# Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/36593 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-lake-36593.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Paleolimnology # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/nbdb-8x31 # # Science_Keywords: Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction, drought #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/montana/silverlake_raw_core32_parish2022.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core 32 Raw Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2022-06-16 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-05-07 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Water level Reconstruction of Silver Lake, Montana during the Holocene #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Meredith C. Parish, Kyra D. Wolf, Philip E. Higuera and Bryan N. Shuman # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022-11-01 # Published_Title: Holocene water levels of Silver Lake, Montana, and the hydroclimate history of the Inland Northwest # Journal_Name: Quaternary Research # Volume: 110 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 54-66 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1017/qua.2022.17 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The wettest portion of the interior of western North America centers on the mountainous region spanning western Montana, Idaho, British Columbia, and Alberta. Inland ranges there capture the remnants of Pacific storms. Steep east-west hydroclimate gradients make the region sensitive to changes in inland-penetrating moisture that may have varied greatly during the Holocene. To investigate potential hydroclimate change, we produced a 7600-yr lake-level reconstruction from Silver Lake, located on the Montana-Idaho border. Ground-penetrating radar profiles and a transect of four shallow-water sediment cores that were dated using radiocarbon dating and tephrachronology revealed substantial changes in moisture through time. An organic-rich mud unit indicating wet and similar to modern conditions prior to 7000 cal yr BP is overlain by an erosional surface signifying drier than modern conditions from 7000-2800 cal yr BP. A subsequent time-transgressive increase in water levels from 2800-2300 cal yr BP is indicated by a layer of late Holocene muds, and is consistent with glacier expansion and increases in the abundance of mesic tree taxa in the region. Millennial-scale trends were likely driven by variations in orbital-scale forcing during the Holocene, but the regional outcomes probably depended upon factors such as the strength of the Aleutian Low, Pacific sea-surface temperature variability, and the frequency of atmospheric rivers over western North America. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: DEB-1655189, DEB-1655121 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Silver Lake, Montana # Location: Montana # Northernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Southernmost_Latitude: 47.3596 # Easternmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Westernmost_Longitude: -115.565912 # Elevation_m: 1623 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Silver Lake Core32 Raw Data_Parish2022 # First_Year: 