# Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/36593 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-lake-36593.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Paleolimnology # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/nbdb-8x31 # # Science_Keywords: Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction, drought #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/montana/silverlake_raw_core27_parish2022.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core 27 Raw Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2022-06-16 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-05-07 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022-11-01 # Published_Title: Holocene water levels of Silver Lake, Montana, and the hydroclimate history of the Inland Northwest # Journal_Name: Quaternary Research # Volume: 110 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 54-66 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1017/qua.2022.17 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The wettest portion of the interior of western North America centers on the mountainous region spanning western Montana, Idaho, British Columbia, and Alberta. Inland ranges there capture the remnants of Pacific storms. Steep east-west hydroclimate gradients make the region sensitive to changes in inland-penetrating moisture that may have varied greatly during the Holocene. To investigate potential hydroclimate change, we produced a 7600-yr lake-level reconstruction from Silver Lake, located on the Montana-Idaho border. Ground-penetrating radar profiles and a transect of four shallow-water sediment cores that were dated using radiocarbon dating and tephrachronology revealed substantial changes in moisture through time. An organic-rich mud unit indicating wet and similar to modern conditions prior to 7000 cal yr BP is overlain by an erosional surface signifying drier than modern conditions from 7000-2800 cal yr BP. A subsequent time-transgressive increase in water levels from 2800-2300 cal yr BP is indicated by a layer of late Holocene muds, and is consistent with glacier expansion and increases in the abundance of mesic tree taxa in the region. Millennial-scale trends were likely driven by variations in orbital-scale forcing during the Holocene, but the regional outcomes probably depended upon factors such as the strength of the Aleutian Low, Pacific sea-surface temperature variability, and the frequency of atmospheric rivers over western North America. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: DEB-1655189, DEB-1655121 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Silver Lake, Montana # Location: Montana # Northernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Southernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Easternmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Westernmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Elevation_m: 1623 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Silver Lake Core27 Raw Data_Parish2022 # First_Year: 7888 # Last_Year: -66 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: lake level # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Radiocarbon # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-14c-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Radiocarbon terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Notes field contains water depth in centimeters. # Rejection_Rationale: # Reservoir_Method: # Calibration_Method: # Age_Model_Method: Bchron # Missing_Values: NA # Chronology_Table: # core_id lab_code depth_cm age_14C_BP1950 date_type material_dated notes age_calib_neg2s_BP1950 age_calib_BP1950 age_calib_pos2s_BP1950 calib_curve # 27 NA 10 NA Tephra 1980 MSH Tephra 260 NA -30 NA None # 27 NA 36 NA Tephra MSH J Tephra 260 NA 500 NA None # 27 UCI-203110 81.5 1870 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 260 1732 1776 1819 IntCal20 # 27 UCI-203109 95.5 2480 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 260 2474 2586 2698 IntCal20 # 27 UCI-203108 100.5 6645 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 260 7478 7531 7568 IntCal20 #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## core_ID sample identification,,,dimensionless,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Core name ## core_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth in core ## collection_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth below modern water surface ## Age.Yng.2.