Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data LAST UPDATE: 3/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Walter E. Dean, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-028 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Dean, W.E. 2009. Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho Geochemical and Mineralogical Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-028. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCES: Dean, W.E., R. Forester, S. Colman, A. Liu, G. Skipp, K. Simmons, P. Swarzenski, and R. Anderson. 2005. Modern and Glacial-Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1124. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1124) Dean, W.E., R.M. Forester, J. Bright, and R.Y. Anderson. 2007. Influence of the diversion of Bear River into Bear Lake (Utah and Idaho) on the environment of deposition of carbonate minerals: Evidence from water and sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, v. 52, p. 1094-1111. Bischoff, J.L., K. Simmons, and D.D. Shamp. 2005. Geochemistry of sediments in cores and sediment traps from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1215. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1215) GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Western North America PERIOD OF RECORD: 25 KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: U.S. Geological Survey DESCRIPTION: Piston cores were collected in 1996 from three localities in Bear Lake using the University of Minnesota, Limnological Research Center's (UMN-LRC) Kullenberg coring system (Dean et al., 2006). Core BL96-1 is 5 m long from a water depth of 50 m. Core BL96-2 is 4 m long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL96-3 is 4 m long from a water depth of 30 m. Overlapping cores provide a 25,000-year record. Unknown amounts of sediments were missing from the tops of the piston cores, so surface sediments (up to 50 cm) were collected with a gravity corer in 1998 (Dean et al., 2007). Core BL98-4 is 17 cm m long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-6 is 20 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-9 is 30 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-10 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL98-12 is 38 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Core BL98-13 is 36 cm long from a water depth of 30 m. Piston cores and gravity cores were collected at five localities at the northern end of the lake in 2002. Geochemical and mineralogical data were collected on two of the piston cores and gravity cores from the same localities. Core BL02-3PC is 475 cm long and BL02-3GC is 15 cm long, both from a water depth of 40 m. Core BL02-4PC is 380 cm long and BL02-4GC is 40 cm long, both from a water depth of 30 m. The data set includes files of carbon data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy, carbon- and oxygen-isotope data on bulk carbonate, Sr isotope data on bulk carbonate, and HCl-leach chemistry. Not all data were collected on sediments from all cores. Bear Lake: 42°0'N, 111°20'W, 1805m elev. BEAR LAKE METHODS: Carbon Analyses Concentrations of total carbon and inorganic (total carbonate) carbon were determined by coulometry (Engleman and, others, 1985) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Inorganic carbon (IC) in the untreated sample is reacted with perchloric acid to liberate CO2, which is then titrated in a coulometer cell to measure carbonate carbon. Total carbon (TC) is measured by liberating CO2 by combustion of an untreated sample and titrating the CO2. Values of organic carbon (OC) were determined by difference between TC and IC. Replicate analyses demonstrate the coulometer technique has a precision of better than ±1% for both carbonate and total carbon. Percent CaCO3 was calculated by dividing percent carbonate carbon by 0.12, the fraction of carbon in CaCO3. Reference: Engleman, E. E., Jackson, L. L., Norton, D. R., and Fischer, A. G., 1985, Determination of carbonate carbon in geological materials by coulometric titration. Chemical Geology, v. 53, p. 125-128. Isotope Analyses Measurements of ratios of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen were made on aliquots of the carbon samples (see Dean et al., 2006, 2007 for methods). Isotope measurements on samples from the 1996 cores, 1998 cores, and sediment traps were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Isotope measurements on samples from the 2002 cores were made in the stable isotope laboratory at the University of Arizona. Results of analyses are reported in the usual per mil (‰) d-notation relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) marine-carbonate standard for carbon and oxygen: d‰=[(Rsample/RVPDB)-1]x103 where R is the ratio (13C:12C) or (18O:16O). Measurements of Sr isotope ratios (86Sr/87Sr) were made on samples from six cores, in Samples were leached in 5M acetic acid, and the leachate was centrifuged and purified with conventional ion-exchange methods. Samples were loaded on a single tantalum filament with phosphoric acid. Isotope ratios were measured with an automated VG54 sector multi-collector, thermal ionization mass