820 -104.1 -29.2 63.5 3956 -100.6 -29.4 69.5 4225 -90.7 -29.0 74.5 4449 -95.7 -28.9 77.5 4582 -90.3 -29.8 84.5 4892 -111.1 -32.4 86.5 4980 -120.2 -31.5 92.5 5244 -113.7 -32.0 98.5 5507 -120.8 -31.7 103.5 5726 -120.3 -32.4 111.5 6075 -124.3 -33.6 114.5 6205 -129.4 -36.3 116.5 6291 -125.9 -36.7 124.5 6628 -125.6 -35.7 127.5 6752 -128.5 -34.8 130 6853 -130.2 -33.5 132 6933 -130.5 -33.8 135 7052 -129.3 -33.5 138 7169 -129.8 -33.3 142 7323 -130.4 -33.6 147 7514 -129.4 -34.4 153 7743 -124.9 -33.7 157 7894 -126.6 -34.1 159 7969 -129.3 -33.9 162 8082 -125.3 -33.9 165 8194 -128.0 -33.9 169 8343 -121.4 -34.1 176 8600 -118.9 -34.2 181 8782 -127.0 -35.0 194 9247 -129.7 -35.3 201 9493 -130.6 -35.5 211 9842 -126.8 -35.9 215 9981 -127.1 -36.3 222 10224 -125.2 -36.2 227 10398 -127.1 -35.5 230 10504 -128.9 233 10609 -133.3 -36.3 235 10680 -131.0 -37.0 236 10716 -124.0 237 10751 -126.1 -36.8 247 11114 -130.9 -37.7 248 11150 -129.0 -36.8 250 11225 -127.2 -36.0 253 11337 -126.4 -36.5 258 11527 -110.6 -38.7 260 11605 -101.3 -37.1 262 11683 -103.5 -37.9 265 11802 -95.0 -36.1 268 11924 -101.0 -35.6 275 12218 -105.2 -36.3 278 12348 -105.2 -35.2 283 12574 -106.0 -34.8 286 12714 -115.4 -32.0 290 12906 -115.5 -32.1 292 13005 -99.5 -33.5 300 13418 -108.7 -34.0 303 13581 -112.9 -30.4 308 13861 -106.4 -29.7 310 13977 -115.0 -30.5 313 14153 -109.9 -30.8 322 14706 -107.6 -30.6 325 14898 -105.0 -31.5 327 15028 -103.9 -32.1 331 15292 -86.1 -30.7 335 15562 -83.2 -32.7 339 15837 -86.1 -32.1 341 15976 -78.5 -31.8 343 16117 -85.0 -29.8 346 16331 -70.7 -31.1 350 16619 -82.8 -29.0 352 16765 -81.5 -29.4 357 17135 -81.8 -28.9 362 17510 -83.3 -29.7 370 18122 -87.7 -29.9 373 18354 -88.5 -29.4 377 18666 -85.5 -28.9 385 19295 -85.8 -27.2 393 19929 -80.7 -27.6 394 20009 -81.8 -27.9 399 20406 -88.2 -28.9 404 28027 -92.8 -31.9 410 28549 -93.0 -29.7 417 29159 -95.6 -30.3 421 29507 -95.4 -30.3 425 29855 -99.9 -30.7 429 30203 -97.7 -31.1 433 30552 -103.8 -30.8 437 30900 -99.0 -31.5 441 31248 -100.9 -31.6 445 31596 -107.4 -33.3 449 31945 -111.0 -32.2 453 32293 -113.9 -29.8 461 32989 -114.3 -27.3 465 33337 -118.4 -27.7 469 33686 -111.2 -27.3 473 34034 -110.8 -28.4 477 34382 -111.6 -28.5 483 34904 -110.4 -28.5 489 35427 -107.5 -30.6 493.5 35775 -110.0 -31.4 498.5 36254 -113.9 -33.8 501.5 36471 -117.2 505.5 36820 -85.8 509.5 37212 -80.3 -26.9 513.5 37560 -88.5 -29.1 517.5 37908 -99.4 -31.6 521.5 38256 -91.8 -31.0 525.5 38605 -96.0 -30.1 529.5 38953 -108.7 -32.0 533.5 39301 -91.2 -29.1 537.5 39649 -93.8 -29.1 541.5 39997 -98.3 -30.3 545.5 40346 -96.0 -31.3 549.5 40694 -98.3 -31.8 553.5 41042 -94.8 -33.2 557.5 41390 -103.6 -34.2 561.5 41739 -108.9 -30.7 565.5 42087 -112.1 -29.3 569.5 42435 -110.1 -30.3 573.5 42783 -113.2 -28.8 581.5 43480 -108.2 -28.4 585.5 43828 -113.0 -28.7 589.5 44176 -118.2 -28.9 593.5 44524 -118.9 -27.2 597.5 44872 -104.9 -27.1 601.5 45221 -100.5 -27.3 605.5 45569 -100.0 -28.2 609.5 45917 -99.6 -29.7 613.5 46265 -95.4 -28.4 617.5 46614 -95.1 -28.0 621.5 46962 -93.4 -27.9 625.5 47310 -92.0 -28.6 629.5 47658 -87.9 -30.4 633.5 48006 -90.4 -30.1 637.5 48355 -102.2 -29.3 641.5 48703 -93.6 -30.8 645 49007 -95.4 -30.8 649 49355 -101.6 -31.4 653 49704 -101.4 -31.3 661 50400 -95.0 -31.5 665 50748 -102.8 -31.8 669 51096 -97.0 -31.6 673 51445 -103.2 -32.1 677 51793 -103.3 -31.9 681 52141 -103.8 -32.0 685 52489 -101.3 -32.2 689 52837 -99.8 -31.6 693 53186 -99.1 -31.6 697 53534 -101.0 -31.6 701 53882 -105.1 -32.2 709 54579 -111.4 -33.1 713 54927 -107.8 -33.2 717 55275 -114.8 -33.4 721 55623 -109.0 -33.6 725 55971 -110.5 -33.1 729 56320 -102.3 -33.8 733 56668 -96.8 -32.0 737 57016 -91.3 -31.5 741 57364 -106.0 -29.8 745 57712 -96.0 -30.0 749 58061 -109.0 -30.0 753 58409 -110.1 -30.1 757 58757 -120.3 -30.0 761 59105 -104.4 -29.7 765 59454 -122.0 -31.6 2. Core KH4 isotope data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (yr BP) Column 3: C28acid dD vs. VSMOW Column 4: C28_d13C vs. VPDB Depth Age dD d13C 449 17857 -87.2 -29.9 455 18348 -89.0 -30.5 461 18840 -88.3 -27.0 467 19324 -80.9 -26.4 473 19914 -85.0 -27.2 479 20543 -83.6 -28.1 485 21256 -86.3 -30.5 491 22029 -84.3 -30.6 497 22829 -85.2 -29.6 503 23625 -85.5 -28.3 509 24375 -83.5 -31.6 515 25037 -88.4 -31.6 521 25565 -87.1 -32.1 527 25949 -84.2 -31.3 533 26222 -88.7 -31.0 539 26421 -91.7 -30.0 545 26585 -91.4 -31.5 551 26750 -93.1 -31.1 557 26956 -94.0 -30.5 563 27236 -87.3 -28.2 569 27594 -91.6 -28.4 575 28009 -90.9 -30.9 581 28462 -91.2 -29.4 587 28934 -93.9 -31.7 593 29404 -95.0 -28.5 599 29855 -96.7 -30.1 605 30281 -96.7 -28.4 617 31065 -98.9 -30.6 3. Composite isotope data Column 1: Age (yr BP) Column 2: C28acid dD vs. VSMOW Column 3: dD_IVandbio (D/H data corrected for biosynthetic fractionation and global ice volume) Column 4: dD_IVonly (D/H data corrected for global ice volume) Column 5: C28 d13C vs. VPDB Age dD dD_IVbio dD_IVonly d13C 1405 -105.2 -15.6 -105.1 -31.4 1769 -97.3 -6.9 -97.2 -30.7 1997 -93.7 -2.8 -93.5 -30.4 2316 -107.8 -18.5 -107.8 -29.8 2545 -103.1 -13.5 -103.2 -30.4 2955 -98.1 -8.2 -98.4 -31.4 3229 -101.4 -11.8 -101.7 -31.7 3366 -97.9 -8.0 -98.1 -29.7 3593 -93.9 -3.6 -94.2 -27.2 3820 -104.1 -14.8 -104.4 -29.2 3956 -100.6 -11.0 -100.9 -29.4 4225 -90.7 -0.1 -91.0 -29.0 4449 -95.7 -5.5 -95.9 -28.9 4582 -90.3 0.4 -90.5 -29.8 4892 -111.1 -22.4 -111.2 -32.4 4980 -120.2 -32.4 -120.4 -31.5 5244 -113.7 -25.3 -113.9 -32.0 5507 -120.8 -33.2 -121.1 -31.7 5726 -120.3 -32.7 -120.6 -32.4 6075 -124.3 -37.2 -124.7 -33.6 6205 -129.4 -42.8 -129.8 -36.3 6291 -125.9 -39.1 -126.4 -36.7 6628 -125.6 -38.7 -126.1 -35.7 6752 -128.5 -42.0 -129.1 -34.8 6853 -130.2 -43.8 -130.7 -33.5 6933 -130.5 -44.1 -131.0 -33.8 7052 -129.3 -42.8 -129.9 -33.5 7169 -129.8 -43.5 -130.5 -33.3 7323 -130.4 -44.1 -131.0 -33.6 7514 -129.4 -43.1 -130.1 -34.4 7743 -124.9 -38.2 -125.6 -33.7 7894 -126.6 -40.1 -127.4 -34.1 7969 -129.3 -43.1 -130.1 -33.9 8082 -125.3 -38.7 -126.1 -33.9 8194 -128.0 -41.6 -128.7 -33.9 8343 -121.4 -34.4 -122.2 -34.1 8600 -118.9 -31.6 -119.6 -34.2 8782 -127.0 -40.5 -127.7 -35.0 9247 -129.7 -43.5 -130.5 -35.3 9493 -130.6 -44.7 -131.6 -35.5 9842 -126.8 -40.8 -128.0 -35.9 9981 -127.1 -41.1 -128.3 -36.3 10224 -125.2 -39.1 -126.5 -36.2 10398 -127.1 -41.3 -128.5 -35.5 10504 -128.9 -43.4 -130.3 10609 -133.3 -48.2 -134.7 -36.3 10680 -131.0 -45.7 -132.5 -37.0 10716 -124.0 -38.0 -125.5 10751 -126.1 -40.3 -127.5 -36.8 11114 -130.9 -45.9 -132.6 -37.7 11150 -129.0 -43.8 -130.8 -36.8 11225 -127.2 -42.0 -129.1 -36.0 11337 -126.4 -41.2 -128.4 -36.5 11527 -110.6 -24.2 -112.9 -38.7 11605 -101.3 -14.1 -103.8 -37.1 11683 -103.5 -16.6 -106.0 -37.9 11802 -95.0 -7.5 -97.7 -36.1 11924 -101.0 -14.3 -103.9 -35.6 12218 -105.2 -19.1 -108.3 -36.3 12348 -105.2 -19.1 -108.3 -35.2 12574 -106.0 -20.2 -109.3 -34.8 12714 -115.4 -30.7 -118.8 -32.0 12906 -115.5 -30.8 -118.9 -32.1 13005 -99.5 -13.4 -103.0 -33.5 13418 -108.7 -23.9 -112.7 -34.0 13581 -112.9 -28.7 -117.0 -30.4 13861 -106.4 -21.8 -110.8 -29.7 13977 -115.0 -31.4 -119.4 -30.5 14153 -109.9 -26.0 -114.5 -30.8 14706 -107.6 -24.0 -112.7 -30.6 14898 -105.0 -21.4 -110.3 -31.5 15028 -103.9 -20.3 -109.3 -32.1 15292 -86.1 -1.1 -91.9 -30.7 15562 -83.2 1.7 -89.3 -32.7 15837 -86.1 -1.8 -92.6 -32.1 15976 -78.5 6.3 -85.2 -31.8 16117 -85.0 -0.8 -91.6 -29.8 16331 -70.7 14.6 -77.6 -31.1 16619 -82.8 1.3 -89.8 -29.0 16765 -81.5 2.6 -88.6 -29.4 17135 -81.8 2.0 -89.1 -28.9 17510 -83.3 0.1 -90.8 -29.7 17857 -87.2 -4.4 -94.9 -29.9 18122 -87.7 -5.0 -95.5 -29.9 18348 -89.0 -6.3 -96.6 -30.5 18354 -88.5 -5.8 -96.2 -29.4 18666 -85.5 -2.4 -93.1 -28.9 18840 -88.3 -5.4 -95.8 -27.0 19295 -85.8 -2.8 -93.4 -27.2 19324 -80.9 2.6 -88.5 -26.4 19914 -85.0 -2.0 -92.7 -27.2 19929 -80.7 2.8 -88.3 -27.6 20009 -81.8 1.5 -89.5 -27.9 20406 -88.2 -5.3 -95.7 -28.9 20543 -83.6 -0.2 -91.1 -28.1 21256 -86.3 -3.0 -93.6 -30.5 22029 -84.3 -0.7 -91.5 -30.6 22829 -85.2 -1.5 -92.3 -29.6 23625 -85.5 -1.7 -92.5 -28.3 24375 -83.5 0.5 -90.4 -31.6 25037 -88.4 -4.9 -95.3 -31.6 25565 -87.1 -3.0 -93.6 -32.1 25949 -84.2 0.4 -90.6 -31.3 26222 -88.7 -4.5 -95.0 -31.0 26421 -91.7 -7.9 -98.1 -30.0 26585 -91.4 -7.6 -97.8 -31.5 26750 -93.1 -9.5 -99.6 -31.1 26956 -94.0 -10.6 -100.5 -30.5 27236 -87.3 -3.3 -93.9 -28.2 27594 -91.6 -8.0 -98.2 -28.4 28009 -90.9 -7.3 -97.5 -30.9 28027 -92.8 -9.3 -99.3 -31.9 28462 -91.2 -7.5 -97.7 -29.4 28549 -93.0 -9.5 -99.5 -29.7 28934 -93.9 -10.5 -100.4 -31.7 29159 -95.6 -12.2 -102.0 -30.3 29404 -95.0 -11.4 -101.2 -28.5 29507 -95.4 -11.8 -101.6 -30.3 29855 -96.7 -13.1 -102.8 -30.1 30203 -97.7 -14.0 -103.7 -31.1 30281 -96.7 -13.0 -102.7 -28.4 30552 -103.8 -20.7 -109.7 -30.8 30900 -99.0 -15.4 -104.9 -31.5 31065 -98.9 -15.3 -104.8 -30.6 31248 -100.9 -17.5 -106.8 -31.6 31596 -107.4 -24.6 -113.3 -33.3 31945 -111.0 -28.5 -116.8 -32.2 32293 -113.9 -31.7 -119.7 -29.8 32989 -114.3 -32.0 -120.0 -27.3 33337 -118.4 -36.5 -124.1 -27.7 33686 -111.2 -28.6 -116.9 -27.3 34034 -110.8 -28.2 -116.6 -28.4 34382 -111.6 -29.1 -117.3 -28.5 34904 -110.4 -27.6 -116.0 -28.5 35427 -107.5 -24.2 -112.9 -30.6 35775 -110.0 -26.8 -115.2 -31.4 36254 -113.9 -31.0 -119.1 -33.8 36471 -117.2 -34.6 -122.4 36820 -85.8 -0.2 -91.1 37212 -80.3 5.8 -85.7 -26.9 37560 -88.5 -3.1 -93.7 -29.1 37908 -99.4 -14.9 -104.5 -31.6 38256 -91.8 -6.8 -97.1 -31.0 38605 -96.0 -11.6 -101.4 -30.1 38953 -108.7 -25.7 -114.3 -32.0 39301 -91.2 -6.6 -96.9 -29.1 39649 -93.8 -9.5 -99.5 -29.1 39997 -98.3 -14.4 -104.0 -30.3 40346 -96.0 -11.8 -101.6 -31.3 40694 -98.3 -14.2 -103.9 -31.8 41042 -94.8 -10.4 -100.3 -33.2 41390 -103.6 -20.0 -109.1 -34.2 41739 -108.9 -25.7 -114.3 -30.7 42087 -112.1 -29.2 -117.4 -29.3 42435 -110.1 -26.9 -115.4 -30.3 42783 -113.2 -30.3 -118.5 -28.8 43480 -108.2 -24.8 -113.5 -28.4 43828 -113.0 -30.1 -118.2 -28.7 44176 -118.2 -35.6 -123.3 -28.9 44524 -118.9 -36.2 -123.8 -27.2 44872 -104.9 -20.7 -109.7 -27.1 45221 -100.5 -15.8 -105.3 -27.3 45569 -100.0 -15.3 -104.8 -28.2 45917 -99.6 -14.9 -104.4 -29.7 46265 -95.4 -10.3 -100.3 -28.4 46614 -95.1 -10.1 -100.1 -28.0 46962 -93.4 -8.2 -98.4 -27.9 47310 -92.0 -6.8 -97.1 -28.6 47658 -87.9 -2.4 -93.1 -30.4 48006 -90.4 -5.2 -95.6 -30.1 48355 -102.2 -18.2 -107.4 -29.3 48703 -93.6 -8.8 -98.9 -30.8 49007 -95.4 -10.8 -100.7 -30.8 49355 -101.6 -17.4 -106.7 -31.4 49704 -101.4 -16.9 -106.3 -31.3 50400 -95.0 -9.7 -99.7 -31.5 50748 -102.8 -18.3 -107.5 -31.8 51096 -97.0 -11.9 -101.7 -31.6 51445 -103.2 -18.6 -107.8 -32.1 51793 -103.3 -18.7 -107.9 -31.9 52141 -103.8 -19.3 -108.5 -32.0 52489 -101.3 -16.9 -106.2 -32.2 52837 -99.8 -15.4 -104.9 -31.6 53186 -99.1 -14.7 -104.3 -31.6 53534 -101.0 -16.6 -106.0 -31.6 53882 -105.1 -21.1 -110.1 -32.2 54579 -111.4 -27.7 -116.1 -33.1 54927 -107.8 -23.7 -112.5 -33.2 55275 -114.8 -31.3 -119.4 -33.4 55623 -109.0 -25.1 -113.7 -33.6 55971 -110.5 -26.8 -115.2 -33.1 56320 -102.3 -17.9 -107.2 -33.8 56668 -96.8 -12.1 -101.9 -32.0 57016 -91.3 -6.1 -96.5 -31.5 57364 -106.0 -22.3 -111.2 -29.8 57712 -96.0 -11.5 -101.4 -30.0 58061 -109.0 -25.8 -114.4 -30.0 58409 -110.1 -26.9 -115.3 -30.1 58757 -120.3 -37.9 -125.4 -30.0 59105 -104.4 -20.6 -109.6 -29.7 59454 -122.0 -40.1 -127.4 -31.6 4. Core KH3 TEX86 Lake Surface Temperature data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (yr BP) Column 3: TEX86 Column 4: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Tierney (2010) Column 5: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Powers (2005) Column 6: Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index Depth Age TEX86 TēC-T'10 TēC-P'05 BIT 5.5 1313 0.725 24.7 27.9 0.09 7.5 1405 0.713 24.2 27.2 0.09 20.5 1997 0.717 24.4 27.5 0.08 27.5 2316 0.698 23.6 26.4 0.09 32.5 2545 0.703 23.8 26.6 0.10 38.5 2818 0.694 23.5 26.1 0.09 44.5 3092 0.698 23.6 26.4 0.10 50.5 3366 0.717 24.4 27.5 0.10 55.5 3593 0.724 24.6 27.9 0.09 63.5 3956 0.723 24.6 27.8 0.08 69.5 4225 0.735 25.1 28.5 0.08 74.5 4449 0.729 24.8 28.2 0.07 77.5 4582 0.735 25.1 28.5 0.08 83.5 4848 0.724 24.6 27.9 0.12 86.5 4980 0.745 25.5 29.1 0.08 92.5 5244 0.737 25.2 28.6 0.08 98.5 5507 0.743 25.4 29.0 0.08 103.5 5726 0.744 25.4 29.1 0.08 110.5 6031 0.724 24.6 27.9 0.11 114.5 6205 0.715 24.3 27.4 0.10 116.5 6291 0.724 24.6 27.9 0.11 