El Junco Lake, Galápagos Holocene Grain Size Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: El Junco Lake, Galápagos Holocene Grain Size Data LAST UPDATE: 3/2009 (Addition of AD/BC timescale, column 3) CONTRIBUTORS: Jessica L. Conroy, Jonathan T. Overpeck, and Julia E. Cole, The University of Arizona, Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, Northern Kentucky University, and Timothy M. Shanahan, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-052 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Conroy, J.L., et al. 2008. El Junco Lake, Galápagos Holocene Grain Size Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-052. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Conroy, J.L., J.T. Overpeck, J.E. Cole, T.M. Shanahan, and M. Steinitz-Kannan. 2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(11-12): 1166-1180. ABSTRACT: Paleoclimate records from the tropical Pacific suggest the early to mid-Holocene was a period of reduced El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, with a transition to modern, increased ENSO frequency occurring some time in the last few thousand years. However, the nature and timing of this shift remains uncertain due to the discontinuous nature and/or coarse resolution of many ENSO proxies, as well as a lack of agreement between previously published records. A new, continuous, climate record from El Junco Crater Lake in the Galápagos Islands reveals several abrupt changes in lake level and precipitation through the Holocene. Hydroclimatic model simulations suggest that El Junco lake level responds sensitively to increases in precipitation associated with El Niño events, rising during wet El Niño events and falling during the intervening dry periods. Grain size data from El Junco sediment cores indicate past lake level variability, likely associated with changing seasonal precipitation and ENSO frequency. The grain size data suggest increased precipitation intensity prior to 9000±120 cal years BP, and after 4200±130 cal years BP, as well as a two-step increase in precipitation at 3200±160 and 2000±100 cal years BP. Maximum Holocene precipitation and inferred ENSO variability occurred between 2000±100 and 1500±70 cal years BP, during the same period that six other independent proxy records suggest higher ENSO frequency and longer, stronger El Niño events. Decreasing sediment carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios in El Junco sediments indicate rising lake levels from the early Holocene to present, corroborating the grain size data. The inferred increase in precipitation at 4200±130 cal years BP and at 2000±100 cal years BP coincides with decreasing Southwest Asian and East Asian Monsoon intensity, suggesting tropical Pacific climate and the