7769 # Last_Year: -66 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: lake level # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Radiocarbon # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-14c-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Radiocarbon terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Notes field contains water depth in centimeters. # Rejection_Rationale: # Reservoir_Method: # Calibration_Method: # Age_Model_Method: Bchron # Missing_Values: NA # Chronology_Table: # core_id lab_code depth_cm age_14C_BP1950 date_type material_dated notes age_calib_neg2s_BP1950 age_calib_BP1950 age_calib_pos2s_BP1950 calib_curve # 32 SHB1908-1_21_22 11 NA Tephra 1980 MSH Tephra 273 NA -30 NA None # 32 SHB1908-2_23_54 44 NA Tephra MSH J Tephra 273 NA 500 NA None # 32 UCI-203107 104.5 4820 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 273 5484 5516 5588 IntCal20 # 32 UCI-203102 113.5 2750 14C AMS Needle 273 2787 2823 2871 IntCal20 # 32 UCI-203111 123.5 6210 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 273 7019 7085 7221 IntCal20 # 32 UCI-203112 157.5 6640 14C AMS Charcoal, Needle 273 7473 7529 7566 IntCal20 #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## core_ID sample identification,,,dimensionless,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Core name ## core_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth in core ## collection_depth depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Depth below modern water surface ## Age.Yng.2.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval lower bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,2.5 % confidence interval ## Median_Age age,,,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,median; calibrated age before modern ## Age.Old.97.5 age,,97.5% confidence interval upper bound,calendar year before present,,Paleolimnology,,,N,97.5% confidence interval ## Sand sand,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Sand (%) ## water_depth collection water depth,,,centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,,N,Modern depth of water at core site ## LOI organic matter,sediment,,percent,,Paleolimnology,,loss on ignition ,N, ## Den density,sediment,,gram per cubic centimeter,,Paleolimnology,,gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluation,N, ## MS magnetic susceptibility ,sediment,,dimensionless (SI system),,Paleolimnology,,,N, (SI x 10 ^(-5)) #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA core_ID core_depth collection_depth Age.Yng.2.5 Median_Age Age.Old.97.5 Sand water_depth LOI Den MS 32 0.5 281.5 -69 -66 -58 2.542918 273 0.422 0.9798 -13 32 1.5 282.5 -66 -63 -49 14.17275 273 0.5233 0.9655 -9 32 2.5 283.5 -64 -60 -44.975 6.815626 273 0.4336 0.9821 -7 32 3.5 284.5 -62 -56 -42 6.572305 273 0.4302 0.9673 -5 32 4.5 285.5 -60 -53 -39.975 9.208891 273 0.3859 0.9916 -4 32 5.5 286.5 -59 -49 -38 4.190101 273 0.2865 0.9776 -2 32 6.5 287.5 -56.025 -46 -37 3.425098 273 0.1856 0.9898 -1 32 7.5 288.5 -55 -42 -35 6.453013 273 0.1631 0.9889 0 32 8.5 289.5 -51 -39 -33 2.148503 273 0.1325 1.0004 2 32 9.5 290.5 -47 -35 -32 5.862611 273 0.1299 1.027 4 32 10.5 291.5 -38 -32 -29 5.989571 273 0.1162 1.0372 5 32 11.5 292.5 -30 -22 38.05 6.755465 273 0.1064 1.051 8 