# Laguna de Ubaque, Colombia 4,700 Year Sediment Geochemical Data
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22275 
#       Description: 
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/southamerica/colombia/ubaque2017gs.txt
#       Description:
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# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Paleolimnology
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# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: geochemistry, physical properties 
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2017-07-25
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2017-07-25
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Laguna de Ubaque, Colombia 4,700 Year Sediment Geochemical Data
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# Investigators
#	Investigators: Bird, B.W.; Rudloff, O.; Escobar, J.; Gilhooly, W.P. III; Correa-Metrio, A.; Vélez, M.; Polissar, P.J.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Sediment geochemical and physical properties data from Laguna de Ubaque, Colombia for the past 4,700 years. 
#	Provided Keywords: Paleolimnology, Sedimentology, Sediment geochemistry, Middle and Late Holocene, Colombia, Paleoclimate
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Broxton W. Bird, Owen Rudloff, Jaime Escobar, William P. Gilhooly III, Alex Correa-Metrio, Maria Vélez, Pratigya J. Polissar
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2017 in press     
#	Published_Title: Paleoclimate support for a persistent dry island effect in the Colombian Andes during the last 4700 years
#	Journal_Name: The Holocene
#	Volume: 
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 
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#	DOI: 10.1177/0959683617721
#	Online_Resource: 
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: We investigated middle and late Holocene hydroclimate patterns in the Colombian Andes using indicators of watershed erosion (lithic abundance), precipitation intensity (% silt), lake-level variability (organic carbon and nitrogen, % sand, and diatoms), and fire frequency (fossil charcoal) from a ~4700-year-long sediment archive from Laguna de Ubaque, a small sub-alpine lake on the eastern flank of the eastern Colombian Andes. Our results indicate reduced precipitation, low lake levels and increased fire occurrence at Ubaque between 4700 and 3500 cal yr BP (hereafter BP). Precipitation increased and lake levels rose abruptly while fire occurrence decreased between 3500 and 2100 BP, with the exception of a 300-year dry phase between 2800 and 2500 BP. Although wetter than the 4700-3500 BP interval, precipitation decreased, lake levels fell, and fire occurrence increased after 2100 BP, but with high-frequency variability. Comparison of the Ubaque results with other Colombian paleoclimate records (e.g., Lakes Fúquene and La Cocha) supports an antiphase pattern of precipitation between the high/interior Andes and frontal slope sites. This spatial pattern of variability is consistent with modern responses to changes in terrestrial atmospheric convection associated with the so-called "dry island" effect. Further comparison with paleoclimate records from Venezuela suggest that the millennial trend toward increasing frontal slope precipitation is consistent with orbitally induced increases in Andean atmospheric convection. Sub-orbital dry island-like hydroclimate variability suggests other mechanisms that affect Northern Hemisphere convection may act to enhance or diminish this effect on centennial and shorter timescales.  
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#	Grant: EAR 1445649, GEO 1128040
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
#	Grant: CRN 3038
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis
#	Grant: International Development Fund, Research Support Funds Grant
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# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Laguna de Ubaque
#	Location: South America>Colombia
#	Country: Colombia
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 4.499
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 4.499
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -73.935 
