# Easter Island Radiocarbon Ages (EIRA) Database #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19805 # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/radiocarbon/eira2019.txt # # Original_Source_URL: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Other Collections # # Parameter_Keywords: age control #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: Original v1 2016-02-19; updated to v2.6, 26 February 2019 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Easter Island Radiocarbon Ages (EIRA) Database #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Rull, V. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Easter Island Radiocarbon Ages (EIRA) database Version 2.6 containing the radiocarbon dates # published to date (2019) from lake sediments and peat bogs of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). # # Radiocarbon lab codes # AA University of Arizona AMS Facility (USA) # Beta Beta Analytic Inc. (USA) # CAMS Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (USA) # NUTA Department of Geography, Nagoya University (Japan) # NZA Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory (New Zealand) # Poz Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory (Poland) # SRR Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre (Scotland) # ULA Université Laval (Canada) # # EIRA References # # Azizi G & Flenley JR (2008) The last glacial maximum climatic conditions on Easter Island. Quaternary International, 184: 166-176 # Butler K & Flenley J (2001) Further pollen evidence from Easter Island. In: Stevenson CM, Lee G & Morin FJ (eds), Pacific 2000. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific. Easter Island Foundation, Los Osos, pp. 79-86 # Butler K & Flenley JR (2010) The Rano Kau 2 pollen diagram: palaeoecology revealed. Rapa Nui Journal, 24: 5-10 # Butler K, Prior CA & Flenley J (2004) Anomalous radiocarbon dates from Easter Island. Radiocarbon, 46: 395-405 # Cañellas-Boltà N (2014) Vegetation dynamics in relation to climate changes, geological processes and human impact at Easter Island since the Last Glacial. Paleoecological study of sediments from Lake Raraku. PhD dissertation, University of Barcelona, Spain # Cañellas-Boltà N, Rull V, Sáez A, Margalef O, Bao R, Pla-Rabes S, Blaauw M, Valero-Garcés B & Giralt S (2013) Vegetation changes and human settlement of Easter Island during tht last millennia: a multiproxy study of Lake Raraku sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews, 72: 36-48 # Cañellas-Boltà N, Rull V, Sáez A, Margalef O, Giralt S, Pueyo JJ, Birks HH, Birks HJB & Pla-Rabes S (2012) Macrofossils in Raraku Lake (Easter Island) integrated wth sedimentary and geochemical records: towards a palaeoecological synthesis of the last 34,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 34: 113-126 # Dumont HJ, Cocquyt C, Fontugne M, Arnold M, Reyss J-L, Bloemendal J, Oldfield F, Steenbergen CJM, Korthals HJ & Zeeb BA (1998) The end of quarrying and its eeffect on Lake Raraku, Easter Island. Journal of Palemolinology, 20: 409-422 # Flenley JR (1979) Stratigraphic evidence of environmental change on Easter Island. Asian Perspectives, 22: 33-40 # Flenley JR (1996) Further evidence of vegetation change on Easter Island. South Pacific Stusy, 16: 135-141 # Flenley JR & King SM (1984) Late Quaternary pollen records from Easter Island. Nature, 307: 47-50 # Flenley JR, King ASM, Jackson J, Chew C, Teller JT & Prentice ME (1991) The Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic hisstory of Easter Island. Journal of Quaternary Science, 6: 85-115 # Gossen C (2007) Report: The mystery lies in the Scirpus. Rapa Nui Journal, 21: 105-110 # Gossen C (2011) Deforestation, drought and humans: New discoveries of the Late Quaternary paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). PhD dissertation. Portland state University, USA # Horrocks M, Baisden WT, Flenley J, Feek D, González Nualart, Haoa-Cardinali & Edmunds Gorman T (2012a) Fossil plant remains at Rano Raraku, Easter Island's statue quarry: evidence for past elevated lake level and ancient Polynesian agriculture. Journal of Palemolimnology, 48: 767-783 # Horrocks M, Baisden WT, Nieuwoudt MK, Flenley J, Feek D, González Nualart L, Haoa-Cardinali S & Edmunds Gorman T (2012b) Microfossils of Polynesian cultigens in lake sediment cores from Rano Kau, Easter Island. Journal of Palemolimnology, 47: 185-204 # Horrocks M, Baisden WT, Harper MA, Marra M, Flenley J, Feek D, Haoa-Cardianli S, Keller ED, González Nualart L & Edmunds Gorman T (2015) A plant microfossil record of Late Quaternary environments and human activity from Rano Aroi and surroundings, Easter Island. Journal of Palemolimnology, 54: 279-303 # Horrocks M, Marra M, Baisden WT, Flenley J, Feek D, González Nualart L, Haoa-Cardinali S & Edmunds Gorman T (2013) Pollen, phytoliths, arthropods and high-resolution 14C sampling from Rano Kau, Easter Island: evidemce for late Quaternary environments, ant (Formicidae) distributions and human activity. Journal of Palemolinology, 50: 417-432 # Mann D, Edwards J, Chase J, Beck W, Reanier R, Mass M, Finney B & Loret J (2008) Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island). Quaternary