32 12.5 293.5 -23 -6 146.125 7.182289 273 0.0558 1.0062 8 32 13.5 294.5 -18 8 198.025 2.873783 273 0.1811 1.0048 7 32 14.5 295.5 -13 24 228.025 2.072488 273 0.1671 1.0035 5 32 15.5 296.5 -8 39 241.225 2.079705 273 0.171 0.9917 3 32 16.5 297.5 -3 55 272.1 1.839317 273 0.1828 0.997 1 32 17.5 298.5 2 70 287.2 0.949566 273 0.2046 1.0046 1 32 18.5 299.5 7.975 86 307.075 3.207998 273 0.1926 1.007 1 32 19.5 300.5 13 101 320 5.224832 273 0.1926 0.9373 0 32 20.5 301.5 18.975 117 327.025 3.615236 273 0.2038 0.9831 1 32 21.5 302.5 24.975 132 336 8.311641 273 0.219 1.0088 0 32 22.5 303.5 30 147 343.05 2.151499 273 0.3231 1.0042 0 32 23.5 304.5 35.975 163 356 8.374323 273 0.3379 0.9783 0 32 24.5 305.5 41.975 178 368.05 3.809834 273 0.354 0.9791 0 32 25.5 306.5 50.975 194 377.025 6.034207 273 0.3531 0.9878 0 32 26.5 307.5 56.95 209 382.025 7.186282 273 0.3664 0.9983 0 32 27.5 308.5 61.975 224 390.025 7.896937 273 0.3404 0.993 0 32 28.5 309.5 67.95 240 395.05 11.69723 273 0.2995 0.9917 0 32 29.5 310.5 72.95 255 402.075 4.466299 273 0.2831 0.9955 0 32 30.5 311.5 78.925 270 408.1 10.72156 273 0.2605 0.9877 0 32 31.5 312.5 85.975 285 417.05 8.66269 273 0.2604 0.9756 0 32 32.5 313.5 91.975 301 426 2.46058 273 0.2588 0.9914 1 32 33.5 314.5 97 316 431.025 4.567814 273 0.2741 0.9993 1 32 34.5 315.5 105.975 331 435 5.007647 273 0.3063 1.0028 0 32 35.5 316.5 114 346 440.025 5.406756 273 0.2736 1.0052 1 32 36.5 317.5 123.975 361 447 4.66089 273 0.2433 1.0019 0 32 37.5 318.5 146 376.5 453 2.842352 273 0.2526 1.0148 1 32 38.5 319.5 157.975 391 460 6.886189 273 0.2326 1.0093 1 32 39.5 320.5 174 406.5 468 7.503767 273 0.265 1.0025 1 32 40.5 321.5 212.9 422 477 10.96099 273 0.2415 1.0113 2 32 41.5 322.5 258.55 437 490 9.256867 273 0.2072 1.0055 3 32 42.5 323.5 305.825 451 503 11.02238 273 0.1305 1.0252 4 32 43.5 324.5 393 469 535.025 16.85021 273 0.0832 1.0638 5 32 44.5 325.5 433.975 497 796.45 9.058899 273 0.2311 1.038 6 32 45.5 326.5 463.975 533 1100.025 6.172423 273 0.3018 1.014 6 32 46.5 327.5 480.95 566 1264.35 4.244809 273 0.352 1.0015 4 32 47.5 328.5 493.975 599 1433.5 3.660039 273 0.3641 0.9937 2 32 48.5 329.5 505.975 632.5 1566 6.181718 273 0.3764 0.9913 1 32 49.5 330.5 513 666 1619.15 1.972945 273 0.2798 1.0006 1 32 50.5 331.5 522.975 700 1678.1 3.584124 273 0.2986 0.9884 1 32 51.5 332.5 533.975 732.5 1717.35 3.757135 273 0.316 0.9683 0 32 52.5 333.5 543.975 766.5 1783.725 2.546949 273 0.4472 0.9729 1 32 53.5 334.5 553 800 1847.125 4.946867 273 0.418 0.9974 0 32 54.5 335.5 563 833 1884.2 4.565581 273 0.4048 0.9889 0 32 55.5 336.5 574 867 1932.075 4.469352 273 0.4242 0.9835 0 32 56.5 337.5 584 900 1953.475 2.530843 273 0.4114 0.998 0 32 57.5 338.5 594 934 2017.375 2.570969 273 0.4149 1.0023 0 32 58.5 339.5 604.975 967 2047.125 5.807638 273 0.3893 1.0024 0 32 59.5 340.5 614 1001 2076.125 3.954919 273 0.3502 1.009 -1 32 60.5 341.5 623 1035 2089.625 5.425847 273 0.3414 0.9534 0 32 61.5 342.5 633 1069 2112.5 3.849617 273 0.3402 0.9748 0 32 62.5 343.5 642 1103 2150.025 5.669887 273 0.3731 1.0122 0 32 63.5 344.5 654 1136.5 2173.175 4.99973 273 0.3699 0.9946 0 32 64.5 345.5 665.95 1171 2193.425 2.647347 273 0.3533 0.9972 0 32 65.5 346.5 675.95 1204 2217.125 5.653525 273 0.3611 0.9914 -1 32 66.5 347.5 684.975 1238 2234.275 10.37904 273 