Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data LAST UPDATE: 3/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Walter E. Dean, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-028 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Dean, W.E. 2009. Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-028. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCES: Dean, W.E., R. Forester, S. Colman, A. Liu, G. Skipp, K. Simmons, P. Swarzenski, and R. Anderson. 2005. Modern and Glacial-Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1124. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1124) Dean, W.E., R.M. Forester, J. Bright, and R.Y. Anderson. 2007. Influence of the diversion of Bear River into Bear Lake (Utah and Idaho) on the environment of deposition of carbonate minerals: Evidence from water and sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, v. 52, p. 1094-1111. Dean, W.E. 2009. Endogenic carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, in Rosenbaum, J.G., and Kaufman, D.S., eds., Paleoenvironments of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, and Its Catchment. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 450, ISBN: 9780813724508 Bischoff, J.L., K. Simmons, and D.D. Shamp. 2005. Geochemistry of sediments in cores and sediment traps from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1215. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1215) GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Western North America PERIOD OF RECORD: 25 KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: U.S. Geological Survey DESCRIPTION: Piston cores were collected in 1996 from three localities in Bear Lake using the University of Minnesota, Limnological Research Center's (UMN-LRC) Kullenberg coring system (Dean et al., 2006). Core BL96-1 is 5 m long from a water depth of 50 m. Core BL96-2 is 4 m long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL96-3 is 4 m long from a water depth of 30 m. Overlapping cores provide a 25,000-year record. Unknown amounts of sediments were missing from the tops of the piston cores, so surface sediments (up to 50 cm) were collected with a gravity corer in 1998 (Dean et al., 2007). Core BL98-4 is 17 cm m long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-6 is 20 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-9 is 30 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-10 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-12 is 38 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-13 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Piston cores and gravity cores were collected at five localities at the northern end of the lake in 2002. Geochemical and mineralogical data were collected on two of the piston cores and gravity cores from the same localities. Core BL02-3PC is 475 cm long and BL02-3GC is 15 cm long, both from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL02-4PC is 380 cm long and BL02-4GC is 40 cm long, both from a water depth of 30 m. The data set includes files of carbon data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy, carbon- and oxygen-isotope data on bulk carbonate, Sr isotope data on bulk carbonate, and HCl-leach chemistry. Not all data were collected on sediments from all cores. Bear Lake: 42°0'N, 111°20'W, 1805m elev. BEAR LAKE METHODS: Carbon Analyses Concentrations of total carbon and inorganic (total carbonate) carbon were determined by coulometry (Engleman and, others, 1985) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Inorganic carbon (IC) in the untreated sample is reacted with perchloric acid to liberate CO2, which is then titrated in a coulometer cell to measure carbonate carbon. Total carbon (TC) is measured by liberating CO2 by combustion of an untreated sample and titrating the CO2. Values of organic carbon (OC) were determined by difference between TC and IC. Replicate analyses demonstrate the coulometer technique has a precision of better than ±1% for both carbonate and total carbon. Percent CaCO3 was calculated by dividing percent carbonate carbon by 0.12, the fraction of carbon in CaCO3. Reference: Engleman, E. E., Jackson, L. L., Norton, D. R., and Fischer, A. G., 1985, Determination of carbonate carbon in geological materials by coulometric titration. Chemical