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval lower bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,2.5 % confidence interval ## Median_Age age,,,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,median; calibrated age before modern ## Age.Old.97.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval upper bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,97.5% confidence interval ## Sand sand,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Sand (%) ## water_depth collection water depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Modern depth of water at core site ## LOI organic matter,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,loss on ignition ,N, ## Den density,sediment,,gram per cubic centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluation,N, ## MS magnetic susceptibility ,sediment,,dimensionless (SI system),,Paleolimnology,,,N, (SI x 10 ^(-5)) #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA core_ID core_depth collection_depth Age.Yng.2.5 Median_Age Age.Old.97.5 Sand water_depth LOI Den MS 27 0.5 260.5 -69 -66 -56 4.128566 260 0.4197 0.9924 -1 27 1.5 261.5 -66 -62 -44.975 8.625434 260 0.3386 0.9988 -1 27 2.5 262.5 -65 -58 -41 7.396375 260 0.4227 0.9916 0 27 3.5 263.5 -63 -55 -39 0.402113 260 0.2856 1.005 0 27 4.5 264.5 -62 -51 -37.975 1.40529 260 0.2615 0.9992 2 27 5.5 265.5 -60 -47 -36 1.105032 260 0.2303 0.9999 3 27 6.5 266.5 -58 -43 -34 3.167045 260 0.1356 1.0187 5 27 7.5 267.5 -56 -39 -33 3.869183 260 0.1046 1.0388 7 27 8.5 268.5 -52.025 -36 -31 8.650824 260 0.0685 1.0319 8 27 9.5 269.5 -41 -32 -28 5.519994 260 0.166 1.0892 9 27 10.5 270.5 -30 -19 110.125 1.512998 260 0.202 1.0712 8 27 11.5 271.5 -21 1 190.05 3.035006 260 0.2084 1.0328 6 27 12.5 272.5 -15 21 231 2.993447 260 0.217 1.0152 4 27 13.5 273.5 -9.025 40 259.175 1.952337 260 0.2111 1.0221 2 27 14.5 274.5 -3.025 60 302.05 3.608521 260 0.2121 1.0222 1 27 15.5 275.5 2 79 328.05 3.417763 260 0.2348 1.0149 1 27 16.5 276.5 8 99 338.025 2.806827 260 0.2465 1.021 1 27 17.5 277.5 14.975 118 354 1.611122 260 0.3174 1.0144 0 27 18.5 278.5 20 137 363 2.612053 260 0.2958 1.0096 0 27 19.5 279.5 26 157 371.1 2.820907 260 0.3203 1.0104 1 27 20.5 280.5 32 176 380.1 6.392092 260 0.3555 1.0107 0 27 21.5 281.5 38.975 195 389.125 4.495216 260 0.3574 0.9991 0 27 22.5 282.5 47 214 400.025 2.931115 260 0.3548 1.0027 0 27 23.5 283.5 53.975 234 406.05 5.768471 260 0.318 1.003 1 27 24.5 284.5 60.975 253 415.025 2.924948 260 0.2996 1.0079 0 27 25.5 285.5 66.975 273 424 2.719633 260 0.2855 1.0023 0 27 26.5 286.5 75.925 292 430.025 5.229908 260 0.2874 1.0032 1 27 27.5 287.5 81.95 312 438.025 11.75606 260 0.3002 1.0084 1 27 28.5 288.5 93 331 446 3.569235 260 0.3083 1.0058 1 27 29.5 289.5 111 350.5 453.025 5.092896 260 0.2944 1.0102 1 27 30.5 290.5 119.95 370 462.025 4.396566 260 0.3167 1.0149 1 27 31.5 291.5 134.95 389.5 470.025 5.143455 260 0.3209 1.0199 2 27 32.5 292.5 160 408 479.025 3.241813 260 0.3085 1.0167 2 27 33.5 293.5 186 426 491.05 3.650173 260 0.2495 1.0158 3 27 34.5 294.5 232 445 505.025 12.5481 260 0.1269 1.0208 4 27 35.5 295.5 342.85 466 543.025 8.143288 260 0.2676 1.0548 5 27 36.5 296.5 426.975 494 765.125 6.766434 260 0.3659 1.0187 5 27 37.5 297.5 456.975 527 926.65 4.047976 260 0.3978 1.0125 4 27 38.5 298.5 470 555.5 1046.05 4.983923 260 0.3465 1.0137 3 27 39.5 299.5 481 582 1102.125 3.101269 260 0.4379 1.0092 1 27 40.5 300.5 492.975 609 1177.125 2.298669 260 0.5129 1.0096 1 27 41.5 301.5 501.95 638 1211.05 1.980074 260 0.5796 0.9778 1 27 42.5 302.5 511 667 1266.075 