# Kongressvatnet, Svalbard, 1800 Year Lake Sediment Alkenone Paleotemperature #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:13458 #-------------------- # Archive/proxy: # Lake Sediment #-------------------- # Contribution Date # Date: 10-22-2012 #-------------------- # Title # Kongressvatnet, Svalbard, 1800 Year Lake Sediment Alkenone Paleotemperature #-------------------- # Investigators: D'Andrea, W.J., D.A. Vaillencourt, N.L. Balascio, A. Werner, S.R. Roof, M. Retelle, and R.S. Bradley #-------------------- # Description and Notes # 1800-year UK37 and inferred summer temperature reconstruction based on alkenone unsaturation in lake Kongressvatnet, western Svalbard # Included data: # UK37 measurements, inferred temperature, depth, age # UK37 calibration data table # Major oxides from all measured isolated tephra grains # Age-depth model data (210Pb & 239+240Pu ages and tephra ages) # # UK37 Period of sedimentation (yrs A.D.) JJA Temp (°C)* # -0.654 2006-2009 5.8 # -0.674 2003-2005 5.7 # -0.649 1998-2002 5.3 # -0.668 1992-1997 4.5 # -0.693 1989-1991 4.6 # -0.680 1985-1988 4.7 # -0.706 1980-1984 3.9 # -0.682 1972-1979 4.4 # -0.695 1963-1971 3.9 # -0.700 1956-1962 4.3 # -0.691 1949-1955 4.3 # -0.699 1944-1948 3.9 # -0.721 1936-1943 4.2 # -0.709 1927-1935 4.5 # -0.687 1915-1926 4.4 # "*Mean June/July/August Air temperatures over period of sedimentation (from Nordli, 2010)" # #-------------------- # Publication/Citation # Authors: D'Andrea, W.J., D.A. Vaillencourt, N.L. Balascio, A. Werner, S.R. Roof, M. Retelle, and R.S. Bradley # Journal Name: Geology # Published Title: Mild Little Ice Age and unprecedented recent warmth in an 1800 year lake sediment record from Svalbard # Published Date: 9-18-2012 # DOI: 10.1130/G33365.1 # Abstract: The Arctic region is subject to a great amplitude of climate variability and is currently undergoing large-scale changes due in part to anthropogenic global warming. Accurate projections of future change depend on anticipating the response of the Arctic climate system to forcing, and understanding how the response to human forcing will interact with natural climate variations. The Svalbard Archipelago occupies an important location for studying patterns and causes of Arctic climate variability; however, available paleoclimate records from Svalbard are of restricted use due to limitations of existing climate proxies. Here we present a sub-decadal- to multidecadal-scale record of summer temperature for the past 1800 yr from lake sediments of Kongressvatnet on West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, based on the first instrumental calibration of the alkenone paleothermometer. The age model for the High Arctic lake sediments is based on 210Pb, plutonium activity, and the first application of tephrochronology to lake sediments in this region. We find that the summer warmth