0.4248 0.9877 -1 32 67.5 348.5 694 1273 2262.15 5.432131 273 0.5013 0.9577 -1 32 68.5 349.5 704 1307 2273.425 6.545271 273 0.6064 0.9926 0 32 69.5 350.5 714 1340 2285.425 7.742939 273 0.4912 0.986 0 32 70.5 351.5 727.9 1374 2300.35 6.370359 273 0.538 0.9913 -1 32 71.5 352.5 735.975 1408 2327 22.31384 273 0.4799 1.0112 -1 32 72.5 353.5 748.9 1441 2339.025 12.98867 273 0.4372 1.008 0 32 73.5 354.5 757.95 1474 2357.075 8.528357 273 0.6098 1.0089 -1 32 74.5 355.5 766.975 1507 2380.025 11.90316 273 0.4784 1.0027 0 32 75.5 356.5 778.95 1541 2399.05 5.607509 273 0.541 1.0023 -1 32 76.5 357.5 789.925 1574.5 2412.05 6.75231 273 0.4293 1.0081 -1 32 77.5 358.5 799.95 1608 2425.075 2.191515 273 0.3497 1.0114 0 32 78.5 359.5 828.95 1642 2437.025 1.748758 273 0.283 1.011 0 32 79.5 360.5 838.95 1675 2456.175 3.127556 273 0.2958 1.0105 -1 32 80.5 361.5 855.825 1709 2476 1.859204 273 0.291 1.0069 0 32 81.5 362.5 866.825 1742 2488.15 2.463348 273 0.3267 1.0095 0 32 82.5 363.5 878.775 1776 2506 1.649997 273 0.3236 0.964 0 32 83.5 364.5 889.75 1810 2516.05 2.64007 273 0.3304 1.0044 0 32 84.5 365.5 900.75 1844 2529.05 1.934115 273 0.3635 1.0001 0 32 85.5 366.5 912.725 1877 2550.075 5.10565 273 0.4153 0.994 -1 32 86.5 367.5 923.925 1912 2559.35 5.391771 273 0.4585 0.9913 -1 32 87.5 368.5 935 1945 2568.45 4.933073 273 0.3832 0.9995 0 32 88.5 369.5 952.85 1979 2596.075 3.421121 273 0.3761 1.0503 -1 32 89.5 370.5 964.825 2012 2612.2 3.432825 273 0.4073 0.9195 0 32 90.5 371.5 980.95 2045 2624.125 22.87143 273 0.3449 0.5567 -1 32 91.5 372.5 1000.7 2079 2636.025 31.43909 273 0.4127 0.7876 -1 32 92.5 373.5 1016.925 2112.5 2644.125 37.84365 273 0.3785 0.9389 0 32 93.5 374.5 1049.95 2146 2653.15 23.40831 273 0.4926 0.9375 -1 32 94.5 375.5 1117.975 2179.5 2663.075 19.32426 273 0.4483 1 0 32 95.5 376.5 1133.925 2215 2673 8.87734 273 0.3994 0.9983 -1 32 96.5 377.5 1146.95 2248 2683 5.347211 273 0.3243 1.0255 0 32 97.5 378.5 1194.15 2280.5 2693.025 1.456949 273 0.3202 1.0249 0 32 98.5 379.5 1223.625 2314.5 2701.075 0.184212 273 0.3857 1.0034 0 32 99.5 380.5 1233.725 2348 2708.15 2.008519 273 0.3408 1.0114 0 32 100.5 381.5 1243.825 2381 2715.225 7.458143 273 0.3321 1.0055 0 32 101.5 382.5 1252.925 2416 2725.225 3.638853 273 0.3102 1.0109 -1 32 102.5 383.5 1303.35 2449 2737.15 2.989356 273 0.2853 0.9996 -1 32 103.5 384.5 1354.875 2483 2748.05 13.52 273 0.2543 1.0184 0 32 104.5 385.5 1427.375 2517 2758.05 6.395054 273 0.2298 1.0144 0 32 105.5 386.5 1475.875 2550 2768.05 33.5763 273 0.0858 1.0318 0 32 106.5 387.5 1543.675 2584 2779.025 6.647888 273 0.1642 1.0367 1 32 107.5 388.5 1617.9 2617.5 2787.125 7.806973 273 0.1758 1.2087 2 32 108.5 389.5 1682.8 2651.5 2802.025 6.588292 273 0.1614 1.1792 2 32 109.5 390.5 1773.925 2686 2814.025 5.99336 273 0.1641 1.0757 3 32 110.5 391.5 2017.1 2720 2829.025 6.528355 273 0.1761 1.0664 3 32 111.5 392.5 2173.35 2753 2850.125 5.423499 273 0.1567 1.0728 3 32 112.5 393.5 2434.075 2786 2879.075 12.20194 273 0.1752 1.0684 3 32 113.5 394.5 2766.975 2866.5 3205.075 17.43351 273 0.2558 1.0398 3 32 114.5 395.5 3176 3627.5 4307.15 27.50254 273 0.5218 1.0544 2 32 115.5 396.5 3571.55 4436 5098.7 62.75156 273 0.2048 1.058 2 32 116.5 397.5 3964.525 5236.5 5880.925 63.0126 273 0.0308 1.059 3 32 117.5 398.5 4350.05 6042.5 6492 