9.274375 260 0.4323 0.9887 1 27 43.5 303.5 519.95 695 1310.1 1.98683 260 0.4168 0.9991 0 27 44.5 304.5 528.925 722.5 1332.025 2.88824 260 NA 0.9873 0 27 45.5 305.5 534.975 751 1378 2.518248 260 0.4283 0.9896 0 27 46.5 306.5 544.95 779 1390.075 2.725827 260 0.4163 0.996 0 27 47.5 307.5 556.85 807 1403.525 3.629929 260 0.4495 1.0042 0 27 48.5 308.5 566.9 835 1435.3 4.915356 260 0.4162 0.9949 0 27 49.5 309.5 574.875 864.5 1464.15 2.256085 260 0.4243 1.0049 0 27 50.5 310.5 583.95 893 1481.05 1.760233 260 0.433 0.9828 0 27 51.5 311.5 592.95 921.5 1496 4.209322 260 0.4086 1.0005 0 27 52.5 312.5 600.975 950 1515.075 1.826665 260 0.3906 0.9977 0 27 53.5 313.5 611.925 978 1538.05 3.005115 260 0.3994 0.9973 -1 27 54.5 314.5 617.975 1007 1550.1 1.085428 260 0.3909 0.9845 0 27 55.5 315.5 624.975 1036 1561.05 1.471226 260 0.4068 0.9893 0 27 56.5 316.5 631.975 1065 1571 1.426615 260 0.409 0.9882 0 27 57.5 317.5 651.975 1092 1586.05 2.562831 260 0.3797 0.9973 -1 27 58.5 318.5 665.9 1120 1597.025 1.253202 260 0.3898 1.0054 0 27 59.5 319.5 672.925 1148 1609.175 3.8628 260 0.4204 1.0026 0 27 60.5 320.5 683.9 1176 1615.25 3.544855 260 0.4345 1.0093 -1 27 61.5 321.5 700.8 1205 1623.275 1.992801 260 0.4097 0.9926 0 27 62.5 322.5 717.725 1233.5 1640.075 5.784346 260 0.3952 0.9915 0 27 63.5 323.5 730.95 1262 1653.025 1.768085 260 0.3629 0.9279 0 27 64.5 324.5 747 1290 1661.025 6.854782 260 0.3547 0.9921 0 27 65.5 325.5 760.95 1319.5 1670 3.496988 260 0.358 0.9883 0 27 66.5 326.5 778.875 1348 1675.025 5.199715 260 0.3511 1.0031 0 27 67.5 327.5 791.925 1375 1683.025 12.02069 260 0.396 0.9871 0 27 68.5 328.5 818.975 1404 1690.025 6.446931 260 0.3668 0.9899 1 27 69.5 329.5 834.9 1432 1698 6.31775 260 0.3365 0.9723 0 27 70.5 330.5 865.85 1461 1704 5.271955 260 0.4276 1.0178 1 27 71.5 331.5 886.825 1488 1711.025 6.362971 260 0.4418 1.0143 0 27 72.5 332.5 904.95 1514.5 1720.05 4.949209 260 0.4244 1.0173 0 27 73.5 333.5 933.95 1544 1729.025 3.717709 260 0.4311 1.0071 0 27 74.5 334.5 950.975 1572 1741 2.115443 260 0.4786 1.0025 0 27 75.5 335.5 991.975 1600 1748 3.088132 260 0.3915 0.9864 0 27 76.5 336.5 1040.875 1628 1757.025 1.699639 260 0.3643 1.0121 1 27 77.5 337.5 1107.85 1656 1766.05 2.090715 260 0.3197 1.001 1 27 78.5 338.5 1201.525 1682 1779.025 2.500112 260 0.3642 0.9894 0 27 79.5 339.5 1297.95 1710 1789.05 3.749492 260 0.4573 1.0027 1 27 80.5 340.5 1430.775 1740 1804 5.213518 260 0.5136 0.9946 0 27 81.5 341.5 1698.875 1782 1850.025 5.108207 260 0.5242 0.9774 -1 27 82.5 342.5 1763 1838.5 2122 2.037579 260 0.3744 1.0002 0 27 83.5 343.5 1801.975 1894 2225.175 2.720161 260 0.368 1.0223 0 27 84.5 344.5 1826 1951.5 2311.15 4.120469 260 0.3967 1.0245 0 27 85.5 345.5 1847 2009.5 2356.125 3.67061 260 0.554 1.0211 0 27 86.5 346.5 1873 2066.5 2406.075 6.599534 260 0.4616 0.9866 1 27 87.5 347.5 1891.95 2123 2432.125 1.044273 260 0.3199 1.0262 1 27 88.5 348.5 1912.95 2179 2463.175 1.266833 260 0.3093 1.0257 1 27 89.5 349.5 1935.95 2237 2491.025 1.190121 260 0.293 1.0279 0 27 90.5 350.5 1963.9 2295 2515 2.979748 260 0.2997 1.0446 1 27 91.5 351.5 1994.975 2352 2550 52.09135 260 0.3533 1.0349 0 27 92.5 352.5 2039.975 2407 2577 50.62269 260 0.2796 1.1385 1 27 93.5 353.5 2110.825 2461.5 2609.025 19.9928 260 0.3386 1.0536 1 27 94.5 354.5 2211.925 2517 2655.025 30.89279 260 0.5437 1.0223 0 27 95.5 355.5 2438.825 2658 3189.075 21.57209 260 0.3699 0.998 0 27 96.5 356.5 2661.85 3587 5400.625 11.29554 260 0.4113 1.0409 1 27 97.5 357.5 2730.85 4572 6160.075 6.334537 260 0.3345 1.0464 1 27 98.5 358.5 2842.35 5556 6633.325 11.39745 260 0.3182 1.0409 2 27 99.5 359.5 2950.2 6531.5 7128.025 17.15573 260 0.1412 1.0873 3 27 100.5 360.5 3017.975 7494 7740.35 0.979174 260 0.1315 1.0927 4 27 101.5 361.5 3094.85 7606 8995.55 0.615129 260 0.1496 1.0992 5 27 102.5 362.5 3147.375 7675.5 9568.7 1.171577 260 0.1676 1.1022 6 27 103.5 363.5 3190.775 7748.5 9862.75 1.046112 260 0.1095 1.1407 6 27 104.5 364.5 3248.55 7817 10048.1 3.088357 260 0.075 1.1738 8 27 105.5 365.5 3302.3 7888 10225.775 1.722714 260 0.2057 1.2357 8