of the past 50 yr recorded in both the instrumental and alkenone records was unmatched in West Spitsbergen in the course of the past 1800 yr, including during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and that summers during the Little Ice Age (LIA) of the 18th and 19th centuries on Svalbard were not particularly cold, even though glaciers occupied their maximum Holocene extent. Our results suggest that increased wintertime precipitation, rather than cold temperatures, was responsible for LIA glaciations on Svalbard and that increased heat transport into the Arctic via the West Spitsbergen Current began ca. A.D. 1600. # #--------------------- # Funding Agency # Funding Agency Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: ARC 0851642, ARC 0649006, ARC 0714014 #-------------------- # Site Information # Name: Kongressvatnet # Region: Arctic # Country: Norway # Northmost Latitude: 78.0217 # Southmost Latitude: 78.0217 # Eastmost Longitude: 13.9311 # Westmost Longitude: 13.9311 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data Collection # Core Name: Kongressvatnet2012 # First Year: 250 # Last Year: 2008 # Time Unit: AD # Core Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology # #Chronological marker Sample depth (cm) Sample thickness (cm) Age (yrs before 1950) 14C Age Clam error estimate (yrs) # Core top 0 0.1 -59 - 1 # 210Pb 0.5 0.5 -53.5 - 0.7 # 210Pb 1 0.5 -44.3 - 0.9 # 210Pb 1.5 0.5 -39.4 - 1 # 210Pb 2 0.5 -30.4 - 1.2 # 210Pb 2.5 0.5 -13 - 1.9 # 210Pb 3 0.5 1.5 - 2.7 # 210Pb 3.5 0.5 8.5 - 3.2 # 210Pb 4 0.5 22.7 - 4.5 # 210Pb 4.5 0.5 46.6 - 8.2 # 239+240Pu 2.5 0.25 -13 - 3 # Oraefajoekull eruption 20 2 588 - 10 # Hekla eruption 28 2 846 - 10 # Snaefellsjoekull eruption 43.5 1 - 1855 25 # # # TABLE 1. MAJOR OXIDE AND Cl CONCENTRATIONS OF TEPHRA SHARDS FROM CORE KONG-B COMPARED TO REFERENCE TEPHRA # Sample (reference) n SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O Cl Total # Kongress 19-21 cm 15 71.92 0.22 13.26 3.24 0.08 0.00 0.93 4.66 3.34 0.22 97.88 # (0.93) (0.02) (0.15) (0.08) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.30) (0.10) (0.02) (0.99) # Oraefajoekull A.D. 1362 71 71.86 0.27 13.47 3.20 -- 0.04 1.04 5.08 3.39 -- 98.36 # "(1,3,6)" (1.66) (0.05) (0.42) (0.40) -- (0.07) (0.28) (0.37) (0.25) -- (1.79) # Kongress 27-29 cm 21 71.24 0.20 14.03 3.27 0.11 0.10 1.92 4.35 2.59 0.06 97.87 # (0.95) (0.03) (0.26) (0.14) (0.03) (0.03) (0.11) (0.38) (0.07) (0.01) (0.91) # Hekla A.D. 1104 148 71.51 0.25 14.10 2.98 0.11 0.15 1.96 4.60 2.66 -- 98.32 # "(1-3,5,6,8)" (1.36) (0.11) (0.66) (0.45) (0.12) (0.13) (0.28) (0.36) (0.25) -- (1.53) # Kongress 39-44 cm 28 68.21 0.25 15.46 3.24 0.11 0.11 1.06 4.03 4.43 0.25 97.16 # (0.79) (0.04) (0.20) (0.22) (0.03) (0.05) (0.13) (0.51) (0.11) (0.02) (0.66) # Snaefellsjoekull A.D. 170 8 71.1 (1.20) 0.25 14.5 3.12 -- 0.09 1.16 5.14 4.54 -- 100.06 # (7) (1.20) (0.03) (0.36) (0.17) -- (0.01) (0.05) (1.13) (0.21) -- -- # Snaefellsjoekull A.D. 170 6 67.27 0.38 15.69 4.08 -- 0.33 1.72 5.07 4.36 -- 98.96 # (4) (1.21) (0.04) (0.37) (0.40) -- (0.12) (0.35) (0.19) (0.23) -- (0.67) # " Note: Sample references: 1-Pilcher et al., 1995; 2-Pilcher et al., 1996; 3-Hall and Pilcher, 2002; 4-Larsen et al., 2002; 5-Chambers et al., 2004; 6-Pilcher et al., 2005; " # "7-Kristjansdottir et al., 2007; 8-Vorren et al., 2007. Analytical precision (1s) reported in parentheses. Major oxide and Cl concentrations are reported as percent of total. " # Dashes indicate values that were not reported in the original references. # # # Appendix I. Major oxide concentrations of individual tephra shards. # # No. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O Cl Total # # "19-21 cm, Group 1 - Unknown" # 1 70.69 0.24 13.81 3.21 0.09 0.15 1.93 3.52 2.52 0.11 96.29 # 2 68.30 0.25 15.26 3.17 0.16 0.10 1.12 4.68 4.37 0.28 97.74 # 3 68.22 0.25 14.84 3.12 0.12 0.10 1.06 4.72 4.57 0.27 97.24 # 4 68.46 0.26 14.43 3.00 0.15 0.08 1.09 4.65 4.25 0.28 96.64 # # "19-21 cm, Group 2 - Oraefajoekull AD 1362" # 1 70.69 0.25 13.53 3.40 0.06 0.01 0.94 5.00 3.29 0.19 97.36 # 2 73.64 0.25 13.43 3.25 0.10 0.00 0.93 4.50 3.53 0.21 99.86 # 3 72.33 0.23 13.09 3.23 0.11 0.02 0.97 4.68 3.51 0.21 98.39 # 4 71.48 0.20 13.07 3.26 0.07 0.00 0.95 4.77 3.31 0.22 97.33 # 5 70.17 0.22 13.11 3.05 0.08 0.00 0.91 4.93 3.43 0.22 96.16 # 6 70.80 0.24 13.41 3.17 0.08 0.00 0.93 4.70 3.31 0.21 96.89 # 7 71.79 0.22 13.26 3.15 0.09 0.00 0.93 4.75 3.19 0.23 97.63 # 8 72.98 0.24 13.39 3.32 0.10 0.00 0.93 4.63 3.40 0.20 99.19 # 9 72.13 0.23 13.19 3.28 0.07 0.00 0.93 4.68 3.30 0.23 98.05 # 10 71.36 0.18 13.05 3.27 0.07 0.00 0.89 4.95 3.25 0.22 97.23 # 11 72.32 0.22 13.36 3.21 0.09 0.00 0.93 4.82 3.33 0.21 98.49 # 12 72.96 0.22 13.24 3.24 0.10 0.00 0.91 4.81 3.42 0.28 99.19 # 13 72.13 0.22 13.22 3.34 0.06 0.00 0.94 4.48 3.30 0.25 97.95 # 14 71.74 0.20 13.14 3.19 0.04 0.00 0.89 4.54 3.28 0.22 97.24 # 15 72.24 0.22 13.40 3.21 0.08 0.00 0.93 3.72 3.28 0.18 97.26 # # Avg 71.92 0.22 13.26 3.24 0.08 0.00 0.93 4.66 3.34 0.22 97.88 # 1sigma 0.93 0.02 0.15 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.02 0.99 # # # "27-29 cm, Group 1 - Unknown" # 1 70.89 0.22 15.17 3.08 0.17 0.09 1.00 4.41 4.50 0.27 99.78 # 2 68.84 0.28 15.32 3.11 0.14 0.08 1.06 4.34 4.46 0.27 97.94 # 3 69.83 0.20 14.82 2.98 0.14 0.00 0.89 5.19 4.42 0.23 98.69 # # "27-29 cm, Group 2 - Hekla AD 1104" # 1 71.40 0.18 14.05 3.34 0.08 0.11 2.05 3.95 2.63 0.08 97.89 # 2 70.41 0.20 13.72 3.37 0.08 0.10 1.85 4.45 2.55 0.09 96.83 # 3 73.39 0.21 14.30 3.37 0.09 0.10 1.93 3.87 2.56 0.04 99.90 # 4 70.69 0.20 13.99 3.22 0.09 0.06 1.91 4.61 2.54 0.05 97.33 # 5 70.76 0.22 13.96 3.44 0.18 0.12 1.93 4.53 2.60 0.07 97.82 # 6 69.98 0.24 14.05 3.49 0.12 0.11 1.97 4.46 2.52 0.05 97.00 # 7 72.71 0.19 