Research, 69: 16-28 # Margalef O (2014) The last 70 kyr of Rano Aroi (Easter Island, 27ºS) peat record: New insights for the central Pacific paleoclimatology. PhD dissertation, University of Barcelona, Spain # Margalef O, Cañellas-Boltà N, Pla-Rabes S, Giralt S, Pueyo JJ, Joosten H, Rull V, Buchaca T, Hernández A, Valero-Garcés B, Moreno A & Sáez A (2013) A 70,000 year multiproxy record of climatic and environmental change from Rano Aroi peatland (Easter Island). Global and Planetary Change, 108: 72-84 # Margalef O, Martínez-Cortizas A, Kylander M, Pla-Rabes S, Cañellas-Boltà N, Pueyo JJ, Sáez A, Valero-Garcés B & Sáez A (2014). Environmental processes in Rano Aroi (Easter Island) peat geochemistry forced by climate variability during the last 70 kyr. Palaeogeography, Palaoeclimatology, Palaeoecology, 414: 438-450 # Peteet D, Beck W, Ortiz J, O'Connell S, Kurdyla D & Mann D (2003) Rapid vegetational and sediment change from Rano Aroi crater, Easter Island. In: Loret J & Tanacredi JT (eds), Easter Island. Scientific exploration into the world's environmental problems in microcosm. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 81-93 # Rull V, Cañellas-Boltà N, Margalef O, Sáez A, Pla-rabes S & Giralt S (2015) Late Holocene vegetation dynamics and deforestation in Rano Aroi: Implications for Easter Island's ecological and cultural history. Quaternary Science Reviews, 126: 219-226 # Rull V, Montoya E, Seco I, Cañellas-Boltà N, Giralt S, Margalef O, Pla-Rabes S, D'Andrea W, Bradley R & Sáez A (2018) CLAFS, a holistic climatic-ecological-anthropogenic hypothesis on Easter Island's deforestation and cultural change: proposals and testing prospects. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 32 # Sáez A, Valero-Garcés B, Giralt S, Moreno A, Bao R, Pueyo JJ, Hernández A & Casas D (2009) Glacial to Holocene climate changes in the SE Pacific. The Raraku Lake sedimentary record (Easter Island, 27º S). Quaternary Science Reviews, 28: 2743-2759 # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Valentí Rull # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-04-11 # Published_Title: The EIRA database: Glacial to Holocene radiocarbon ages from Easter Island's sedimentary records # Journal_Name: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution # Volume: 4 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00044 # Online_Resource: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2016.00044/full # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The archaeological and anthropological relevance of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) for human history in a regional Pacific context has been highlighted since the early 20th century (Routledge, 1919). At first, the interest was focused on the giant stone statues called moai, which had been carved on the island's volcanic rocks by an enigmatic ancient civilization. The interest on the island received a boost several decades ago, after the expedition leaded by Thor Heyedahl (Heyerdahl and Ferdon, 1961) and the first palynological studies suggesting a recent ecological catastrophe, led by an abrupt island-wide deforestation likely due to the over-exploitation of natural resources, and an ensuing cultural collapse (Flenley and King, 1984; Flenley et al., 1991). This 'ecocidal' theory became paradigmatic and the case of Easter Island was considered a microcosmic model for the whole planet and a warning against the uncontrolled use and of natural resources (Flenley and Bahn, 2003; Diamond, 2005). Further archaeological and palaeoecological studies have challenged this ecocidal theory (Hunt, 2007; Hunt and Lipo, 2006, 2011; Lipo and Hunt, 2016), which has revitalized the debate on the recent cultural history of Easter Island (reviews in Rull et al., 2010, 2013). #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Valentí Rull # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Published_Title: The EIRA database: Last Glacial to Holocene radiocarbon ages from Easter Island’s sedimentary records # Journal_Name: Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (ICTJA-CSIC), Barcelona # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3827.9440/3 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A database called EIRA (Easter Island Radiocarbon Ages) contains the radiocarbon dates published to date (2015) from lake sediments and peat bogs of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). All radiocarbon dates from all the cores dated by this method have been considered, regardless of whether the original authors have included them in their age-depth models or not. The total number of ages is 279. Details on cores are shown in Table 1. The EIRA raw data are exactly as they appear in the original references, except for calibrated ages. Whenever possible -i.e. when all the necessary data were available and the dates are within the age range for radiocarbon dating- the original radiocarbon ages have been calibrated or re-calibrated with CALIB 7.1 (http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/) using the SHCal13 curve (Hogg et al., 2013). #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Easter Island # Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean # Country: Chile # Northernmost_Latitude: -27.1222 # Southernmost_Latitude: -27.1222 # Easternmost_Longitude: -109.2891 # Westernmost_Longitude: -109.2891 # Elevation: 80 m #------------------ # Lake/bog Latitude S (center)* Longitud W (center)* Elevation (m)* Core Latitude S Longitude W Water depth (m) Core length (m) Date Coring device References Validated # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 ARO1 ND ND 0.00 ~11.50 1977 Russian Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 ARO 06-01 ND ND 0.00 13.90 March 2006 UWITEC "Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014)" # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 ARO 08-02 ND ND 0.00 4.00 2008 Russian "Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015)" # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 RA2 drive 3 ND ND 0.00 8.00 August 1997 Livingstone Peteet et al. (2003) # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 RA ND ND 0.00 4.00 2009 Russian Horrocks et al. (2015) # Aroi "27º 05' 37.37""" "109º 22' 26.50""" 433 RAI ND ND 0.00 2.11 2009 Russian Horrocks et al. (2015) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 KAO1 ND ND 0.00 ~11.00 1977 Russian Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 1 easting 669647 northing 6998960 ND 20.00 ND Russian + Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2013) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 2 easting 654770 northing 6991443 ND ~6.00 ND Russian + Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2012b) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 3 easting 654647 northing 6991517 ND ~5.00 ND Russian + Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2012b) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 4 easting 654500 northing 6991672 ND ~12.00 ND Russian + Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2012b) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 5 easting 654528 northing 6991641 ND ~7.00 ND Russian + Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2012b) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 KAO2 ND ND 10.50 20.85 1983 Russian Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) # Kao "27º 11' 12.57""" "109º 26' 06.75""" 107 KAO3 (KAO05-3A) "27º 11' 37""" "109º 26' 03""" 10.50 21.50 March 2005 Russian + Livingstone "Gossen (2007, 2011)" # Kao "27º 10' 57.526""" "109º 26' 7.591""" 109 KAO08-03 "27º 10' 57.526""" "109º 26' 7.591""" ND 3.00 October 2008 Russian Rull et al. (2018) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RRA3 ND ND 0.00 ~12.00 1977 Russian Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RRA4 ND ND 2.80 ~17.20 1983 Russian Flenley et al. (1991) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RRA5 ND ND ND ~13.40 March 2005 Livingstone Azizi & Flenley (2008) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 SW ND ND 2.00 ~3.40 August 1990 Piston Dumont et al. (1998) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 1 ND ND 6.00 ~1.00 ND Gravity Mann et al. (2008) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 2 ND ND 6.00 ~1.00 ND Gravity Mann et al. (2008) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR01 ND ND ND ~5.70 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR02 ND ND ND ~6.80 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR03 ND ND ND ~13.80 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR04 ND ND ND ~6.00 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR05 ND ND ND ~13.20 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR07 ND ND ND ~12.80 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 RAR08 ND ND ND ~12.60 March 2006 UWITEC Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) # Raraku "27º 07' 19.79""" "109º 17' 20.66""" 80 Lake northing 6998946 easting 699466 2.60 2.25 2009 Livingstone Horrocks et al. (2012a) # *Google Earth data # #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: EIRA14C # Earliest_Year: 47797 # Most_Recent_Year: 171 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## site site, , , , , , , ,C ## core core, , , , , , , ,C ## refs References, , , , , , , ,C ## code Lab code, , , , , , , ,C ## depth_bot_m depth base, , , m, , , , ,N ## depth_top_m depth, , , m, , , , ,N ## depth_m depth, , , m, , , mean depth, ,N ## material material, , , , , , , ,C ## age_14cBP age, , , radiocarbon years before present, , , , ,N ## age_14cBPerr age error, , , radiocarbon years before present, , , , ,N ## age_calBP- age minimum, , 95% CI, calendar years before present, , , , ,N ## age_calBP+ age maximum, , 95% CI, calendar years before present, , , , ,N ## prob Probability, , , , , , Median, ,N ## obs Observations, , , , , , , ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # site core refs code depth_bot_m depth_top_m depth_m material age14cBP age_14cBPerr age_calBP- age_calBP+ prob obs Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2417 0.450 0.750 0.600 ND 18870 140 22407 23027 22697 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2037 1.000 1.090 1.045 ND modern ND No numeric value for 14C age in the original reference Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1790 1.700 1.800 1.750 ND 2100 