Asian monsoon were interconnected systems at centennial to millennial timescales during the Holocene. A weakening trend in the Asian monsoon and the trend toward wetter conditions at El Junco also coincide with a trend toward cooler and drier conditions inferred from Cariaco Basin sediment proxies from the mid-Holocene to present, suggesting the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) likely influenced hydrological changes in both the eastern tropical Pacific and the Asian Monsoon region during the Holocene. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Eastern Tropical Pacific PERIOD OF RECORD: 9KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: The University of Arizona Department of Geosciences, US National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (JLC). DESCRIPTION: The dataset contains clay, silt, sand, organic C, organic N, and C/N values with the corresponding sampling depths and ages (calibrated radiocarbon, 210Pb and 137Cs age model). Age model data is published in Conroy et al. 2008. Column 2 gives the age of the sediment in calendar years before present, with the radiocarbon convention of year 0 =1950. For comparison with high temporal resolution records spanning the last millennium, Column 3 gives the age of the sediment in year AD/ BC. For the Column 3 ages, 54 years were added to each radiocarbon age, and a smooth curve fit was applied to the points. Individual ages were then interpolated from the curve. An abrupt, 1.5-fold increase in pollen concentration from 28 to 30 cm indicated a slower sedimentation rate than calculated from the age model, so we applied a sedimentation rate correction to the age model based on the mean pollen concentration in the adjacent sample depths. We calculated a slower sedimentation rate for this short depth interval by adding the extra centimeters represented by the pollen spikes. El Junco Lake, Galápagos: 0°54'S, 89°29'W, 660m. elev, 6m. water depth DATA: 1. El Junco lake grain size data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (Calendar Years Before Present) Column 3: Year (AD/BC) Column 4: Percent Clay Column 5: Percent Silt Column 6: Percent Sand Depth Age Year %Clay %Silt %Sand 0 0 2004 15.7 71.2 13.1 1 12 1993 16.1 73.9 10 2 17 1987 18.7 74.9 6.4 3 22 1982 19 76.8 4.2 4 28 1976 18 76.6 5.4 5 34 1970 22.7 72.1 5.1 6 40 1964 23.8 72.9 3.2 7 47 1957 21.8 74.1 4.1 8 53 1951 17.7 72.8 9.5 9 60 1944 12 72.2 15.8 10 66 1938 11.7 74.8 13.5 11 72 1932 11.2 75 13.8 12 78 1925 11.5 75.9 12.6 13 85 1919 11.4 73.9 14.7 14 91 1913 12.1 73.2 14.7 15 97 1907 12 75.5 12.4 16 104 1901 13.6 75.5 10.9 17 110 1894 13.9 80 6 18 117 1888 13.3 75 11.8 19 124 1881 10.9 74.4 14.7 20 131 1874 14.9 80.8 4.3 21 137 1866 12.5 73.7 13.8 22 145 1858 13.5 79.7 6.8 