Geology, v. 53, p. 125-128. Isotope Analyses Measurements of ratios of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen were made on aliquots of the carbon samples (see Dean et al., 2006, 2007 for methods). Isotope measurements on samples from the 1996 cores, 1998 cores, and sediment traps were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Isotope measurements on samples from the 2002 cores were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Arizona. Results of analyses are reported in the usual per mil (‰) d-notation relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) marine-carbonate standard for carbon and oxygen: d‰=[(Rsample/RVPDB)-1]x103 where R is the ratio (13C:12C) or (18O:16O). Measurements of Sr isotope ratios (86Sr/87Sr) were made on samples from six cores, in Samples were leached in 5M acetic acid, and the leachate was centrifuged and purified with conventional ion-exchange methods. Samples were loaded on a single tantalum filament with phosphoric acid. Isotope ratios were measured with an automated VG54 sector multi-collector, thermal ionization mass spectrometer in dynamic mode. Mass dependent fractionation was corrected assuming a 86Sr/87Sr ratio of 0.1194. Strontium isotope ratios are reported relative to SRM-987 standard value of 0.71025. X-ray Diffraction Analyses Semi-quantitative estimates of mineral contents in splits of the carbon samples were determined by standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques (e.g., Moore and Reynolds, 1989) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Each sample was packed into an aluminum holder and scanned from 15° to 50° 2Q at 2° 2Q/min using Ni-filtered, Cu-Ka radiation at 45 kv, 30 ma, and peak intensities recorded as counts per second (cps). Results are reported as the peak intensity of the main XRD peak for each mineral. Reference: Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C., Jr., 1989. X-ray diffraction and identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, 332 pp. Inorganic Geochemical Analyses Samples for inorganic geochemical analyses were leached in 3N HCl overnight, and the supernatant was analyzed by inductively coupled, argon-plasma, atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for major components (percent) Ca, Fe, and Mg, and minor components (parts per million, ppm) Na, Mn, Ba, Sr and Li (Bischoff et al., 2005). Reference: Bischoff, J.L., Simmons, K., and Shamp, D.D., 2005. Geochemistry of sediments in Bear Lake cores and sediment traps. U.S. Geol. Survey, Open-File Report 2005-1215. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1215. DATA: 1. BL98-10 Stable Isotopes Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor 13C (VPDB) delta 13C relative to standard VPDB 18O (VPDB) delta 18O relative to standard VPDB Depth 13C 18O 1 0.96 -6.72 2.5 0.97 -6.73 3.5 0.96 -6.72 4.5 0.99 -6.77 5.5 1 -6.69 6.5 1.04 -6.68 8.5 1.31 -6.25 9.5 1.6 -5.93 10.5 1.7 -5.8 11.5 2.38 -4.83 12.5 3.18 -3.65 13.5 3.13 -3.54 14.5 3.14 -3.5 14.5 3.04 -3.49 15.5 3.07 -3.51 16.5 3.16 -3.41 17.5 3.16 -3.56 18.5 3.06 -3.51 19.5 3.1 -3.49 21.5 3.22 -3.35 22.5 3.17 -3.25 23.5 3.31 -3.23 24.5 3.37 -3.07 25.5 3.15 -3.18 26.5 3.3 -3.05 27.5 3.23 -3.13 28.5 3.27 -3.09 29.5 3.32 -3.13 30.5 3.29 -3.12 2. BL98-10 XRD Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor quartz (cps) XRD quartz peak intensity in counts per second aragonite (cps) XRD aragonite peak intensity in counts per second dolomite (cps) XRD dolomite peak intensity in counts per second Mg-calcite (cps) XRD high-Mg-calcite peak intensity in counts per second calcite (cps) XRD low-Mg-calcite peak intensity in counts per second feldspar (cps) XRD feldspar peak intensity in counts per second Depth Quartz Arag. Dolo. Mg-calcite Calcite Feldspar 2 1000 1702 172 553 529 4 867 1723 144 518 465 124 6 1097 1535 128 403 496 111 8 944 1767 155 276 506 121 10 1016 1642 149 trace 521 167 12 749 1557 143 434 814 14 771 1630 230 491 193 17 1016 1725 144 479 164 19 875 1698 169 583 162 21 778 1780 217 460 135 23 818 1722 164 465 26 873 1707 169 482 28 847 1669 164 449 101 30 1559 1789 190 528 142 3. BL98-10 leach chemistry Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor % Ca percent calcium by ICP % Mg percent magnesium by ICP ppm Li parts per million lithium by ICP ppm