spectrometer in dynamic mode. Mass dependent fractionation was corrected assuming a 86Sr/87Sr ratio of 0.1194. Strontium isotope ratios are reported relative to SRM-987 standard value of 0.71025. X-ray Diffraction Analyses Semi-quantitative estimates of mineral contents in splits of the carbon samples were determined by standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques (e.g., Moore and Reynolds, 1989) in USGS laboratories in Denver, CO. Each sample was packed into an aluminum holder and scanned from 15° to 50° 2Q at 2° 2Q/min using Ni-filtered, Cu-Ka radiation at 45 kv, 30 ma, and peak intensities recorded as counts per second (cps). Results are reported as the peak intensity of the main XRD peak for each mineral. Reference: Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C., Jr., 1989. X-ray diffraction and identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, 332 pp. Inorganic Geochemical Analyses Samples for inorganic geochemical analyses were leached in 3N HCl overnight, and the supernatant was analyzed by inductively coupled, argon-plasma, atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for major components (percent) Ca, Fe, and Mg, and minor components (parts per million, ppm) Na, Mn, Ba, Sr and Li (Bischoff et al., 2005). Reference: Bischoff, J.L., Simmons, K., and Shamp, D.D., 2005. Geochemistry of sediments in Bear Lake cores and sediment traps. U.S. Geol. Survey, Open-File Report 2005-1215. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1215. DATA: 1. BL98-12 XRD Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor quartz (cps) XRD quartz peak intensity in counts per second aragonite (cps) XRD aragonite peak intensity in counts per second dolomite (cps) XRD dolomite peak intensity in counts per second Mg-calcite (cps) XRD high-Mg-calcite peak intensity in counts per second calcite (cps) XRD low-Mg-calcite peak intensity in counts per second feldspar (cps) XRD feldspar peak intensity in counts per second Depth Quartz Arag. Dolo. Mg-calcite Calcite Feldspar 3 2087 2170 730trace 984 436 6 2428 1362 352 232 714 630 8 1578 1608 226 190 520 287 10 1554 1665 217 592 172 12 1370 1554 350 658 178 14 2047 1440 288 911 241 17 2353 1413 250 742 224 20 1620 1200 346 785 235 21 274 1345 529 1015 469 23 2829 1297 536 986 214 25 1939 1069 192 936 376 28 2872 1223 557 1027 328 31 3639 1231 595 876 360 33 2664 1456 533 746 4671 35 2785 1229 826 932 307 2. BL98-12 leach chemistry Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor % Ca percent calcium by ICP % Mg percent magnesium by ICP ppm B parts per million boron by ICP ppm Ba parts per million barium by ICP ppm Fe parts per million iron by ICP ppm K parts per million potassium by ICP ppm Li parts per million lithium by ICP ppm Mn parts per million manganese by ICP ppm Na parts per million sodium by ICP ppm P parts per million phosphorus by ICP ppm Sr parts per million strontium by ICP ppm Ti parts per million titanium by ICP Depth %Ca %Mg B Ba Fe K Li Mn Na P Sr Ti 0 19 1.14 7.6 500 2438 685 8.9 310 541 674 959 20 2 20.4 1.15 8.1 512 2389 723 9.1 298 557 694 981 20 3 20.1 1.16 8.1 493 2493 731 9.1 300 594 670 963 20 4 21 1.16 8.3 496 2532 742 9.3 291 596 659 981 22 5 20.4 1.16 8.5 488 2453 733 9.3 276 603 648 986 23 6 23.4 1.74 12 476 2388 650 11 224 706 520 766 40 7 22.4 1.76 13 430 2107 564 11 188 661 464 627 40 8 23 1.82 14 440 2084 586 11 183 701 470 642 39 9 23.8 1.73 13 443 2184 591 11 192 696 491 681 37 10 21.8 1.6 12 421 1828 577 11 156 613 433 695 34 11 21.9 1.79 13 414 2242 592 11 171 721 477 639 46 12 25.2 1.94 12 407 2226 604 11 191 715 474 588 42 13 18.5 1.81 12 371 2102 570 10 175 655 454 541 40 14 21.9 1.98 12 402 2047 635 11 187 710 478 661 43 15 21 1.98 13 413 2068 604 11 185 698 469 611 40 16 20.1 1.87 12 398 2042 576 10 171 679 451 581 41 17 21 1.87 12 391 2226 660 11 173 669 455 562 51 18 21.2 1.94 12 398 2342 644 11 186 689 486 581 53 19 21.7 1.77 10 365 2054 614 10 186 648 453 582 47 20 21.1 1.72 10 370 2060 625 10 179 585 446 589 47 21 21.2 1.68 9.7 364 1947 593 9.9 183 574 448 529 43 22 21.5 1.8 9.9 376 2192 674 11 198 629 472 612 49 23 21.2 1.72 9.5 362 2019 615 10 189 589 467 575 44 24 20.1 1.7 8.7 362 2063 648 10 201 600 487 587 45 25 20.4 1.71 8.8 358 2197 664 10 201 605 479 582 49 26 19.8 1.64 8.2 347 2226 658 9.9 196 563 463 572 48 27 19.9 1.56 8.2 355 2299 695 10 188 547 464 580 50 28 20 1.53 8.1 356 2307 674 10 190 559 470 580 50 29 20.4 1.47 7.4 346 2276 640 9.8 194 559 464 563 48 30 19.7 1.42 6.9 329 2300 635 9.7 202 518 475 535 50 31 19.9 1.38 7.1 331 2189 618 9.5 191 524 462 507 46 32 21.7 1.37 7.8 353 1787 583 9.5 167 540 440 577 44 33 20.7 1.29 7.3 356 1728 542 9.3 160 537 428 586 42 34 21.9 1.23 6.5 385 1789 539 9.5 167 530 431 595 42 35 20.5 1.21 5.9 370 1801 525 9.3 177 535 451 589 42 36 21.6 1.23 6.1 386 1763 534 9.4 179 512 469 587 44 37 20.1 1.27 6 362 1704 527 9.1 179 509 463 569 43 3. BL98-12 Sr isotopes Depth depth in core in cm below lake floor 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 87Sr to 86Sr Depth Sr87/86 0 0.70949 2 0.7095 4 0.70951 5 0.70956 7 0.71012 9 0.71022 11 0.71022 13 0.71026 16 0.71024 19 0.71022 22 0.71021 27 0.71022 30 0.71021 37 0.7102