119.5 6418 0.713 24.2 27.2 0.11 124.5 6628 0.750 25.7 29.4 0.13 127.5 6752 0.765 26.2 30.3 0.15 130 6853 0.709 24.1 27.0 0.10 132 6933 0.715 24.3 27.4 0.11 135 7052 0.705 23.9 26.8 0.15 142 7323 0.720 24.5 27.6 0.11 147 7514 0.715 24.3 27.4 0.10 153 7743 0.715 24.3 27.4 0.11 155 7818 0.722 24.6 27.8 0.10 159 7969 0.703 23.8 26.6 0.15 162 8082 0.698 23.6 26.4 0.17 165 8194 0.707 24.0 26.9 0.16 169 8343 0.721 24.5 27.7 0.11 176 8600 0.713 24.2 27.2 0.11 181 8782 0.722 24.6 27.8 0.11 183 8854 0.726 24.7 28.0 0.12 194 9247 0.725 24.7 27.9 0.11 201 9493 0.730 24.9 28.2 0.10 206 9668 0.726 24.7 28.0 0.12 211 9842 0.729 24.8 28.2 0.10 215 9981 0.729 24.8 28.2 0.11 222 10224 0.732 25.0 28.4 0.12 227 10398 0.726 24.7 28.0 0.12 233 10609 0.722 24.6 27.8 0.11 235 10680 0.732 25.0 28.4 0.11 243 10967 0.718 24.4 27.5 0.12 248 11150 0.736 25.1 28.6 0.12 250 11225 0.740 25.3 28.8 0.13 253 11337 0.710 24.1 27.1 0.11 256 11451 0.700 23.7 26.5 0.10 258 11527 0.713 24.2 27.2 0.14 260 11605 0.764 26.2 30.2 0.14 265 11802 0.699 23.7 26.4 0.10 268 11924 0.693 23.4 26.1 0.09 275 12218 0.693 23.4 26.1 0.10 278 12348 0.694 23.5 26.1 0.10 283 12574 0.689 23.3 25.8 0.11 286 12714 0.670 22.5 24.7 0.10 290 12906 0.673 22.7 24.9 0.09 295 13157 0.679 22.9 25.2 0.09 300 13418 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.09 303 13581 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.08 308 13861 0.699 23.7 26.4 0.10 310 13977 0.693 23.4 26.1 0.10 313 14153 0.684 23.1 25.5 0.10 317 14394 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.08 320 14580 0.679 22.9 25.2 0.10 322 14706 0.669 22.5 24.6 0.12 325 14898 0.679 22.9 25.2 0.12 327 15028 0.695 23.5 26.2 0.12 329 15159 0.692 23.4 26.0 0.14 331 15292 0.684 23.1 25.5 0.12 334 15494 0.678 22.9 25.2 0.11 339 15837 0.683 23.1 25.5 0.11 343 16117 0.687 23.2 25.7 0.14 346 16331 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.11 350 16619 0.720 24.5 27.6 0.13 352 16765 0.662 22.2 24.2 0.11 355 16986 0.659 22.1 24.1 0.09 357 17135 0.675 22.7 25.0 0.09 362 17510 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.10 367 17891 0.665 22.4 24.4 0.11 370 18122 0.668 22.5 24.6 0.11 373 18354 0.667 22.4 24.5 0.11 380 18901 0.661 22.2 24.2 0.11 385 19295 0.663 22.3 24.3 0.12 390 19691 0.658 22.1 24.0 0.12 394 20009 0.663 22.3 24.3 0.12 399 20406 0.651 21.8 23.6 0.13 404 28027 0.659 22.1 24.1 0.13 410 28549 0.665 22.4 24.4 0.13 417 29159 0.661 22.2 24.2 0.13 421 29507 0.664 22.3 24.4 0.12 425 29855 0.669 22.5 24.6 0.13 429 30203 0.664 22.3 24.4 0.12 433 30552 0.667 22.4 24.5 0.12 437 30900 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.12 441 31248 0.672 22.6 24.8 0.11 445 31596 0.672 22.6 24.8 0.12 449 31945 0.674 22.7 24.9 0.14 453 32293 0.683 23.1 25.5 0.15 454 32380 0.682 23.0 25.4 0.16 457 32641 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.14 459 32815 0.670 22.5 24.7 0.11 465 33337 0.675 22.7 25.0 0.14 469 33686 0.673 22.7 24.9 0.14 473 34034 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.14 477 