23 152 1849 15.8 79.8 4.4 24 159 1840 15.5 80 4.6 25 167 1831 16.3 77.4 6.3 26 175 1821 15.6 78.8 5.6 27 183 1811 15.6 78.4 6.1 28 191 1801 13.1 83.1 3.8 29 200 1790 10.5 86.5 3 30 208 1779 16.2 77.4 6.4 31 217 1768 18.1 74.6 7.3 32 227 1756 20.7 71.6 7.7 33 236 1744 24.1 69.1 6.8 34 246 1732 24.3 69.8 5.9 35 256 1719 26.4 68.6 5 36 267 1707 30 65 5 37 277 1694 28.3 65.4 6.3 38 288 1681 26.8 67.5 5.6 39 300 1668 28.4 65.6 6.1 40 311 1654 27.3 68 4.7 41 323 1640 27 69.7 3.3 42 335 1626 11.8 84.2 4 43 347 1612 12.4 80.8 6.8 44 360 1598 11.9 83.6 4.5 45 372 1583 12.6 82.3 5.2 46 385 1568 11.7 82.1 6.2 47 399 1553 10.8 84.9 4.3 48 412 1538 10.7 84.9 4.5 49 425 1523 11.3 84 4.6 50 438 1509 11.9 81.9 6.2 51 452 1495 13.6 80.7 5.7 52 465 1482 12.1 82.4 5.5 53 478 1469 12.1 82.5 5.4 54 490 1456 11.9 82.2 5.9 55 503 1444 11.7 82.8 5.5 56 516 1432 12.7 81.4 5.9 57 529 1421 12.6 83.7 3.8 58 541 1409 11.5 84.6 3.9 59 554 1398 10.7 86.6 2.6 60 567 1386 12.3 81 6.7 61 581 1374 13.9 80.6 5.5 62 594 1362 11 83.4 5.7 63 608 1349 11 85.5 3.5 64 622 1336 11.6 81.5 7 65 636 1322 12.4 82.3 5.3 66 651 1308 13 79.7 7.3 67 665 1293 12.9 79.4 7.7 68 681 1278 15.6 71.4 13 69 696 1262 15.5 73.3 11.2 70 711 1245 15.1 73.6 11.3 71 727 1228 14.6 71.5 13.8 72 743 1210 16.8 70.9 12.4 73 759 1192 15.4 72.5 12.2 74 775 1174 16.7 74.3 9 75 791 1156 15.9 74.7 9.4 76 806 1138 15.7 71.9 12.4 77 822 1120 17.4 73 9.6 78 837 1103 19.9 71.7 8.4 79 852 1087 18.2 72 9.9 80 866 1071 18.9 71.8 9.4 81 880 1056 18.9 70.6 10.4 82 893 1042 20.4 70.2 9.3 83 905 1030 20.9 68.5 10.5 84 917 1018 22.4 71 6.6 85 928 1008 22.9 70.7 6.4 86 939 998 23.3 71.9 4.8 87 949 990 23.8 72.1 4.1 88 958 982 23.8 72.3 3.9 89 968 974 27.3 66.6 6.1 90 976 967 27.2 66.4 6.4 91 985 960 29.8 65.7 4.5 92 993 953 30.1 65.6 4.3 93 1001 947 29.3 66.6 4.1 94 1009 940 29.2 67.6 3.2 95 1017 933 28 67.8 4.3 96 1024 927 27.5 67 5.5 97 1032 920 27.3 68 4.7 98 1040 913 28.2 67 4.8 99 1047 906 25 68.9 6.1 100 1055 899 22.6 69.1 8.3 101 1063 892 24.6 65.9 9.6 102 1072 884 26.2 66.1 7.7 103 1080 876 27.6 65.1 7.3 104 1089 867 27.7 66.7 5.6 105 1098 859 26.9 67.5 5.6 106 1107 849 25.9 70.7 3.4 107 1117 840 27.6 67.6 4.8 108 1127 830 27.7 68 4.4 109 1138 819 30.7 66.4 2.9 110 1148 809 26.9 69.7 3.4 111 1160 797 26.6 70.4 3 112 1171 786 22.8 74.6 2.6 113 1184 774 19.3 79.3 1.4 114 1196 762 19.9 76.7 3.4 115 1209 750 29.3 67.4 3.3 116 1223 737 30.3 63.6 6.1 117 1236 724 29.6 62.7 7.7 118 1251 711 26.7 65.6 7.7 119 1266 697 24.4 68 7.6 120 1281 682 22 69.4 8.6 121 1297 666 28.4 69 2.7 122 1314 650 24.1 74.7 1.2 123 1332 632 24 75.2 0.8 124 1350 613 13.1 85.2 1.7 125 1369 593 11.4 85.9 2.7 126 1388 573 15.5 81.7 2.8 127 1408 552 13.6 86.1 0.4 128 1428 530 15.2 83.2 1.6 129 1449 508 11.8 87.2 1 130 1469 486 21.2 74.2 4.7 131 