Cr parts per million chromium by ICP ppm Mn parts per million manganese by ICP ppm Fe percent iron by ICP ppm Co parts per million cobalt by ICP ppm Ni parts per million nickle by ICP ppm Cu parts per million copper by ICP ppm Zn parts per million zinc by ICP ppm P parts per million phosphorus by ICP ppm Mo parts per million molybdenum by ICP ppm V parts per million vanadium by ICP ppm Ti parts per million titanium by ICP ppm Ba parts per million barium by ICP ppm Sr parts per million strontium by ICP Depth %Ca %Mg Li Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn P Mo V Ti Ba Sr 0 24.6 0.81 8.72 5.5 232 5236 1.58 6.35 14.46 21.5 0.78 56 407 1148 2 24.5 0.81 10.55 9.11 235 5250 4.67 11.55 18.3 10.5 0.77 57 402 1133 3 25 0.83 11.01 8.19 254 5323 5.12 10.85 22.44 15.9 3.65 54 411 1155 4 24.8 0.82 10.01 8.64 231 5367 9.84 16.63 20.3 56 411 1160 5 25.1 0.82 8.37 10 234 5472 0.76 14.29 18.38 57 411 1170 6 24.9 0.82 12.89 5.34 230 5430 3.65 15.43 16.7 51.7 1.7 59 411 1172 7 24.9 0.82 10.1 8.26 228 5319 6.89 15.09 19.74 32 55 409 1159 8 25.7 0.89 10.42 5.67 235 5863 3.46 14.13 16.92 63 412 1149 9 24.4 0.86 8.91 10.9 221 5590 12.15 15.7 0.75 58 388 1082 10 24 0.88 8.92 7.42 206 5314 0.77 12.22 15.43 61 362 985 11 25.4 1.2 11.48 7.47 188 4159 4.64 7.12 11.32 0.76 65 331 769 12 25.9 1.43 12.96 9.68 180 3621 5.87 12.45 0 0.77 67 304 647 13 25.7 1.5 8.16 7.8 175 3794 11.01 0.37 68 296 648 14 26 1.55 10.17 9.43 173 3797 2.86 9.09 1.7 70 293 642 15 25.7 1.6 10.6 31.25 581 3900 34.15 2365 15.79 43.9 72 280 621 16 24.6 1.65 10.29 7.45 229 3775 4.05 378 9.2 8.61 0.76 72 272 578 17 25.2 1.66 10.53 8.21 225 3762 7.5 393 5.3 5.28 1.55 73 275 584 18 25.2 1.66 10.95 13.28 225 3815 9.14 370 4.06 7.33 71 276 587 19 24.7 1.7 11.42 8.58 225 3876 9.44 378 0.96 6.69 73 270 565 20 25.8 1.76 15.74 16.66 235 4072 11.57 400 3.05 14.08 7.78 78 288 604 21 25.5 1.81 12.73 11.37 232 4119 1.61 408 2.22 11 2.42 1.2 79 290 596 22 26.3 1.81 13.12 7.78 232 4069 3.16 403 11.39 2.37 78 300 624 23 26.6 1.77 9.93 15.11 226 3957 8.98 407 3.2 10.91 2.4 2.18 76 309 657 24 25.8 1.74 10.45 8.37 218 3837 7.7 407 0.99 20.25 75 300 641 25 26.1 1.78 13.36 7.93 220 3950 8.65 409 8.69 10.22 1.61 79 303 643 26 26 1.78 11.82 10.51 217 3964 12.37 400 0.99 9.97 2.14 79 301 637 27 25.7 1.69 11.6 4.28 208 3713 5.78 390 2.13 6.59 1.54 2.11 73 298 632 28 25.7 1.68 7.08 8.86 207 3765 7.02 393 2.15 8.57 3.29 74 299 631 29 25.5 1.65 12.87 8.22 207 3873 5.23 392 0.97 9.28 1.15 76 295 625 30 26.4 1.65 12.67 10.72 213 4040 5 414 4.22 10.95 7.41 79 312 649 31 26 1.59 13.02 10.5 208 3979 10.98 397 9.96 0.79 78 307 639 32 25.5 1.55 13.11 6.78 213 4059 8.09 417 6.56 1.58 1.18 76 304 635 33 26.3 1.46 11.64 8.65 222 4236 14.69 413 9.77 5.11 3.44 78 311 646 34 25.6 1.52 10.55 13.62 209 4191 5.54 368 0.93 10.11 7.16 74 303 629 35 25.3 1.49 12.06 12.96 223 4143 11.22 397 1.01 11.55 0 75 293 637 4. BL98-10 Carbons mid-Depth midpoint depth in core in cm below lake floor Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor % TC percent total carbon by coulometry % IC percent inorganic carbon by coulometry % OC percent organic carbon by difference between TC and IC % CaCO3 percent calcium carbonate = % IC/0.12 MidDep Depth %TC %TIC %TOC %CaCO3 1 1 9.45 7.23 2.22 60.25 2.5 2 9.48 7.64 1.84 63.67 3.5 3 9.49 7.67 1.82 63.92 4.5 4 9.62 7.52 2.1 62.67 5.5 5 9.5 7.59 1.91 63.25 6.5 6 9.44 7.71 1.73 64.25 7.5 7 9.68 7.65 2.03 63.75 8.5 8 9.42 7.52 1.9 62.67 9.5 9 9.24 7.34 1.9 61.17 10.5 10 9.39 7.58 1.81 63.17 11.5 11 9.81 7.64 2.17 63.67 12.5 12 10.86 8.09 2.77 67.42 13.5 13 10.91 7.97 2.94 66.42 14.5 14 10.91 7.98 2.93 66.5 15.5 15 10.87 7.91 2.96 65.92 16.5 16 10.69 7.72 2.97 64.33 17.5 17 10.56 7.81 2.75 65.08 18.5 18 10.48 7.66 2.82 63.83 19.5 19 10.55 7.72 2.83 64.33 20.5 20 10.61 7.65 2.96 63.75 21.5 21 10.52 7.39 3.13 61.58 22.5 22 10.71 7.83 2.88 65.25 23.5 23 10.78 7.85 2.93 65.42 24.5 24 10.77 7.89 2.88 65.75 25.5 25 10.82 7.93 2.89 66.08 26.5 26 10.73 7.85 2.88 65.42 27.5 27 10.64 7.87 2.77 65.58 28.5 28 10.69 7.86 2.83 65.5 29.5 29 10.76 7.73 3.03 64.42 30.5 30 10.71 7.87 2.84 65.58 5. BL98-10 Sr isotopes Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 87Sr to 86Sr Depth Sr87/86 0 0.70942 5 0.70942 7 0.70943 9 0.70951 11 0.70975 12 0.71018 13 0.71023 14 0.71022 16 0.71031 20 0.71034 25 0.71035 29 0.71032