34382 0.667 22.4 24.5 0.13 483 34904 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.14 489 35427 0.681 23.0 25.4 0.14 493.5 35819 0.680 22.9 25.3 0.12 498.5 36254 0.685 23.1 25.6 0.12 504.5 36776 0.683 23.1 25.5 0.13 509.5 37212 0.679 22.9 25.2 0.14 513.5 37560 0.672 22.6 24.8 0.15 517.5 37908 0.673 22.7 24.9 0.15 521.5 38256 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.15 525.5 38605 0.679 22.9 25.2 0.15 529.5 38953 0.682 23.0 25.4 0.14 533.5 39301 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.15 537.5 39649 0.663 22.3 24.3 0.16 541.5 39997 0.655 22.0 23.8 0.17 545.5 40346 0.661 22.2 24.2 0.20 549.5 40694 0.657 22.0 23.9 0.24 553.5 41042 0.662 22.2 24.2 0.22 557.5 41390 0.666 22.4 24.5 0.20 561.5 41739 0.669 22.5 24.6 0.20 565.5 42087 0.672 22.6 24.8 0.19 569.5 42435 0.675 22.7 25.0 0.18 573.5 42783 0.674 22.7 24.9 0.15 577.5 43131 0.678 22.9 25.2 0.14 581.5 43480 0.669 22.5 24.6 0.16 585.5 43828 0.660 22.2 24.1 0.17 589.5 44176 0.661 22.2 24.2 0.15 593.5 44524 0.665 22.4 24.4 0.12 597.5 44872 0.681 23.0 25.4 0.12 601.5 45221 0.672 22.6 24.8 0.14 605.5 45569 0.687 23.2 25.7 0.16 609.5 45917 0.708 24.0 26.9 0.23 613.5 46265 0.691 23.4 25.9 0.22 617.5 46614 0.678 22.9 25.2 0.17 621.5 46962 0.677 22.8 25.1 0.21 625.5 47310 0.676 22.8 25.1 0.21 629.5 47658 0.670 22.5 24.7 0.19 633.5 48006 0.671 22.6 24.8 0.19 637.5 48355 0.678 22.9 25.2 0.19 641.5 48703 0.689 23.3 25.8 0.20 645 49007 0.682 23.0 25.4 0.20 649 49355 0.682 23.0 25.4 0.18 653 49704 0.681 23.0 25.4 0.16 657 50052 0.686 23.2 25.6 0.17 661 50400 0.699 23.7 26.4 0.17 665 50748 0.701 23.8 26.5 0.18 669 51096 0.712 24.2 27.2 0.19 673 51445 0.714 24.3 27.3 0.15 677 51793 0.700 23.7 26.5 0.15 681 52141 0.695 23.5 26.2 0.12 685 52489 0.668 22.5 24.6 0.10 689 52837 0.696 23.6 26.2 0.15 693 53186 0.697 23.6 26.3 0.14 697 53534 0.750 25.7 29.4 0.22 701 53882 0.699 23.7 26.4 0.13 705 54230 0.701 23.8 26.5 0.11 709 54579 0.712 24.2 27.2 0.19 713 54927 0.725 24.7 27.9 0.14 717 55275 0.725 24.7 27.9 0.17 721 55623 0.727 24.8 28.1 0.14 725 55971 0.720 24.5 27.6 0.16 729 56320 0.732 25.0 28.4 0.12 733 56668 0.705 23.9 26.8 0.12 737 57016 0.764 26.2 30.2 0.26 741 57364 0.753 25.8 29.6 0.22 745 57712 0.733 25.0 28.4 0.21 749 58061 0.700 23.7 26.5 0.10 753 58409 0.738 25.2 28.7 0.12 757 58757 0.728 24.8 28.1 0.08 761 59105 0.736 25.1 28.6 0.09 765 59454 0.733 25.0 28.4 0.13 5. Core KH4 TEX86 Lake Surface Temperature data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (yr BP) Column 3: TEX86 Column 4: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Tierney (2010) Column 5: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Tierney (2010), 0.5ēC added Column 6: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Powers (2005) Column 7: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Powers (2005)), 0.5ēC added Column 8: Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index Depth Age TEX86 ēC-T'10 T'10+.5 ēC-P'05 P'05+.5 BIT 449 17857 0.665 22.4 22.9 24.4 24.9 0.08 455 18348 