1491 464 30.7 60.5 8.8 132 1512 441 28.5 60.4 11.2 133 1534 419 20.7 62.8 16.4 134 1556 396 19.1 63.4 17.5 135 1578 374 19.7 62.1 18.2 136 1600 351 14.5 81.5 4 137 1622 328 19.7 64.1 16.3 138 1645 306 18.6 61.1 20.3 139 1667 283 20.6 62 17.4 140 1690 261 18.9 62.9 18.2 141 1712 238 17.5 62 20.5 142 1735 215 19 63.5 17.5 143 1758 193 10.8 86 3.2 144 1780 170 21 65.7 13.3 145 1803 147 21.5 67.2 11.3 146 1826 125 16.2 67.9 15.9 147 1848 102 13.6 66.9 19.5 148 1871 79 15.4 68.6 16 149 1894 57 12.4 68.3 19.3 150 1917 34 8.8 67.2 24 151 1940 11 8.5 65.1 26.3 152 1963 -12 8.6 65.8 25.6 153 1986 -34 11.8 66.5 21.6 154 2009 -57 9.1 71.3 19.6 155 2032 -80 22.2 67.9 9.9 156 2056 -103 10.1 68.6 21.3 157 2079 -126 26.4 61.9 11.7 158 2103 -149 30.5 61.8 7.7 159 2127 -173 31.8 62 6.2 160 2152 -196 32.2 61.7 6.1 161 2176 -220 38 58.2 3.8 162 2201 -244 35 59.4 5.6 163 2226 -269 31.1 58.3 10.6 164 2252 -294 28.6 59.4 12.1 165 2278 -319 33.1 58.8 8 166 2304 -345 35 58.2 6.7 167 2330 -372 40.4 55 4.7 168 2357 -399 33.2 60.5 6.3 169 2384 -426 32.5 61.2 6.2 170 2410 -455 32.8 60.4 6.8 171 2437 -483 31.9 61.7 6.4 172 2464 -513 30.5 63.1 6.4 173 2490 -542 31.2 62.5 6.3 174 2517 -572 33.2 61.4 5.4 175 2543 -602 31.5 62.8 5.7 176 2568 -632 33.4 61.3 5.3 177 2593 -661 27.5 65 7.5 178 2617 -690 37.2 56.7 6.1 179 2640 -718 40.4 54.4 5.2 180 2662 -744 38.7 57.7 3.7 181 2683 -768 38.5 57.8 3.6 182 2702 -789 38.1 56.9 5 183 2720 -808 37.2 59 3.7 184 2735 -823 37.2 59.9 2.9 185 2749 -835 35.4 57.1 7.5 186 2762 -844 38.2 59.8 2 187 2773 -852 37.3 60.3 2.4 188 2783 -858 35.4 59.4 5.2 189 2793 -863 39.5 58.8 1.7 190 2802 -867 35.1 62.2 2.7 191 2810 -871 35.6 62.7 1.8 192 2819 -874 33 62.5 4.5 193 2827 -877 34.4 62.4 3.2 194 2836 -880 33.9 62.4 3.7 195 2845 -883 32.1 61.4 6.5 196 2854 -886 36.1 61.5 2.4 197 2864 -889 33.5 59.5 7 198 2875 -894 34.1 58.5 7.4 199 2887 -900 35.6 60.1 4.2 200 2900 -908 39 58.4 2.6 201 2915 -918 37.9 58.5 3.6 202 2931 -930 38.4 58 3.6 203 2950 -946 39.5 56.4 4.1 204 2971 -967 33.5 58.8 7.6 205 2995 -993 38.1 58.3 3.6 206 3021 -1024 40.5 57.2 2.3 207 3049 -1059 35.2 61.3 3.4 208 3079 -1095 30.6 63.1 6.3 209 3111 -1133 35 60.6 4.3 210 3143 -1172 35.6 59 5.4 211 3176 -1211 53.5 46 0.4 212 3210 -1251 56.8 43 0.3 213 3244 -1291 38.4 60.6 0.9 214 3279 -1330 41.4 56.6 2.1 215 3314 -1368 46 49.2 4.8 216 3348 -1406 47.5 48.9 3.6 217 3383 -1443 57.1 42.1 0.8 218 3418 -1479 62.6 36.7 0.7 219 3453 -1515 54.3 40.6 5.1 220 3487 -1550 51.2 40.5 8.3 221 3521 -1584 56.1 43.6 0.4 222 3555 -1618 43.3 54 2.7 223 3588 -1651 56.8 42.2 0.9 224 3620 -1683 50.3 44.9 4.8 225 3652 -1715 52.3 41.9 5.8 226 3683 -1746 54.2 41 4.8 227 3714 -1776 62.4 37.3 0.4 228 3744 -1805 59.4 39.5 1.1 229 3773 -1834 53.1 43.4 3.5 230 3802 -1863 43.4 51.6 5 231 3830 -1890 55 39 6 232 