# ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24450 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/europe/greece/pamvotis2008d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
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# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Paleolimnology
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# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
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# Title
#	Study_Name: ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
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# Investigators
#	Investigators: Roberts, N.; Jones, M.D.; Benkaddour, A.; Eastwood, W.J.; Filippi, M.L.; Frogley, M.R.; Lamb, H.F.; Leng, M.J.; Reed, J.M.; Stein, M.; Stevens, L.; Valero-Garces, B.; Zanchetta, G.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Oxygen isotope (d18O) data from late Quaternary sediments collected in 8 lakes in the Mediterranean region. 
#	All data are 3 point running mean d18O values, except where stated. Chronologies are based on linear interpolation between calibrated 14C dates 
#	(using OxCal) or U-Th ages, except where stated. Analysis on authigenic carbonate, except where stated. 
#
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Roberts, N., M.D. Jones, A. Benkaddour, W.J. Eastwood, M.L. Filippi, M.R. Frogley, H.F. Lamb, M.J. Leng, J.M. Reed, M. Stein, L. Stevens, B. Valero-Garces, and G. Zanchetta
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-12-01   
#	Published_Title: Stable isotope records of Late Quaternary climate and hydrology from Mediterranean lakes: the ISOMED synthesis
#	Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#	Volume: 27
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 25-26
#	Pages: 2426-2441
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.005
#	Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379108002230
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Lake isotope records can be used to assess the spatial coherency of Late Quaternary climate change across the circum-Mediterranean region. We place modern and palaeo-data within a simple conceptual lake response model to show that the isotope hydrology of most Mediterranean lakes has been influenced strongly by water balance, even in those systems that are chemically dilute (i.e. freshwater). d18O data on biogenic and endogenic carbonates from 24 lake basins are used to reconstruct multi-millennial-scale trends since the LGM. While it is difficult to make direct comparisons between lake records in terms of single climatic parameters, coherent regional isotopic trends can be identified. During glacial times Mediterranean lakes deposited carbonates isotopically heavier in d18O compared to the Holocene, partly due to source area effects. Isotopic enrichment was most marked during intervals corresponding to the H1 and Younger Dryas events, confirming that Late Pleistocene cold stages in the North Atlantic region were marked by aridity around much of the Mediterranean. Almost all Mediterranean lake records shifted to more depleted isotopic values during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT). This shift is the reverse of the trend which characterised the same transition in lakes from northern and central Europe, and suggests that temperature changes were not an important direct driver of Mediterranean lake isotopic records over glacial-interglacial timescales. In the early Holocene, many lakes in the eastern part of the region were more depleted isotopically than in recent millennia. This corresponds with marine sapropel formation, both chronologically and geographically, and implies that increases in local rainfall contributed significantly to the creation of a freshwater lid and anoxia in the East Mediterranean Sea. In contrast, no such pattern is currently apparent from lake isotope records from the West Mediterranean, suggesting a possible NW-SE contrast in climate history during the Holocene.
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# Publication 
#	Authors: Michael R. Frogley, Huw I. Griffiths, Timothy H. E. Heaton
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-06-01     
#	Published_Title: Historical biogeography and Late Quaternary environmental change of Lake Pamvotis, Ioannina (north-western Greece): evidence from ostracods
#	Journal_Name: Journal of Biogeography
#	Volume: 28
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 6
#	Pages:
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00582.x 
#	Online_Resource: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00582.x
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Aim: The purpose of this study is to (1) investigate the Quaternary history of Lake Pamvotis using fossil ostracod faunal and isotopic analyses, and (2) use this fossil evidence to assess the pedigree of the lake's fauna and place it within a regional palaeobiogeographical context. Location: Lake Pamvotis, situated in the Ioannina Basin, north'western Greece. Methods: Fossil samples were recovered from a 319 m-long, 500 ka core drilled on the eastern shore of the current lake. Stable isotopic analyses were carried out on ostracod shell calcite. Results: A total of 17 ostracod taxa were recovered, of which 13 occur in the modern lake. Fossil assemblages and corresponding isotopic profiles from the Last (Eemian) Interglacial and Last Glacial-Holocene transition are presented and compared with modern-day data. Some taxa (e.g. Leptocythere sp. A) appear to be lake basin endemics. Main conclusions: The ostracod fauna is typical of temperate, carbonate-rich standing waters and includes both European and Balkan endemic elements. The fossil fauna, coupled with the isotopic data, provides evidence for past lake-level change, including a progressive deepening throughout much of the Last Interglacial and a gradual shallowing throughout the subsequent glacial. This culminated in a distinct interval of low lake-levels at the height of the last glaciation. The Lateglacial witnessed a partial recovery in lake depth, although shallowing occurred once again during the Holocene. The biogeographical affinities of the ostracod fauna, whilst not unequivocal, nevertheless suggest that speciation in the region has been by vicariance and hydrological isolation, probably within the Pleistocene. 
