# Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/36593 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-lake-36593.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Paleolimnology # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/nbdb-8x31 # # Science_Keywords: Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction, drought #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/montana/silverlake_raw_core30_parish2022.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core 30 Raw Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2022-06-16 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-05-07 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022-11-01 # Published_Title: Holocene water levels of Silver Lake, Montana, and the hydroclimate history of the Inland Northwest # Journal_Name: Quaternary Research # Volume: 110 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 54-66 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1017/qua.2022.17 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The wettest portion of the interior of western North America centers on the mountainous region spanning western Montana, Idaho, British Columbia, and Alberta. Inland ranges there capture the remnants of Pacific storms. Steep east-west hydroclimate gradients make the region sensitive to changes in inland-penetrating moisture that may have varied greatly during the Holocene. To investigate potential hydroclimate change, we produced a 7600-yr lake-level reconstruction from Silver Lake, located on the Montana-Idaho border. Ground-penetrating radar profiles and a transect of four shallow-water sediment cores that were dated using radiocarbon dating and tephrachronology revealed substantial changes in moisture through time. An organic-rich mud unit indicating wet and similar to modern conditions prior to 7000 cal yr BP is overlain by an erosional surface signifying drier than modern conditions from 7000-2800 cal yr BP. A subsequent time-transgressive increase in water levels from 2800-2300 cal yr BP is indicated by a layer of late Holocene muds, and is consistent with glacier expansion and increases in the abundance of mesic tree taxa in the region. Millennial-scale trends were likely driven by variations in orbital-scale forcing during the Holocene, but the regional outcomes probably depended upon factors such as the strength of the Aleutian Low, Pacific sea-surface temperature variability, and the frequency of atmospheric rivers over western North America. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: DEB-1655189, DEB-1655121 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Silver Lake, Montana # Location: Montana # Northernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Southernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Easternmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Westernmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Elevation_m: 1623 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Silver Lake Core30 Raw Data_Parish2022 # First_Year: 7774 # Last_Year: -64 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: lake level # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Radiocarbon # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-14c-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Radiocarbon terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Notes field contains water depth in