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -73.935
# 	Elevation: 2070 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Ubaque2017GS
#	Earliest_Year: 0
#	Most_Recent_Year: -50
#	Time_Unit: Cal. year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
# Labcode 	UCI #
# core	Core sampled
# drive	Drive sampled	
# comp_depth	Composite depth (cm)	
# mat.dated 	Material dated	
# 14C.raw	conventional radiocarbon age, years before 1950AD  	
# 14C.raw_err 	radiocarbon age, standard error 	
# datemeth  	Dating method	
# fxn_mod	Fraction modern	
# fxn_mod_err	Fraction error ±	
# D14C	D14C per mil	
# D14C_err	D14C per mil error	
# mg_C	Sample size for small samples (mg C)	
# calib.14C  	Calibrated 14C age	
# calib.14C_1sig_lo	Calibrated age, 1-sigma lower confidence bound   	
# calib.14C_1sig_up	Calibrated age, 1-sigma upper confidence bound 	
# calib_method 	Calibration method	
# rejected 	Rejected sample  (yes/no)	
# used_in_age_model	Used in age model or not	
# 
# Labcode 	core	drive	comp_depth	mat.dated 	14C.raw	14C.raw_err 	datemeth  	fxn_mod	fxn_mod_err	D14C	D14C_err	mg_C	calib.14C  	calib.14C_1sig_lo	calib.14C_1sig_up	calib_method 	rejected 	used_in_age_model
# 132258	D-13	1	43.5	Charcoal	500	120	AMS 14C	0.94	0.0138	-60.0	13.8	0.015	520	455	570	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132259	D-13	1	81.5	Charcoal	620	40	AMS 14C	0.926	0.0046	-74.0	4.6	0.044	600	580	605	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132260	D-13	2	115.5	Charcoal	1260	130	AMS 14C	0.8553	0.0129	-144.7	12.9	0.015	1170	1060	1300	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132261	D-13	3	163.5	Charcoal	1660	70	AMS 14C	0.8137	0.0067	-186.3	6.7	0.027	1565	1520	1630	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132262	D-13	3	203.5	Charcoal	1980	130	AMS 14C	0.7812	0.0121	-218.8	12.1	0.015	1940	1810	2120	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132268	D-13	6	299.5	Charcoal	2495	15	AMS 14C	0.7332	0.0012	-266.8	1.2		2580	2505	2590	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132264	D-13	6	335.5	Charcoal	3700	100	AMS 14C	0.6312	0.0072	-368.8	7.2	0.023	4050	3890	4160	intcal13.14c	yes	no
# 132265	D-13	7	355.5	Charcoal	3095	30	AMS 14C	0.6801	0.0022	-319.9	2.2	0.085	3300	3250	3300	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132266	D-13	7	369.5	Charcoal	3120	15	AMS 14C	0.6781	0.0011	-321.9	1.1		3350	3345	3373	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132272	F-13	7	417.5	Charcoal	4030	60	AMS 14C	0.6053	0.0042	-394.7	4.2	0.038	4515	4420	4580	intcal13.14c	no	yes
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# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## sample_ID	Transect sample ID number,,,,,,,,N,
## latitude	North latitude,,,Decimal degree,,,,,N,
## longitude	West longitude,,,Decimal degree,,,,,N,
## depth_m	Depth from lake surface to sediment-water interface,,,Meters,,,,,N,
## d_0.1	10% of grains smaller than given partical diamter,,,Microns,,,,,N,
## d_0.5	50% of grains smaller than given partical diamter,,,Microns,,,,,N,
## d_0.9	90% of grains smaller than given partical diameter,,,Microns,,,,,N,
## clay%	clay,,,Percent,,,,,N,
## silt%	silt,,,Percent,,,,,N,
## sand%	sand,,,Percent,,,,,N,
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# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
sample_ID	latitude	longitude	depth_m	d_0.1	d_0.5	d_0.9	clay%	silt%	sand%
5	4.49934	-73.93446	-4.1	1.238	16.116	108.757	25.43272	50.35309	23.70384
6	4.49943	-73.93459	-5.45	1.019	8.401	104.639	32.61332	52.46187	14.25556
7	4.49955	-73.93477	-7.1	1.233	10.095	87.683	28.96974	55.55684	14.81868
8	4.49969	-73.93505	-9.5	0.829	4.104	33.754	47.53791	46.27193	5.178404
9	4.49988	-73.93525	-11.8	0.792	3.736	17.537	50.30585	46.63238	2.016165
10	4.50005	-73.93554	-12.5	0.807	3.994	21.776	48.28232	48.11945	2.59777
11	4.50019	-73.93604	-11.5	0.78	4.003	23.318	48.29468	47.46046	3.281423
12	4.50048	-73.93624	-11.5	0.754	3.818	22.701	49.61679	46.38654	3.025975
13	4.50075	-73.93638	-11.4	0.762	4.036	34.108	48.14578	43.78049	7.140578
14	4.50094	-73.93644	-11.4	0.816	5.036	41.431	42.49837	49.38294	7.295393
15	4.50106	-73.93666	-5.6	1.267	9.209	273.475	28.85228	52.69703	17.80997
16	4.50108	-73.9371	0	7.746	101.316	232.85	6.775437	21.51459	71.57463