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: 
#	Grant: 
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# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Lake Pamvotis	
#	Location: Europe>Southern Europe>Greece
#	Country: Greece
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 39.6524
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 39.6524
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 20.9234
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 20.9234
# 	Elevation: 470 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Pamvotis2008d18O
#	Earliest_Year: 20135
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1272
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_m	depth, , , m, , , , ,N,
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N,
## d18O	delta 18O, ostracod, , per mil, ,paleolimnology,3 point running mean,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
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depth_m	age_calBP	d18O
3.53	1272	-0.99
3.67	1320	-0.76
3.80	1368	-0.45
3.93	1416	-0.43
4.07	1464	0.13
4.20	1512	-0.23
4.30	1547	0.28
4.43	1595	-0.47
4.60	1656	-0.04
4.77	1717	-0.27
4.97	1789	0.00
5.13	1848	0.31
5.30	1909	0.17
5.47	1969	0.30
5.67	2041	0.04
6.37	2292	0.09
7.03	2532	-0.24
7.67	3370	-0.22
7.83	3646	-0.52
7.96	3871	-1.07
8.10	4096	-1.28
8.22	4299	-1.00
8.35	4524	-0.10
8.51	4800	-0.59
8.76	5222	-0.29
9.00	5617	-0.20
9.18	5932	0.34
9.32	5982	-0.45
9.45	6174	-0.71
9.61	6328	-0.43
9.76	6472	-0.15
9.89	6601	-0.08
10.02	6719	-0.11
10.10	6799	0.22
10.20	6896	0.31
10.33	7024	0.30
10.47	7152	0.06
10.60	7280	0.14
10.70	7377	-0.11
10.80	7473	-0.38
10.90	7569	-0.96
11.00	7665	-0.59
11.10	7761	-0.65
11.20	7858	-0.44
11.33	7986	-1.10
11.47	8114	-1.46
11.60	8242	-1.68
11.70	8339	-1.54
11.80	8435	-0.66
11.90	8531	-0.84
12.02	8643	-0.70
12.11	8736	-1.34
12.24	8861	-1.29
12.38	8990	-1.50
12.53	9137	-1.35
12.66	9265	-1.41
12.78	9378	-0.87
12.97	9557	-0.97
13.24	9817	-1.14
13.54	10112	-2.17
13.75	10308	-2.52
13.83	10388	-2.31
13.90	10455	-1.86
13.99	10545	-1.63
14.11	10657	-1.37
14.18	10728	-1.37
14.32	10856	-1.08
14.59	11119	-0.78
14.90	11420	0.76
15.11	11626	1.61
15.90	14354	0.77
16.20	15383	-1.78
16.30	15726	0.78
16.40	16069	1.91
16.70	17099	-0.67
16.77	17327	-1.59
16.80	17442	-1.90
16.80	17442	-1.89
16.83	17556	-1.45
16.91	17808	-1.17
17.01	18151	-1.01
17.11	18494	-0.78
17.20	18742	-0.92
17.30	18847	-1.28
17.40	18952	-1.79
17.50	19057	-1.81
17.63	19189	-1.47
17.79	19364	-1.16
17.99	19573	-1.53
18.17	19755	-1.78
18.30	19894	-1.56
18.40	19999	-1.49
18.53	20135	-1.19