centimeters. # Rejection_Rationale: # Reservoir_Method: # Calibration_Method: # Age_Model_Method: Bchron # Missing_Values: NA # Chronology_Table: # core_id lab_code depth_cm age_14C_BP1950 date_type material_dated notes age_calib_neg2s_BP1950 age_calib_BP1950 age_calib_pos2s_BP1950 calib_curve # 30 NA 4 NA Tephra 1980 MSH Tephra 280 NA -30 NA None # 30 NA 34 NA Tephra MSH J Tephra 280 NA 500 NA None # 30 UCI-203105 97.5 2550 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 280 2547 2720 2736 IntCal20 # 30 UCI-203106 112.5 6765 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 280 7579 7617 7664 IntCal20 # 30 UCI-203104 125.5 6680 14C AMS Needle 280 7506 7534 7585 IntCal20 #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## core_ID sample identification,,,dimensionless,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Core name ## core_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth in core ## collection_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth below modern water surface ## Age.Yng.2.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval lower bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,2.5 % confidence interval ## Median_Age age,,,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,median; calibrated age before modern ## Age.Old.97.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval upper bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,97.5% confidence interval ## Sand sand,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Sand (%) ## water_depth collection water depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Modern depth of water at core site ## LOI organic matter,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,loss on ignition ,N, ## Den density,sediment,,gram per cubic centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluation,N, ## MS magnetic susceptibility ,sediment,,dimensionless (SI system),,Paleolimnology,,,N, (SI x 10 ^(-5)) #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA core_ID core_depth collection_depth Age.Yng.2.5 Median_Age Age.Old.97.5 Sand water_depth LOI Den MS 30 0.5 280.5 -69 -64 -56.975 7.49835 280 0.3795 1.015 0 30 1.5 281.5 -60 -54 -44 4.468907 280 0.3378 1.0153 2 30 2.5 282.5 -54 -44 -38 2.496979 280 0.2362 1.0075 4 30 3.5 283.5 -43 -35 -30 6.058047 280 0.1963 1.0203 5 30 4.5 284.5 -30 -21 97.05 5.554573 280 0.1298 1.0099 5 30 5.5 285.5 -24 -4 205.125 3.674922 280 0.1643 0.9822 5 30 6.5 286.5 -19 13 237.025 3.084548 280 0.1578 1.0171 4 30 7.5 287.5 -14 30 269.125 4.377476 280 0.1019 1.011 3 30 8.5 288.5 -10 47 298.025 0.899188 280 0.1678 1.0025 2 30 9.5 289.5 -5.025 63 311.025 0.49489 280 0.2051 0.9915 2 30 10.5 290.5 -1 80 319.125 4.213068 280 0.2144 1.0199 1 30 11.5 291.5 4 97 330.05 2.015499 280 NA 0.9894 1 30 12.5 292.5 8.975 114 337.05 3.085735 280 0.2161 1.0054 0 30 13.5 293.5 12.975 130.5 347.025 3.089476 280 0.213 1.0032 1 30 14.5 294.5 19 147 356 5.071054 280 0.3041 1.0051 1 30 15.5 295.5 23 164 365.05 6.805373 280 0.3428 0.9987 1 30 16.5 296.5 28 180 378 3.572915 280 0.3749 0.9963 0 30 17.5 297.5 33.95 197 382.025 7.740916 280 0.4041 0.9869 0 30 18.5 298.5 42.975 214 389.025 7.847523 280 0.3631 0.9925 1 30 19.5 299.5 50.975 230 398.05 7.077272 280 0.3303 0.9948 0 30 20.5 300.5 55.975 247 407.025 3.66823 280 0.3276 0.9961 1 30 21.5 301.5 70 264 414.025 2.640481 280 0.3116 0.9909 1 30 22.5 302.5 77.95 281 419.025 2.53042 280 0.2943 0.9982 0 30 