0.652 21.8 22.3 23.6 24.1 0.10 461 18840 0.652 21.8 22.3 23.6 24.1 0.10 467 19324 0.654 21.9 22.4 23.8 24.3 0.11 473 19914 0.653 21.9 22.4 23.7 24.2 0.10 479 20543 0.645 21.6 22.1 23.2 23.7 0.11 485 21256 0.646 21.6 22.1 23.3 23.8 0.12 491 22029 0.648 21.7 22.2 23.4 23.9 0.13 497 22829 0.647 21.7 22.2 23.4 23.8 0.13 503 23625 0.642 21.5 22.0 23.1 23.6 0.14 509 24375 0.647 21.7 22.2 23.4 23.9 0.13 515 25037 0.648 21.7 22.2 23.4 23.9 0.13 521 25565 0.652 21.8 22.3 23.6 24.1 0.15 527 25949 0.639 21.3 21.8 22.9 23.4 0.15 533 26222 0.648 21.7 22.2 23.4 23.9 0.17 539 26421 0.651 21.8 22.3 23.6 24.1 0.14 545 26585 0.644 21.5 22.0 23.2 23.7 0.15 551 26750 0.643 21.5 22.0 23.1 23.6 0.14 557 26956 0.639 21.3 21.8 22.9 23.4 0.14 563 27236 0.639 21.3 21.8 22.9 23.4 0.14 569 27594 0.640 21.4 21.9 22.9 23.4 0.12 575 28009 0.657 22.0 22.5 23.9 24.4 0.14 581 28462 0.645 21.6 22.1 23.2 23.8 0.13 587 28934 0.649 21.7 22.2 23.5 24.0 0.15 593 29404 0.661 22.2 22.7 24.2 24.7 0.12 599 29855 0.656 22.0 22.5 23.9 24.4 0.12 605 30281 0.657 22.0 22.5 23.9 24.4 0.13 611 30683 0.657 22.0 22.5 23.9 24.4 0.11 617 31065 0.658 22.1 22.6 24.0 24.5 0.11 623 31429 0.653 21.9 22.4 23.7 24.2 0.11 6. Composite TEX86 Lake Surface Temperature data Column 1: Age (yr BP) Column 2: TEX86 Column 3: Lake Surface Temperature, ēC, by TEX86 method of Tierney (2010) Column 4: Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index Year BP TEX86 TēC T'10 BIT 1313 0.725 24.7 0.09 1405 0.713 24.2 0.09 1997 0.717 24.4 0.08 2316 0.698 23.6 0.09 2545 0.703 23.8 0.10 2818 0.694 23.5 0.09 3092 0.698 23.6 0.10 3366 0.717 24.4 0.10 3593 0.724 24.6 0.09 3956 0.723 24.6 0.08 4225 0.735 25.1 0.08 4449 0.729 24.8 0.07 4582 0.735 25.1 0.08 4848 0.724 24.6 0.12 4980 0.745 25.5 0.08 5244 0.737 25.2 0.08 5507 0.743 25.4 0.08 5726 0.744 25.4 0.08 6031 0.724 24.6 0.11 6205 0.715 24.3 0.10 6291 0.724 24.6 0.11 6418 0.713 24.2 0.11 6628 0.750 25.7 0.13 6752 0.765 26.2 0.15 6853 0.709 24.1 0.10 6933 0.715 24.3 0.11 7052 0.705 23.9 0.15 7323 0.720 24.5 0.11 7514 0.715 24.3 0.10 7743 0.715 24.3 0.11 7818 0.722 24.6 0.10 7969 0.703 23.8 0.15 8082 0.698 23.6 0.17 8194 0.707 24.0 0.16 8343 0.721 24.5 0.11 8600 0.713 24.2 0.11 8782 0.722 24.6 0.11 8854 0.726 24.7 0.12 9247 0.725 24.7 0.11 9493 0.730 24.9 0.10 9668 0.726 24.7 0.12 9842 0.729 24.8 0.10 9981 0.729 24.8 0.11 10224 0.732 25.0 0.12 10398 0.726 24.7 0.12 10609 0.722 24.6 0.11 10680 0.732 25.0 0.11 10967 0.718 24.4 0.12 11150 0.736 25.1 0.12 11225 0.740 25.3 0.13 11337 0.710 24.1 0.11 11451 0.700 23.7 0.10 11527 0.713 24.2 0.14 11605 0.764 26.2 0.14 11802 0.699 23.7 0.10 11924 0.693 23.4 0.09 12218 0.693 23.4 0.10 12348 0.694 23.5 0.10 12574 0.689 23.3 0.11 12714 0.670 22.5 0.10 12906 0.673 22.7 0.09 13157 0.679 22.9 0.09 13418 0.677 22.8 0.09 13581 0.677 22.8 0.08 13861 0.699 23.7 0.10 13977 0.693 23.4 0.10 14153 0.684 23.1 0.10 14394 0.677 22.8 0.08 14580 0.679 22.9 0.10 14706 0.669 22.5 0.12 14898 0.679 22.9 0.12 15028 0.695 23.5 0.12 15159 0.692 23.4 0.14 15292 