14.27 3.21 0.12 0.13 2.05 3.80 2.57 0.07 99.11 # 8 71.96 0.19 14.11 3.11 0.09 0.08 1.93 3.82 2.61 0.06 98.02 # 9 70.43 0.14 14.01 3.34 0.15 0.13 2.01 4.50 2.65 0.08 97.44 # 10 71.40 0.14 14.13 3.27 0.12 0.12 1.90 4.77 2.66 0.06 98.64 # 11 72.41 0.22 14.08 3.06 0.13 0.07 1.98 4.12 2.50 0.07 98.70 # 12 69.59 0.19 14.14 3.32 0.11 0.09 1.90 4.67 2.55 0.06 96.68 # 13 70.98 0.20 14.35 2.89 0.11 0.07 2.06 3.57 2.43 0.06 96.75 # 14 71.84 0.20 14.26 3.17 0.08 0.12 1.88 4.52 2.57 0.04 98.67 # 15 71.69 0.27 13.83 3.30 0.09 0.10 1.96 4.72 2.61 0.05 98.63 # 16 71.67 0.23 14.47 3.30 0.09 0.11 1.92 3.87 2.66 0.06 98.38 # 17 70.86 0.23 13.94 3.35 0.12 0.06 1.91 4.80 2.66 0.06 98.03 # 18 70.27 0.18 13.79 3.25 0.13 0.08 1.97 4.57 2.54 0.07 96.86 # 19 71.63 0.20 14.16 3.26 0.09 0.14 1.87 4.60 2.71 0.05 98.70 # 20 70.33 0.16 13.72 3.42 0.10 0.14 1.87 4.63 2.58 0.05 96.98 # 21 71.59 0.22 13.29 3.21 0.08 0.01 1.52 4.42 2.64 0.06 97.03 # # Avg 71.24 0.20 14.03 3.27 0.11 0.10 1.92 4.35 2.59 0.06 97.87 # 1sigma 0.95 0.03 0.26 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.38 0.07 0.01 0.91 # # # "39-44 cm, Group 1 - Unknown" # 1 72.81 0.32 13.24 1.17 0.00 0.29 1.05 3.54 2.86 0.16 95.44 # 2 69.42 0.37 13.40 1.48 0.04 0.45 1.65 3.38 2.80 0.19 93.18 # 3 71.70 0.27 12.96 1.17 0.00 0.26 1.08 3.32 2.90 0.16 93.81 # 4 70.08 0.46 15.07 1.99 0.03 0.53 1.83 4.28 2.58 0.17 97.01 # 5 73.83 0.28 13.34 1.20 0.04 0.27 1.10 3.59 2.81 0.17 96.63 # 6 73.63 0.29 13.58 1.40 0.00 0.31 1.11 3.40 2.80 0.14 96.65 # 7 72.83 0.38 14.36 1.66 0.03 0.47 1.61 2.99 2.69 0.17 97.18 # # Avg 72.04 0.34 13.71 1.44 0.02 0.37 1.35 3.50 2.77 0.17 95.70 # 1sigma 1.72 0.07 0.74 0.31 0.02 0.11 0.33 0.40 0.11 0.02 1.62 # # "39-44 cm, Group 2 - Sn-1 c. AD 170" # 1 68.75 0.21 15.49 3.25 0.11 0.12 0.94 3.76 4.45 0.23 97.30 # 2 68.45 0.21 15.32 3.22 0.09 0.13 1.04 4.22 4.46 0.29 97.41 # 3 68.97 0.22 15.54 3.15 0.14 0.07 1.03 3.62 4.38 0.25 97.37 # 4 68.76 0.22 15.51 3.14 0.08 0.10 0.98 3.17 4.48 0.24 96.68 # 5 69.01 0.26 15.35 3.45 0.04 0.12 1.10 3.33 4.38 0.26 97.30 # 6 68.69 0.26 15.44 3.15 0.12 0.09 0.93 3.15 4.46 0.28 96.56 # 7 68.57 0.25 15.57 3.15 0.03 0.11 0.99 3.55 4.49 0.25 96.95 # 8 68.19 0.29 15.44 3.34 0.12 0.12 1.13 4.83 4.39 0.26 98.11 # 9 68.19 0.29 15.12 3.00 0.14 0.08 1.05 4.31 4.59 0.25 97.02 # 10 70.17 0.23 15.39 3.04 0.11 0.09 1.02 4.30 4.54 0.25 99.13 # 11 68.08 0.31 15.51 3.33 0.15 0.09 1.19 4.61 4.40 0.25 97.91 # 12 68.18 0.23 15.34 3.15 0.11 0.07 1.07 4.61 4.48 0.23 97.47 # 13 69.69 0.26 15.38 3.31 0.12 0.09 1.02 3.67 4.37 0.29 98.19 # 14 66.69 0.29 15.71 3.35 0.11 0.14 1.10 4.63 4.22 0.26 96.49 # 15 68.18 0.30 15.77 3.58 0.13 0.21 1.20 3.18 4.30 0.25 97.10 # 16 67.74 0.19 15.40 3.14 0.13 0.10 0.98 4.43 4.47 0.25 96.82 # 17 68.44 0.27 15.42 3.11 0.11 0.13 0.95 4.42 4.52 0.26 97.61 # 18 68.60 0.23 15.57 3.23 0.12 0.11 1.02 3.77 4.59 0.23 97.46 # 19 67.91 0.24 15.33 