3858 -1917 47.6 47.4 4.9 233 3886 -1944 41.2 54.5 4.3 234 3914 -1969 41.4 55.3 3.3 235 3942 -1995 38.1 57.4 4.5 236 3969 -2020 46.8 46.1 7.1 237 3997 -2045 41.2 47.4 11.4 238 4025 -2070 55.1 43.1 1.8 239 4054 -2094 43.4 50.7 5.8 240 4083 -2119 42.1 55.5 2.4 241 4113 -2145 48.2 50.6 1.2 242 4144 -2171 49 49.9 1.1 243 4175 -2198 46.2 52 1.7 244 4208 -2227 46.3 50.2 3.6 245 4242 -2257 49.5 49.9 0.7 246 4278 -2289 52.7 46.5 0.8 247 4315 -2324 48.3 51.1 0.6 248 4354 -2362 50.8 48.7 0.5 249 4395 -2404 53.9 45.6 0.6 250 4437 -2449 49.3 49.5 1.2 251 4482 -2497 52 47.6 0.3 252 4528 -2547 46.8 51.7 1.5 253 4575 -2598 45 53.1 1.9 254 4624 -2651 42.9 55.6 1.5 255 4673 -2705 45.2 53.5 1.3 256 4723 -2759 44.4 53.4 2.2 257 4774 -2814 49.9 48.7 1.3 258 4826 -2869 51.3 48.4 0.3 259 4878 -2924 47.1 51.8 1.2 260 4930 -2978 40.6 58.2 1.2 261 4983 -3033 46 53 1 262 5036 -3087 44.6 54.1 1.3 263 5089 -3141 37.7 59.4 3 264 5143 -3195 44.6 54.1 1.3 265 5196 -3249 40.3 58.5 1.2 266 5250 -3303 30.3 66.2 3.5 267 5303 -3356 31 63.6 5.4 268 5357 -3409 44.7 53.8 1.6 269 5410 -3462 45.1 53.6 1.3 270 5463 -3515 43.3 55.6 1 271 5516 -3568 48.3 51.1 0.6 272 5569 -3621 51.2 48.1 0.7 273 5622 -3674 56.3 43.6 0.1 274 5674 -3726 61.8 38 0.2 275 5727 -3779 52 47.5 0.5 276 5779 -3832 42.4 56.6 1 277 5831 -3884 25 69.4 5.6 278 5883 -3936 16.5 65.6 17.8 279 5935 -3988 49.2 49.2 1.6 280 5986 -4040 56.4 42.2 1.4 281 6038 -4092 58.9 39.8 1.3 282 6089 -4144 57 40.9 2.1 283 6140 -4195 57.1 39.9 3 284 6190 -4246 51 45.4 3.6 285 6241 -4297 56.6 41.2 2.2 286 6291 -4347 53.1 45.2 1.7 287 6341 -4397 46.8 49.7 3.5 288 6391 -4447 46.3 50.8 2.9 289 6440 -4496 48.6 50.4 0.9 290 6489 -4545 43.8 52.6 3.6 291 6538 -4593 43.2 53.9 2.9 292 6586 -4641 46.6 49.2 4.2 293 6635 -4689 50.3 47.1 2.6 294 6683 -4736 46.6 52.6 0.8 295 6731 -4784 42.4 55.3 2.3 296 6779 -4831 42.1 54.1 3.8 297 6827 -4878 47 49.9 3.1 298 6875 -4925 51 47.3 1.7 299 6923 -4972 52.5 47 0.5 300 6970 -5019 46.7 53.3 0 301 7018 -5067 48.1 51.7 0.2 302 7066 -5114 48.7 51.3 0 303 7114 -5161 38.9 60.9 0.2 304 7162 -5209 29.7 70.3 0 305 7210 -5257 30.6 68 1.4 306 7258 -5305 26.2 71.8 1.9 307 7306 -5353 25.7 74.1 0.2 308 7355 -5401 44.8 55 0.2 309 7403 -5450 30.5 65.4 4.1 310 7452 -5499 27 68.6 4.4 311 7501 -5548 26.5 69.1 4.4 312 7550 -5597 28.5 69 2.6 313 7599 -5646 26.3 70.1 3.6 314 7648 -5696 25.3 70.1 4.6 315 7697 -5746 24.2 70.8 5 316 7746 -5795 25.1 69 5.9 317 7795 -5846 25.8 69.2 5 318 7844 -5896 27.5 67.2 5.3 319 7893 -5946 49.7 49.7 0.7 320 7942 -5996 49.7 49.9 0.3 321 7990 -6046 47.1 51.3 1.5 322 8038 -6096 44.4 55.3 0.3 323 8086 -6145 55 44.9 0 324 8134 -6194 51.3 48.6 0.1 325 8181 -6242 48.1 49.4 2.5 326 8227 -6290 43.9 56.1 0 327 8273 -6336 41.8 57.8 0.4 328 8318 -6382 29.3 70.5 0.1 329 8363 -6426 29.8 68.2 1.9 330 8407 -6470 23.1 76.1 0.8 331 8450 -6513 26.2 73.8 0 332 8494 -6555 32.1 67.8 0 333 8538 -6597 28.8 71.2 0 334 8580 -6638 25.1 74.9 0 335 8622 -6678 51.4 48.1 0.5 336 8664 -6718 42.3 55.9 1.8 337 8705 -6758 32.9 67 0 338 8745 -6797 42.3 56 1.7 339 8784 -6835 27.5 68.7 3.8 340 8823 -6874 20.6 76 3.4 341 8862 -6912 21.8 75.2 3 342 8900 -6950 26 73.5 0.5 343 8938 -6988 59 40.4 0.7 344 8975 -7025 54.8 32.6 12.6 345 9012 -7062 60 35 4.9 346 9048 -7098 60.8 34.8 4.4 347 9084 -7134 51.6 37.9 10.5 348 9120 -7170 40.6 45.4 14 349 9155 -7205 39.2 45.9 14.9 350 9191 -7241 48.8 41.8 9.4 2. El Junco lake C/N data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (Calendar Years Before Present) Column 3: Year (AD/BC) Column 4: Organic Carbon Column 5: Organic Nitrogen Column 6: C/N ratio Depth Age Year Corg Norg C/N 3.5 25 1979 29.82 1.87 16 7 47 1957 32.72 2.24 15 10.5 69 1935 39.89 2.85 14 14 91 1913 38.7 2.71 14 17.5 114 1891 39.44 2.51 16 21 137 1866 37.59 2.18 17 24.5 163 1836 39.75 2.11 19 28 191 1801 36.44 1.82 20 31.5 222 1762 32.06 1.82 18 35 256 1719 28.29 2.02 14 38.5 294 1674 29.18 2.14 14 42 335 1626 41.95 2.18 19 45.5 379 1575 41.01 2.14 19 49 425 1523 39.84 2.02 20 52.5 471 1475 37.84 1.94 20 56 516 1432 40.01 1.94 21 59.5 561 1392 43.04 2.04 21 63 608 1349 45.21 2.01 22 66.5 658 1301 44.32 1.98 22 70 711 1245 36.75 2.03 18 73.5 767 1183 31.2 1.81 17.2 77 822 1120 29.53 1.81 16 80.5 873 1063 19.43 1.36 14 84 917 1018 22.62 1.53 15 87.5 954 986 25.54 2.06 12 91 985 960 25.65 2.07 12 94.5 1013 937 27.42 2.21 12 98 1040 913 29.45 2.31 13 101.5 1067 888 26.31 2.09 13 105 1098 859 27.17 2.15 13 108.5 1132 825 25.49 2.1 12 112 1171 786 22.14 1.74 13 115.5 1216 744 21.76 1.81 12 119 1266 697 24.37 1.62 15 122.5 1323 641 19.26 1.49 13 124 1350 613 24.28 1.59 15.3 126 1388 573 23.78 1.66 14 133 1534 419 24.79 1.7 15 140 1690 261 27.06 1.69 16 147 1848 102 23.71 1.35 18 154 2009 -57 28.35 1.43 20 161 2176 -220 16.46 0.98 17 166 2304 -345 23.29 1.23 18.9 168 2357 -399 66.26 1.27 52 175 2543 -602 26.34 1.53 17 182 2702 -789 19.34 1.27 15 189 2793 -863 19.76 1.16 17 196 2854 -886 20.02 1.19 17 203 2950 -946 25.56 1.13 23 211.5 3193 -1231 20.04 1.35 14.8 217.5 3401 -1461 20.77 0.94 22 224 3620 -1683 20.73 0.7 30 231 3830 -1890 19.25 0.93 21 238 4025 -2070 21.21 1.02 21 245 4242 -2257 9.49 0.55 17 252 4528 -2547 9.95 0.65 15 259 4878 -2924 9.87 0.53 19 266 5250 -3303 9.66 0.6 16 273 5622 -3674 9.82 0.48 20 280 5986 -4040 27.79 0.73 38 281 6038 -4092 13.72 1.03 13.3 288 6391 -4447 14.83 0.45 33 294 6683 -4736 14.61 0.46 32 301 7018 -5067 7.56 0.27 28 308 7355 -5401 15.27 0.47 32 315 7697 -5746 15.78 0.61 26 322 8038 -6096 9.05 0.35 26 329 8363 -6426 11.79 0.45 26 336 8664 -6718 16.47 0.36 46 343 8938 -6988 23.81 0.61 39 350 9191 -7241 36.1 1.41 26