50 1895 2284 2032 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2418 2.100 2.300 2.200 ND 7680 80 8221 8597 8444 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2038 3.100 3.190 3.145 ND 10960 130 12656 13071 12828 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2419 3.700 3.900 3.800 ND 18780 250 21991 23223 22628 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1791 4.410 4.490 4.450 ND 26280 300 29715 30999 30467 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2420 6.150 6.350 6.250 ND 28670 950 30987 34394 32630 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1702 7.600 7.700 7.650 ND 31610 720 34043 37183 35513 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2421 9.200 9.400 9.300 ND 34440 1040 36307 41067 38794 Aroi ARO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1353 11.350 11.450 11.400 ND 37680 1120 39783 43631 41875 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 2.380 2.380 2.380 pollen extract 2580 30 2490 2750 2620 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 2.550 2.550 2.550 pollen extract 9460 50 10501 11056 10648 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) Poz-31994 2.850 2.850 2.850 pollen extract 12150 60 13773 14130 13964 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 3.050 3.050 3.050 pollen extract 12880 70 15099 15605 15313 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 3.270 3.270 3.270 pollen extract 13800 60 16356 16906 16624 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 3.380 3.380 3.380 pollen extract 7440 50 8048 8350 8238 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 3.780 3.780 3.780 pollen extract 26960 150 30789 31220 31013 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) Poz-31995 4.210 4.210 4.210 pollen extract 12070 60 13742 14061 13883 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) Poz-31996 4.315 4.315 4.315 pollen extract 34000 500 36836 39554 38348 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 4.530 4.530 4.530 pollen extract 35300 600 38584 41119 39820 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 5.520 5.520 5.520 pollen extract 37600 600 40940 42769 41915 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 6.620 6.620 6.620 pollen extract 33900 500 36719 39416 38202 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 7.600 7.600 7.600 pollen extract 45000 2000 44973 50000 47797 Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 8.720 8.720 8.720 pollen extract 49000 3000 Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 9.790 9.790 9.790 pollen extract 52000 4000 Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 10.830 10.830 10.830 pollen extract >50000 ND Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 11.810 11.810 11.810 pollen extract 53000 4000 Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) Poz-35772 12.880 12.880 12.880 pollen extract >49000 ND Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Aroi ARO 06-01 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014) ND 13.800 13.800 13.800 pollen extract 49000 3000 44970 49997 47794 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-45907 0.760 0.760 0.760 pollen extract 190 30 0 285 178 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-31998 0.850 0.850 0.850 pollen extract 270 30 150 435 287 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Beta-397173 1.100 1.100 1.100 pollen extract 760 30 569 721 665 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-31999 1.250 1.250 1.250 pollen extract 1050 30 804 963 921 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Beta-397174 1.540 1.540 1.540 pollen extract 1730 30 1533 1700 1594 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-32000 1.750 1.750 1.750 pollen extract 2265 30 2155 2329 2232 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Beta-197175 1.840 1.840 1.840 pollen extract 2550 30 2463 2742 2589 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-35774 1.940 1.940 1.940 pollen extract 5070 40 5659 5896 5787 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-32002 2.250 2.250 2.250 pollen extract 9180 50 10206 10848 10303 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-32003 2.810 2.810 2.810 pollen extract 12420 60 14115 14814 14432 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-32004 3.250 3.250 3.250 pollen extract 13880 70 16456 17023 16748 Aroi ARO 08-02 Margalef (2014); Margalef et al. (2013, 2014); Rull et al. (2015) Poz-32005 3.750 3.750 3.750 pollen extract 30300 300 33794 34786 34282 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-29091 0.340 0.360 0.350 plant macroremains 9650 170 10420 11389 10930 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-43217 0.420 0.430 0.425 plant macroremains 492 43 338 548 505 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-43218 0.480 0.490 0.485 plant macroremains 6880 230 7289 8159 7702 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-43219 0.570 0.580 0.575 plant macroremains 1565 33 1322 1515 1404 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-29090 0.600 0.620 0.610 plant macroremains 1944 42 1731 1987 1848 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-43220 0.670 0.680 0.675 plant