23.5 303.5 94.825 298 425.025 2.527646 280 0.2944 1.0112 1 30 24.5 304.5 102.975 314 434 2.573627 280 0.2804 1.003 1 30 25.5 305.5 110.975 331 439.025 3.719558 280 0.3216 1.0088 1 30 26.5 306.5 125.975 347 445.025 1.911678 280 0.2811 0.9899 1 30 27.5 307.5 141.825 364 454 3.461635 280 0.3157 1.0092 1 30 28.5 308.5 160.825 380 460.1 3.1743 280 0.2839 1.0072 1 30 29.5 309.5 174.875 396 469 3.973049 280 0.3193 1.0142 1 30 30.5 310.5 201 412 478.025 5.061447 280 0.3012 0.9967 2 30 31.5 311.5 224.9 429 489 4.804016 280 0.2816 0.998 2 30 32.5 312.5 274.825 446 502.025 3.733738 280 0.2704 1.0027 3 30 33.5 313.5 374 467 538 5.854961 280 0.2266 1.035 4 30 34.5 314.5 435 496.5 827.1 8.428452 280 0.1432 1.0247 6 30 35.5 315.5 459 535 1108.375 13.57737 280 0.0975 0.9987 5 30 36.5 316.5 475 571 1340.375 4.752706 280 0.2718 0.9918 4 30 37.5 317.5 488.95 608 1462.075 4.517424 280 0.3281 1.0112 2 30 38.5 318.5 498.975 645 1533.175 1.295911 280 0.335 0.975 2 30 39.5 319.5 511.975 680 1594.175 3.461869 280 0.369 0.9784 1 30 40.5 320.5 523.925 715.5 1677.45 3.355229 280 0.3863 1.0038 1 30 41.5 321.5 532.975 751 1709 2.299158 280 0.3081 0.997 1 30 42.5 322.5 540.975 786 1806.4 3.104598 280 0.3294 0.9654 0 30 43.5 323.5 552 820 1871.275 3.189349 280 0.3315 0.9774 1 30 44.5 324.5 560.925 854.5 1913.275 1.971767 280 0.3457 0.9899 0 30 45.5 325.5 568.95 891 1938.05 5.315602 280 0.4145 1.0002 1 30 46.5 326.5 577 927 1955.225 7.780157 280 0.3914 0.9935 0 30 47.5 327.5 585.975 962 2007 2.876452 280 0.4585 1.0022 0 30 48.5 328.5 594.975 997 2021.425 3.060159 280 0.5332 0.9379 0 30 49.5 329.5 603 1030 2051.025 3.906871 280 0.4204 0.9644 0 30 50.5 330.5 611.975 1064.5 2119.05 2.702467 280 0.5785 0.9924 0 30 51.5 331.5 621.95 1099 2147 2.69106 280 0.5052 0.9263 0 30 52.5 332.5 633.875 1134 2160.475 3.40904 280 0.5514 0.9886 -1 30 53.5 333.5 644.825 1169 2173.45 6.72927 280 0.64 0.9586 -1 30 54.5 334.5 654.8 1203 2206.25 14.4483 280 0.5109 0.9756 0 30 55.5 335.5 664.775 1237.5 2225.025 1.902904 280 0.4844 0.9738 0 30 56.5 336.5 673.8 1272.5 2233.325 3.626119 280 0.5376 0.9681 0 30 57.5 337.5 683.875 1309 2257.025 5.046228 280 0.6096 0.9935 0 30 58.5 338.5 698.9 1342 2269.475 4.208233 280 0.4621 0.9957 0 30 59.5 339.5 725.85 1377.5 2281.275 4.053599 280 0.6565 0.9741 -1 30 60.5 340.5 735.825 1413 2296.075 9.909057 280 0.6312 0.9803 0 30 61.5 341.5 751.875 1449 2308.2 7.589787 280 0.4826 0.995 0 30 62.5 342.5 764 1485 2335.425 4.104225 280 0.7577 0.992 -1 30 63.5 343.5 775 1520.5 2351.2 6.302219 280 0.621 0.9823 0 30 64.5 344.5 785.975 1554.5 2375.025 16.23053 280 0.6306 0.9863 0 30 65.5 345.5 796.975 1588.5 2388.3 7.687488 280 0.8735 0.9613 0 30 66.5 346.5 807.95 1624 2413.1 7.962243 280 0.565 0.9987 0 30 67.5 347.5 818.975 1660 2431.075 14.64895 280 0.7352 0.9974 0 30 68.5 348.5 833.925 1694.5 2448.175 31.19751 280 0.8474 0.9824 0 30 69.5 349.5 852.95 1728.5 2457.25 7.918592 280 0.8967 0.9953 0 30 70.5 350.5 877.725 1764 2476.05 10.495 280 0.737 0.9796 0 30 71.5 351.5 890 1798 2487.05 9.393973 280 0.4341 0.9688 0 30 72.5 352.5 923.975 1832.5 2496.05 5.236781 280 0.3256 0.9824 0 30 73.5 353.5 946.725 1868 2506.05 2.800834 280 0.377 0.9791 -1 30 74.5 354.5 976.975 1902 2515.05 4.990478 280 0.4152 0.997 -1 30 75.5 355.5 998.825 1938 2524.05 6.108092 280 0.4487 0.9693 -1 30 76.5 356.5 1019 1973 2533.075 13.78046 280 0.4294 0.9963 0 30 77.5 357.5 1066.575 2008.5 2541.075 5.564717 280 0.5658 0.9977 -1 30 78.5 358.5 