Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data LAST UPDATE: 3/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Walter E. Dean, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-028 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Dean, W.E. 2009. Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-028. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCES: Dean, W.E. 2009. Endogenic carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, in Rosenbaum, J.G., and Kaufman, D.S., eds., Paleoenvironments of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, and Its Catchment. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 450, ISBN: 9780813724508 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Western North America PERIOD OF RECORD: 25 KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: U.S. Geological Survey DESCRIPTION: Piston cores were collected in 1996 from three localities in Bear Lake using the University of Minnesota, Limnological Research Center's (UMN-LRC) Kullenberg coring system (Dean et al., 2006). Core BL96-1 is 5 m long from a water depth of 50 m. Core BL96-2 is 4 m long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL96-3 is 4 m long from a water depth of 30 m. Overlapping cores provide a 25,000-year record. Unknown amounts of sediments were missing from the tops of the piston cores, so surface sediments (up to 50 cm) were collected with a gravity corer in 1998 (Dean et al., 2007). Core BL98-4 is 17 cm m long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-6 is 20 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-9 is 30 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-10 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-12 is 38 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-13 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Piston cores and gravity cores were collected at five localities at the northern end of the lake in 2002. Geochemical and mineralogical data were collected on two of the piston cores and gravity cores from the same localities. Core BL02-3PC is 475 cm long and BL02-3GC is 15 cm long, both from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL02-4PC is 380 cm long and BL02-4GC is 40 cm long, both from a water depth of 30 m. The data set includes files of carbon data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy, carbon- and oxygen-isotope data on bulk carbonate, Sr isotope data on bulk carbonate, and HCl-leach chemistry. Not all data were collected on sediments from all cores. Bear Lake: 42°0'N, 111°20'W, 1805m elev. BEAR LAKE METHODS: Carbon Analyses Concentrations of total carbon and inorganic (total carbonate) carbon were determined by coulometry (Engleman and, others, 1985) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Inorganic carbon (IC) in the untreated sample is reacted with perchloric acid to liberate CO2, which is then titrated in a coulometer cell to measure carbonate carbon. Total carbon (TC) is measured by liberating CO2 by combustion of an untreated sample and titrating the CO2. Values of organic carbon (OC) were determined by difference between TC and IC. Replicate analyses demonstrate the coulometer technique has a precision of better than ±1% for both carbonate and total carbon. Percent CaCO3 was calculated by dividing percent carbonate carbon by 0.12, the fraction of carbon in CaCO3. Reference: Engleman, E. E., Jackson, L. L., Norton, D. R., and Fischer, A. G., 1985, Determination of carbonate carbon in geological materials by coulometric titration. Chemical Geology, v. 53, p. 125-128. Isotope Analyses Measurements of ratios of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen were made on aliquots of the carbon samples (see Dean et al., 2006, 2007 for