0.684 23.1 0.12 15494 0.678 22.9 0.11 15837 0.683 23.1 0.11 16117 0.687 23.2 0.14 16331 0.676 22.8 0.11 16619 0.720 24.5 0.13 16765 0.662 22.2 0.11 16986 0.659 22.1 0.09 17135 0.675 22.7 0.09 17510 0.676 22.8 0.10 17857 0.665 22.9 0.08 17891 0.665 22.4 0.11 18122 0.668 22.5 0.11 18348 0.652 22.3 0.10 18354 0.667 22.4 0.11 18840 0.652 22.3 0.10 18901 0.661 22.2 0.11 19295 0.663 22.3 0.12 19324 0.654 22.4 0.11 19691 0.658 22.1 0.12 19914 0.653 22.4 0.10 20009 0.663 22.3 0.12 20406 0.651 21.8 0.13 20543 0.645 22.1 0.11 21256 0.646 22.1 0.12 22029 0.648 22.2 0.13 22829 0.647 22.2 0.13 23625 0.642 22.0 0.14 24375 0.647 22.2 0.13 25037 0.648 22.2 0.13 25565 0.652 22.3 0.15 25949 0.639 21.8 0.15 26222 0.648 22.2 0.17 26421 0.651 22.3 0.14 26585 0.644 22.0 0.15 26750 0.643 22.0 0.14 26956 0.639 21.8 0.14 27236 0.639 21.8 0.14 27594 0.640 21.9 0.12 28009 0.657 22.5 0.14 28027 0.659 22.1 0.13 28462 0.645 22.1 0.13 28549 0.665 22.4 0.13 28934 0.649 22.2 0.15 29159 0.661 22.2 0.13 29404 0.661 22.7 0.12 29507 0.664 22.3 0.12 29855 0.669 22.5 0.13 29855 0.656 22.5 0.12 30203 0.664 22.3 0.12 30281 0.657 22.5 0.13 30552 0.667 22.4 0.12 30683 0.657 22.5 0.11 30900 0.677 22.8 0.12 31065 0.658 22.6 0.11 31248 0.672 22.6 0.11 31429 0.653 22.4 0.11 31596 0.672 22.6 0.12 31945 0.674 22.7 0.14 32293 0.683 23.1 0.15 32380 0.682 23.0 0.16 32641 0.676 22.8 0.14 32815 0.670 22.5 0.11 33337 0.675 22.7 0.14 33686 0.673 22.7 0.14 34034 0.676 22.8 0.14 34382 0.667 22.4 0.13 34904 0.677 22.8 0.14 35427 0.681 23.0 0.14 35819 0.680 22.9 0.12 36254 0.685 23.1 0.12 36776 0.683 23.1 0.13 37212 0.679 22.9 0.14 37560 0.672 22.6 0.15 37908 0.673 22.7 0.15 38256 0.676 22.8 0.15 38605 0.679 22.9 0.15 38953 0.682 23.0 0.14 39301 0.676 22.8 0.15 39649 0.663 22.3 0.16 39997 0.655 22.0 0.17 40346 0.661 22.2 0.20 40694 0.657 22.0 0.24 41042 0.662 22.2 0.22 41390 0.666 22.4 0.20 41739 0.669 22.5 0.20 42087 0.672 22.6 0.19 42435 0.675 22.7 0.18 42783 0.674 22.7 0.15 43131 0.678 22.9 0.14 43480 0.669 22.5 0.16 43828 0.660 22.2 0.17 44176 0.661 22.2 0.15 44524 0.665 22.4 0.12 44872 0.681 23.0 0.12 45221 0.672 22.6 0.14 45569 0.687 23.2 0.16 45917 0.708 24.0 0.23 46265 0.691 23.4 0.22 46614 0.678 22.9 0.17 46962 0.677 22.8 0.21 47310 0.676 22.8 0.21 47658 0.670 22.5 0.19 48006 0.671 22.6 0.19 48355 0.678 22.9 0.19 48703 0.689 23.3 0.20 49007 0.682 23.0 0.20 49355 0.682 23.0 0.18 49704 0.681 23.0 0.16 50052 0.686 23.2 0.17 50400 0.699 23.7 0.17 50748 0.701 23.8 0.18 51096 0.712 24.2 0.19 51445 0.714 24.3 0.15 51793 0.700 23.7 0.15 52141 0.695 23.5 0.12 52489 0.668 22.5 0.10 52837 0.696 23.6 0.15 53186 0.697 23.6 0.14 53534 0.750 25.7 0.22 53882 0.699 23.7 0.13 54230 0.701 23.8 0.11 54579 0.712 24.2 0.19 54927 0.725 24.7 0.14 55275 0.725 24.7 0.17 55623 0.727 24.8 0.14 55971 0.720 24.5 0.16 56320 0.732 25.0 0.12 56668 0.705 23.9 0.12 57016 0.764 26.2 0.26 57364 0.753 25.8 0.22 57712 0.733 25.0 0.21 58061 0.700 23.7 0.10 58409 0.738 25.2 0.12 58757 0.728 24.8 0.08 59105 0.736 25.1 0.09 59454 0.733 25.0 0.13