# European Holocene Pollen-based Gridded Climate Reconstructions #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18317 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2-readme.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2015-03-31 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: European Holocene Pollen-based Gridded Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Mauri, A.; Davis, B.A.S.; Collins, P.M.; Kaplan, J.O. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: EPOCH-2 (European POllen Climate Holocene, Version 2) data set. # Gridded pollen-based climate anomalies reconstruction for Europe including summer, # winter and annual temperature and precipitation, GDD5, and P-E. Reconstructions are # presented at a 1 degree spatial resolution and 1000 year time-step from preindustrial # time (13 time slices in calibrated years before present: 100, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, # 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, and 12000 calendar years before present. # Uncertainties for the reconstructions are included in a separate file. # Data are assembled in a netcdf format as well as GeoTIFF. # # Climate parameters reconstructed: # 1. Winter temperature: tanom_djf, degC # 2. Summer temperature: tanom_jja, degC # 3. Winter precipitation: panom_djf, mm day-1 # 4. Summer precipitation: panom_jja, mm day-1 # 5. Annual temperature: tanom_ann, degC # 6. Annual precipitation: panom_ann, mm day-1 # 7. Ratio actual/potential evapotranspiration: anom_alpha # 8. Growing degree days above 5 degree: anom_gdd5, degC # 9. Precipitation - evaporation: anom_p_e, mm day-1 # # INNOVATIONS # EPOCH-2 is based on around 50% more fossil pollen sites/samples and around 80% more modern pollen # samples compared to EPOCH-1 (Davis et al. 2003). # Other innovations: # 1) A significant new advance in our analysis has been the incorporation of paleogeographic changes # that occurred in Europe over the Holocene, including changes in elevation and sea level. # # 2) Our reconstruction includes a series of quality control checks and full-error accounting of the # transfer function (Bartlein et al., 2010) and interpolation errors, which allow us to establish # and map confidence limits for our climate reconstruction. # # 3) We have evaluated our reconstruction against other independent reconstructions of Holocene climate # based on both pollen and other proxies. This has been possible using the interpolation methodology # to directly compare records on a site-by-site basis within the European study region. # # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: A. Mauri, B.A.S. Davis, P.M. Collins, J.O. Kaplan # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015-03-15 # Published_Title: The climate of Europe during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation # Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews # Volume: 112 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 109-127 # DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.013 # Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115000372 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We present a new gridded climate reconstruction for Europe for the last 12,000 years based on pollen data. The reconstruction is an update of Davis et al. (2003) using the same methodology, but with a greatly expanded fossil and surface-sample dataset and more rigorous quality-control. The modern pollen dataset has been increased by more than 80%, and the fossil pollen dataset by more than 50%, representing almost 60,000 individual pollen samples. The climate parameters reconstructed include summer/winter and annual temperatures and precipitation, as well as a measure of moisture balance, and growing degree-days above 5 °C. Confidence limits were established for the reconstruction based on transfer function and interpolation uncertainties. The reconstruction takes account of post-glacial isostatic readjustment which resulted in a potential warming bias of up to +1-2°C for parts of Fennoscandia in the early Holocene, as well as changes in palaeogeography resulting from decaying ice sheets and rising post-glacial sea-levels. This new dataset has been evaluated against previously published independent quantitative climate reconstructions from a variety of archives on a site-by-site basis across Europe. The results of this comparison are generally very good; only chironomid-based reconstructions showed substantial differences with our values. Our reconstruction is available for download as gridded maps throughout the Holocene on a 1000-year time-step. The gridded format makes our reconstructions suitable for comparison with climate model output and for other applications such as vegetation and land-use modelling. Our new climate reconstruction suggests that warming in Europe during the mid-Holocene was greater in winter than in summer, an apparent paradox that is not consistent with current climate model simulations and traditional interpretations of Milankovitch theory. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation # Grant: PP0022_119049 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Italian Ministry of Research and Education # Grant: FIRB RBID08LNFJ #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Research Council # Grant: COEVOLVE 313797 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Europe EPOCH-2 # Location: Europe # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 71.5 # Southernmost_Latitude: 28.5 # Easternmost_Longitude: 50.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: -11.5 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: EPOCH-2 # Earliest_Year: 12000 # Most_Recent_Year: 100 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Data are in netCDF data files in folder ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/