84.4624 273 0.0113 1.0663 2 32 118.5 399.5 4926.45 6807 7014.05 77.02197 273 0.066 1.0793 3 32 119.5 400.5 5455.9 6922 7064 28.10942 273 0.0845 1.346 2 32 120.5 401.5 5832.275 6967.5 7096 5.139213 273 0.157 1.1403 3 32 121.5 402.5 6202.775 7011 7134.025 23.86695 273 0.1602 1.0821 3 32 122.5 403.5 6637.925 7054 7184.025 6.774848 273 0.1409 1.0565 3 32 123.5 404.5 6997 7096.5 7234.025 9.618739 273 0.1482 1.0706 3 32 124.5 405.5 7038.975 7117 7257 6.41851 273 0.1429 1.0913 4 32 125.5 406.5 7051 7131 7286.025 9.621779 273 0.1534 1.0759 4 32 126.5 407.5 7065 7145 7319.1 12.13547 273 0.1648 1.0772 3 32 127.5 408.5 7077 7158 7349.025 12.91464 273 0.189 1.0601 4 32 128.5 409.5 7089 7171 7361.05 5.082882 273 0.1588 1.0668 4 32 129.5 410.5 7098.975 7184 7369.075 11.85048 273 0.1472 1.0786 4 32 130.5 411.5 7105 7195 7378 11.13252 273 0.1632 1.0732 4 32 131.5 412.5 7111.975 7207.5 7391 6.016512 273 0.1534 1.0576 4 32 132.5 413.5 7117 7220 7408.05 1.634663 273 0.1528 1.0693 4 32 133.5 414.5 7123.95 7232 7411.1 4.067698 273 0.1385 1.0634 3 32 134.5 415.5 7127.975 7245 7420.075 10.14491 273 0.1838 1.0432 3 32 135.5 416.5 7134 7257 7429 9.270607 273 0.1471 1.0656 3 32 136.5 417.5 7140.975 7269 7435 10.36293 273 0.1526 1.077 3 32 137.5 418.5 7146.975 7281 7440.1 7.922664 273 0.1633 1.0937 3 32 138.5 419.5 7156.975 7292 7448.025 3.937147 273 0.1335 1.0779 3 32 139.5 420.5 7165.95 7305 7452.1 3.072723 273 0.1195 1.0786 3 32 140.5 421.5 7173.975 7317 7460.025 4.156561 273 0.1301 1.0601 3 32 141.5 422.5 7180.975 7329 7463.05 11.87742 273 0.1139 1.0814 3 32 142.5 423.5 7185.975 7342 7468.025 11.05708 273 0.1356 1.0806 3 32 143.5 424.5 7191 7355 7475.05 12.52336 273 0.1661 1.0876 4 32 144.5 425.5 7195.975 7368 7482.025 11.3613 273 0.1981 1.0916 4 32 145.5 426.5 7208 7380 7486 8.509238 273 0.1615 1.0824 5 32 146.5 427.5 7213.95 7392 7492 9.870356 273 0.1183 1.1005 4 32 147.5 428.5 7225.925 7405 7497 7.379759 273 0.1338 1.1142 4 32 148.5 429.5 7235.875 7417 7503 3.09369 273 0.1615 1.0439 3 32 149.5 430.5 7249.975 7429 7509 3.312138 273 0.1401 1.0231 2 32 150.5 431.5 7271 7441.5 7515 10.62313 273 0.147 1.0224 2 32 151.5 432.5 7279 7454 7521 11.0974 273 0.097 1.038 1 32 152.5 433.5 7286 7465.5 7526 2.998357 273 0.1126 1.0606 2 32 153.5 434.5 7317 7478 7533 3.408505 273 0.096 1.068 2 32 154.5 435.5 7344 7489 7541 6.75446 273 0.106 1.0909 3 32 155.5 436.5 7381.925 7501 7549 7.398769 273 0.0953 1.1108 3 32 156.5 437.5 7423.95 7514 7559.025 1.100649 273 0.1725 1.1091 4 32 157.5 438.5 7443.975 7534 7634.05 1.520189 273 0.1363 1.1069 3 32 158.5 439.5 7473.975 7561 8162.2 1.295031 273 0.1625 1.0499 3 32 159.5 440.5 7490.95 7580 8583.325 1.259768 273 0.171 1.081 3 32 160.5 441.5 7498 7599.5 8714.6 10.82579 273 0.095 1.086 4 32 161.5 442.5 7502 7619.5 8794.25 2.159484 273 0.0512 1.0982 4 32 162.5 443.5 7505.975 7639.5 8922.175 4.019869 273 0.0554 1.1768 5 32 163.5 444.5 7512.95 7661 9039.1 1.775563 273 0.0635 1.1853 7 32 164.5 445.5 7517.875 7681.5 9169.45 0.576405 273 0.0557 1.1933 7 32 165.5 446.5 7518.975 7702 9228.15 0.529678 273 0.0444 1.2498 8 32 166.5 447.5 7522.95 7723 9287.3 0.718274 273 0.0419 1.3467 8 32 167.5 448.5 7524.975 7745.5 9366.625 0.224181 273 0.0406 1.3379 8 32 168.5 449.5 7527.975 7769 9430.025 1.303186 273 0.065 1.1818 7