1102.95 2044 2554 4.295691 280 0.5481 0.9969 -1 30 79.5 359.5 1133 2078 2562.025 4.891162 280 0.4214 1.0056 0 30 80.5 360.5 1156.8 2113 2571.025 1.941966 280 0.4063 0.9976 0 30 81.5 361.5 1186.65 2148 2581.1 1.628376 280 0.3762 0.9898 -1 30 82.5 362.5 1216.7 2182 2593.025 2.344469 280 0.3447 1.0057 0 30 83.5 363.5 1259.675 2218 2602.05 1.005322 280 0.4747 1.0057 -1 30 84.5 364.5 1301.45 2252 2611.075 2.231306 280 0.6494 1.0169 0 30 85.5 365.5 1318.675 2287 2620.05 7.889236 280 0.3567 1.0102 0 30 86.5 366.5 1353 2322 2630.025 13.47553 280 0.4853 1.007 0 30 87.5 367.5 1426.325 2356 2640 69.56306 280 0.3226 0.9748 0 30 88.5 368.5 1464.7 2390.5 2650.025 64.59458 280 0.4281 0.9607 0 30 89.5 369.5 1514.625 2425.5 2659.025 10.56954 280 0.3394 1.0794 0 30 90.5 370.5 1535.325 2460 2667.025 1.4405 280 0.3278 1.0574 0 30 91.5 371.5 1593 2494 2675.025 1.712578 280 0.6411 1.0596 1 30 92.5 372.5 1705.9 2529 2683 2.004166 280 0.357 1.0237 0 30 93.5 373.5 1788.95 2565 2691.025 1.621329 280 0.3738 1.0206 0 30 94.5 374.5 1891.95 2601 2701 5.34634 280 0.3456 1.0168 0 30 95.5 375.5 1994.975 2638.5 2710 3.532161 280 0.3527 1.0003 0 30 96.5 376.5 2234 2680 2722 3.198446 280 0.309 1.014 0 30 97.5 377.5 2537.975 2725 3083.525 0.838216 280 0.2882 1.0174 0 30 98.5 378.5 2753.9 2999 4624.2 2.26997 280 0.231 1.0241 1 30 99.5 379.5 2879.925 3285.5 5127.825 13.87141 280 0.223 1.0254 1 30 100.5 380.5 2967.8 3571.5 5488.5 40.13736 280 0.3459 1.052 1 30 101.5 381.5 3063 3856 5682.625 75.74 280 0.0546 1.0677 2 30 102.5 382.5 3169.375 4141 5867.725 98.72447 280 0.0151 1.0645 3 30 103.5 383.5 3261 4425 6072.075 90.41145 280 0.0244 1.4058 4 30 104.5 384.5 3384.575 4708.5 6228.05 86.67194 280 0.0707 1.6969 6 30 105.5 385.5 3481.525 4994.5 6346 97.74547 280 0.0367 1.5077 6 30 106.5 386.5 3667.325 5280.5 6436.2 89.97272 280 0.0398 1.4464 5 30 107.5 387.5 3873.45 5566 6538.05 85.54334 280 0.0342 1.1919 5 30 108.5 388.5 4108.75 5852 6634.05 6.280533 280 0.1767 1.0971 4 30 109.5 389.5 4248.725 6138 6741.175 4.049807 280 0.1015 1.1249 4 30 110.5 390.5 4731.95 6426.5 6862.125 3.576366 280 0.139 1.0743 4 30 111.5 391.5 5377.875 6709 6991.05 8.792322 280 0.1238 1.1365 4 30 112.5 392.5 6609 6965 7185.05 7.444225 280 0.1441 1.134 5 30 113.5 393.5 6881 7044.5 7285.05 3.98747 280 0.172 1.1042 5 30 114.5 394.5 6933.975 7086 7331.15 6.309671 280 0.2164 1.1045 5 30 115.5 395.5 6974.975 7126 7365.05 0.932875 280 0.1517 1.091 4 30 116.5 396.5 7011 7166.5 7386.025 3.509909 280 0.1809 1.0779 3 30 117.5 397.5 7041.975 7207 7410.05 8.93543 280 0.1371 1.1114 4 30 118.5 398.5 7071 7246.5 7426.1 6.35969 280 0.1301 1.1182 4 30 119.5 399.5 7095.9 7289 7449 0.562905 280 0.1092 1.107 4 30 120.5 400.5 7125.95 7333 7471.05 0.931432 280 0.1164 1.113 3 30 121.5 401.5 7154.95 7375 7490 4.864399 280 0.1179 1.1374 3 30 122.5 402.5 7188.925 7417 7510.025 2.431592 280 0.1121 1.1275 4 30 123.5 403.5 7234.925 7458 7532 0.712803 280 0.1629 1.1122 4 30 124.5 404.5 7288.95 7498 7560.025 1.232488 280 0.7583 1.0689 3 30 125.5 405.5 7472.975 7546.5 7662 2.389356 280 0.1479 1.0727 3 30 126.5 406.5 7520 7592.5 8223.3 0.436177 280 0.1559 1.0852 3 30 127.5 407.5 7531.95 7628 8546.275 0.383663 280 0.1398 1.1018 3 30 128.5 408.5 7541 7664 8794.45 0.49335 280 0.1463 1.1249 4 30 129.5 409.5 7546 7701 8971.225 2.248982 280 0.0742 1.2522 5 30 130.5 410.5 7551 7737 9151.125 3.648342 280 0.0575 1.2686 5 30 131.5 411.5 7556.975 7773.5 9355.2 1.915043 280 0.0759 1.2126 5