3.08 0.10 0.12 1.04 4.57 4.34 0.24 96.97 # 20 67.73 0.23 15.37 3.21 0.14 0.06 1.01 4.45 4.50 0.26 96.96 # 21 66.85 0.26 15.43 3.36 0.13 0.12 1.16 4.22 4.41 0.28 96.21 # 22 67.10 0.40 16.10 4.11 0.17 0.31 1.60 3.66 4.15 0.24 97.83 # 23 67.76 0.25 15.26 3.20 0.13 0.13 1.08 4.42 4.42 0.25 96.89 # 24 67.70 0.21 15.65 3.09 0.13 0.07 0.95 4.32 4.37 0.26 96.75 # 25 67.71 0.22 15.62 3.12 0.15 0.11 1.04 3.44 4.49 0.26 96.16 # 26 67.18 0.22 15.47 3.25 0.11 0.11 0.99 4.40 4.45 0.24 96.42 # 27 67.69 0.24 15.27 3.29 0.10 0.10 1.03 4.00 4.43 0.27 96.43 # 28 68.89 0.27 15.10 2.96 0.09 0.10 0.95 3.84 4.65 0.25 97.09 # # Avg 68.21 0.25 15.46 3.24 0.11 0.11 1.06 4.03 4.43 0.25 97.16 # 1sigma 0.79 0.04 0.20 0.22 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.51 0.11 0.02 0.66 # # # # #------------------ # Variables # # End Description/Documentation (lines begin with #) # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (8 components: material, error, units, anomaly, period, archive, detail, method) # Data line format: tab-delimited text, variable short name as header age_AD Age (years AD), , ,years AD , , , , uk37 Alkenone saturation index, , , , , , , temp-JJA surface temperature Jun-Aug (deg C), , , ,deg C, , JJA, , age_AD uk37 temp-JJA 2008 -0.65 5.9 2004 -0.67 5.1 2000 -0.65 6.1 1996 -0.67 5.3 1990 -0.69 4.3 1987 -0.68 4.8 1982 -0.71 3.8 1976 -0.68 4.8 1968 -0.70 4.3 1960 -0.70 4.1 1952 -0.69 4.4 1946 -0.70 4.1 1941 -0.72 3.2 1930 -0.71 3.7 1921 -0.69 4.6 1910 -0.70 4.0 1899 -0.69 4.5 1888 -0.71 3.8 1877 -0.73 3.1 1867 -0.71 3.7 1856 -0.69 4.3 1846 -0.70 3.9 1836 -0.70 4.1 1826 -0.71 3.6 1815 -0.70 3.9 1805 -0.70 4.1 1796 -0.72 3.4 1786 -0.73 2.9 1776 -0.68 4.7 1766 -0.68 4.7 1756 -0.69 4.4 1747 -0.68 5.1 1737 -0.71 3.6 1728 -0.74 2.5 1719 -0.71 3.8 1709 -0.71 3.8 1700 -0.72 3.5 1691 -0.73 3.1 1682 -0.71 3.7 1673 -0.75 2.2 1664 -0.70 3.9 1646 -0.70 4.1 1637 -0.77 1.3 1628 -0.70 4.2 1620 -0.71 3.6 1611 -0.71 3.6 1603 -0.74 2.5 1594 -0.70 3.9 1586 -0.73 3.1 1577 -0.73 2.8 1561 -0.73 3.0 1553 -0.76 1.7 1544 -0.71 3.5 1536 -0.75 2.2 1528 -0.73 3.0 1512 -0.72 3.3 1496 -0.72 3.2 1489 -0.74 2.5 1481 -0.73 2.8 1473 -0.73 2.9 1465 -0.71 3.8 1458 -0.75 2.1 1450 -0.74 2.6 1443 -0.73 3.1 1435 -0.72 3.4 1428 -0.72 3.3 1420 -0.74 2.7 1413 -0.71 3.6 1405 -0.72 3.3 1398 -0.72 3.4 1391 -0.74 2.5 1362 -0.73 3.0 1348 -0.74 2.5 1334 -0.73 2.9 1319 -0.73 2.9 1305 -0.75 2.1 1291 -0.75 2.1 1276 -0.75 2.0 1246 -0.76 1.9 1230 -0.73 2.7 1214 -0.75 2.2 1198 -0.74 2.7 1180 -0.74 2.7 1162 -0.75 2.2 1124 -0.75 2.1 1104 -0.75 2.3 1083 -0.74 2.5 1061 -0.71 3.6 1038 -0.73 2.9 1014 -0.72 3.2 989 -0.75 1.9 964 -0.74 2.5 937 -0.76 1.9 911 -0.75 2.2 883 -0.73 3.0 855 -0.73 3.0 796 -0.74 2.7 766 -0.75 2.1 735 -0.71 3.7 704 -0.74 2.6 673 -0.75 2.2 641 -0.71 3.6 542 -0.73 2.9 475 -0.74 2.7 440 -0.73 2.7 406 -0.73 3.0 371 -0.75 2.0 337 -0.72 3.1 267 -0.73 2.9 232 -0.69 4.3