methods). Isotope measurements on samples from the 1996 cores, 1998 cores, and sediment traps were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Isotope measurements on samples from the 2002 cores were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Arizona. Results of analyses are reported in the usual per mil (‰) d-notation relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) marine-carbonate standard for carbon and oxygen: d‰=[(Rsample/RVPDB)-1]x103 where R is the ratio (13C:12C) or (18O:16O). Measurements of Sr isotope ratios (86Sr/87Sr) were made on samples from six cores, in Samples were leached in 5M acetic acid, and the leachate was centrifuged and purified with conventional ion-exchange methods. Samples were loaded on a single tantalum filament with phosphoric acid. Isotope ratios were measured with an automated VG54 sector multi-collector, thermal ionization mass spectrometer in dynamic mode. Mass dependent fractionation was corrected assuming a 86Sr/87Sr ratio of 0.1194. Strontium isotope ratios are reported relative to SRM-987 standard value of 0.71025. X-ray Diffraction Analyses Semi-quantitative estimates of mineral contents in splits of the carbon samples were determined by standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques (e.g., Moore and Reynolds, 1989) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Each sample was packed into an aluminum holder and scanned from 15° to 50° 2Q at 2° 2Q/min using Ni-filtered, Cu-Ka radiation at 45 kv, 30 ma, and peak intensities recorded as counts per second (cps). Results are reported as the peak intensity of the main XRD peak for each mineral. Reference: Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C., Jr., 1989. X-ray diffraction and identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, 332 pp. Inorganic Geochemical Analyses Samples for inorganic geochemical analyses were leached in 3N HCl overnight, and the supernatant was analyzed by inductively coupled, argon-plasma, atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for major components (percent) Ca, Fe, and Mg, and minor components (parts per million, ppm) Na, Mn, Ba, Sr and Li (Bischoff et al., 2005). Reference: Bischoff, J.L., Simmons, K., and Shamp, D.D., 2005. Geochemistry of sediments in Bear Lake cores and sediment traps. U.S. Geol. Survey, Open-File Report 2005-1215. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1215. Abbreviations: cmblf, centimeters below lake floor; ICP, inductively coupled, argon-plasma, emission spectrometry; XRD, X-ray diffraction; VPDB, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite marine-carbonate standard for carbon and oxygen isotopes DATA: 1. Core BL02-3GC X-ray diffraction Depth (cmblf) depth in core in cm below lake floor quartz (cps) XRD quartz peak intensity in counts per second aragonite (cps) XRD aragonite peak intensity in counts per second dolomite (cps) XRD dolomite peak intensity in counts per second calcite (cps) XRD low-Mg calcite peak intensity in counts per second Mg-cal (cps) XRD high-Mg calcite peak intensity in counts per second Depth Quartz Arag. Dolo. Calcite High-Mg Calcite 0 1089 1381 145 484 689 1 986 1138 145 552 655 2 897 1222 183 562 708 3 844 1238 144 544 656 4 849 1090 160 477 653 5 892 1243 131 518 666 6 858 1229 181 502 657 7 885 1267 181 501 407 8 814 1366 161 427 268 9 914 1302 150 474 218 10 1030 1351 179 404 185 11 811 1313 155 421 0 12 870 1287 165 375 13 874 1370 170 339 14 909 1446 142 424 2. Core BL02-3PC X-ray diffraction Depth (cmblf) depth in core in cm below lake floor quartz (cps) XRD quartz peak intensity in counts per second plagioclase (cps) XRD plagioclase peak intensity in counts per second aragonite (cps) XRD aragonite peak intensity in counts per second dolomite (cps) XRD dolomite peak intensity in counts per second calcite (cps) XRD low-Mg calcite peak intensity in counts per second Depth Quartz Plag. Arag. Dolo. Calcite 0.14 1437 209 1394 279 471 0.18 2389 200 1483 662 523 0.22 1790 445 1317 311 588 0.26 1885 262 1339 544 716 0.3 2003 353 1219 346 650 0.34 1448 333 1424 301 506 0.38 1702 251 1455 311 502 0.42 1551 299 1350 449 637 0.46 1563 356 1441 325 438 0.49 1641 479 1479 509 443 0.54 1251 144 1499 295 425 0.58 1521 196 1398 306 542 0.62 1337 225 1480 290 446 0.66 861 231 1581 225 395 0.7 785 228 1570 273 360 0.74 814 179 1503 315 406 0.78 645 1489 211 969 0.82 674 1547 176 302 0.84 627 126 1611 150 371 0.88 616 1453 183 276 0.92 655 1523 146 327 0.96 800 1527 271 355 1 819 169 1437 195 372 1.04 1033 175 1455 258 411 1.08 925 226 1517 234 467 1.12 813 214 1350 315 398 1.16 1216 184 1465 322 523 1.22 1791 449 1314 317 591 1.26 1500 324 1481 335 449 1.3 1360 258 1431 319 528 1.34 1076 193 1609 335 588 1.38 1573 179 1294 290 578 1.42 1237 201 1373 186 582 1.46 1282 183 1480 367 595 1.5 1113 1317 232 787 1.54 1156 429 1186 195 1041 1.58 1131 878 203 1624 1.62 1156 184 476 280 2588 1.66 916 276 177 190 3673 1.7 1033 173 225 3586 1.42 768 1037 202 1469 1.46 1132 184 1476 231 485 1.82 1041 984 168 1344 1.86 913 529 179 2368 1.9 916 276 151 1.94 849 204 171 3621 1.98 895 211 152 3609 2.02 1009 218 151 3663 2.03 948 219 159 3733 2.04 932 279 134 3766 2.05 952 256 143 3634 2.06 1038 267 142 3633 2.07 939 286 152 3655 2.08 898 142 258 149 3596 2.09 1027 196 251 148 3308 2.1 1270 188 308 145 3471 2.11 874 291 176 3530 2.12 845 303 189 3471 2.13 1188 244 320 382 3322 2.14 919 155 344 249 3085 2.15 936 376 176 3347 2.16 921 197 396 147 3421 2.17 999 155 441 225 3240 2.18 798 450 181 3157 2.19 793 481 188 3078 2.2 876 490 155 3051 2.21 865 504 125 2954 2.24 922 205 604 147 2329 2.28 984 183 882 160 1404 2.32 847 1200 219 622 2.36 1163 235 1137 331 557 2.4 2189 211 932 288 823 2.44 1172 422 1359 395 445 2.48 822 1449 174 450 2.52 908 146 1575 159 511 2.56 962 131 1529 187 499 2.6 763 1540 150 392 2.64 737 1302 167 392 2.68 999 1336 167 452 2.72 1116 1406 279 780 2.76 1099 161 1519 254 506 2.8 994 1474 201 568 2.84 1034 1517 267 633 2.88 1367 1514 308 627 2.92 1105 1519 188 590 2.96 919 157 1330 257 885 3 1225 1334 250 831 3.04 1279 155 1059 353 1151 2.79 1047 251 1346 237 523 2.83 1589 160 1262 253 488 2.87 1586 189 1320 566 579 2.91 1666 227 1263 408 596 2.95 1388 232 1269 232 559 2.99 1840 320 1393 366 540 3.03 1138 216 1423 295 430 3.07 1344 188 1381 217 492 3.11 971 1433 193 429 3.15 924 1516 167 335 3.19 987 1377 155 369 3.23 863 248 1428 257 383 3.27 2093 1520 233 573 3.31 1018 1466 281 844 3.35 896 309 160 3199 3.39 918 203 276 3520 3.43 1126 358 310 3303 3.47 826 145 1065 151 757 3.51 973 1452 188 771 3.55 737 1354 400 3.59 997 187 1449 177 551 3.63 970 139 1358 296 484 3.67 943 175 1248 219 918 3.68 1221 179 1327 198 950 3.69 1255 1175 240 928 3.7 1124 1775 350 1038 3.71 968 801 195 1151 3.72 1024 550 130 1505 3.73 1249 344 190 2025 3.74 882 199 167 2613 3.75 986 159 148 2589 3.76 1162 158 2601 3.77 975 273 244 2764 3.78 1013 198 2833 3.79 1277 186 3254 3.83 1734 288 2815 3.87 1720 214 244 2883 3.91 2016 224 360 2737 3.95 1728 321 2869 3.96 1731 245 3559 3.97 1518 188 294 3185 3.98 1631 309 3211 3.99 1759 193 225 3046 4 1722 178 250 2891 4.01 1688 335 2950 4.02 1587 274 2841 4.03 1902 272 3158 4.07 1801 175 283 3047 4.11 1861 303 2575 4.15 1975 196 314 2977 4.19 1927 192 287 3130 4.23 2107 187 293 3158 4.27 1781 284 3166 4.31 1935 179 215 3509 4.34 1855 302 3008 4.39 1966 267 3279 4.43 1817 336 2939 4.47 1765 280 2968 4.51 1919 222 350 2928 4.55 2027 259 247 2849 4.59 2052 232 283 2690 4.63 2133 197 313 2793 4.67 2406 214 380 2754 4.71 2167 204 365 2424 4.75 2232 219 394 2809