macroremains 1300 100 958 1341 1163 Aroi RA2 drive 3 Peteet et al. (2003) AA-29089 0.820 0.840 0.830 plant macroremains 13605 90 16050 16664 16343 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37403 0.500 0.500 0.500 seeds -1283 30 -43 -10 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37402 0.600 0.600 0.600 seeds 368 35 312 486 393 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37425 0.700 0.700 0.700 seeds 482 20 478 524 504 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-34429 0.800 0.800 0.800 seeds 824 40 662 764 706 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-38814 0.900 0.900 0.900 seeds -800 15 -51 -9 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37386 1.000 1.000 1.000 plant macroremains 1519 40 1298 1467 1359 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-38872 1.100 1.100 1.100 seeds 1369 25 1185 1298 1251 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-39387 1.200 1.200 1.200 seeds 1724 40 1512 1707 1591 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37401 1.300 1.300 1.300 seeds 3127 35 3180 3382 3291 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-38873 1.400 1.400 1.400 seeds 2314 25 2178 2351 2310 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-34859 1.500 1.500 1.500 seeds 8634 45 9490 9671 9551 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37503 1.655 1.655 1.655 bulk sediment 7634 25 8348 8430 8396 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-38878 1.900 1.900 1.900 seeds 2599 20 2501 2752 2718 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-34430 2.100 2.100 2.100 seeds 4855 45 5333 5647 5527 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37387 2.300 2.300 2.300 seeds/plant macroremains 9927 55 11196 11600 11295 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37389 2.700 2.700 2.700 seeds 10323 55 11802 12396 12031 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37388 3.100 3.100 3.100 seeds 10283 50 11722 12363 11939 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-34862 3.400 3.400 3.400 seeds 19814 95 23520 24078 23803 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37407 3.700 3.700 3.700 seeds 21950 120 25882 26433 26118 Aroi RA Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-34726 4.000 4.000 4.000 seeds 13306 75 15705 16196 15946 Aroi RAI Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37398 0.600 0.600 0.600 seeds 935 35 733 905 796 Aroi RAI Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37379 1.100 1.100 1.100 seeds 626 40 526 650 598 Aroi RAI Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-37380 1.600 1.600 1.600 seeds 840 40 665 773 713 Aroi RAI Horrocks et al. (2015) NZA-32804 2.110 2.110 2.110 seeds 1588 55 1317 1540 1439 Kao KAO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2422 1.800 2.000 1.900 ND 550 60 456 645 532 Kao KAO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2423 3.800 4.000 3.900 ND 1000 70 726 978 857 Kao KAO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2039 4.800 4.900 4.850 ND 1040 60 767 1052 888 Kao KAO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2424 7.250 7.500 7.375 ND 1360 50 1093 1309 1231 Kao KAO1 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1351 9.300 9.400 9.350 ND 990 70 723 967 851 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38317 1.200 1.200 1.200 seeds 890 10 728 772 750 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-34921 1.700 1.700 1.700 seeds 309 15 293 439 315 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38318 2.500 2.500 2.500 plant macroremains 674 45 549 663 606 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-40267 2.600 2.600 2.600 animal macroremains 3024 193 2745 3608 3150 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37012 2.700 2.700 2.700 seeds/plant macroremains 220 25 142 300 195 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38320 2.900 2.900 2.900 seeds/plant macroremains 727 70 547 729 635 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38319 3.300 3.300 3.300 plant macroremains 1280 210 731 1543 1142 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-33512 3.700 3.700 3.700 seeds 1620 150 1185 1829 1491 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38324 4.800 4.800 4.800 seeds 1029 15 809 932 906 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37011 7.100 7.100 7.100 seeds 918 25 728 900 773 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-34920 8.600 8.600 8.600 plant macroremains 1147 25 957 1061 1010 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38325 9.500 9.500 9.500 seeds/plant macroremains 1106 15 928 1041 953 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37003 10.400 10.400 10.400 seeds 1788 25 1588 1715 1652 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-40268 10.950 11.000 10.975 animal macroremains 2028 149 1608 2316 1951 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-40269 11.000 11.000 11.000 animal macroremains 3657 325 3158 4841 3963 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38879 11.000 11.000 11.000 seeds 1578 20 1363 1509 1412 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-40270 11.000 11.050 11.025 animal macroremains 3131 319 2465 4090 3284 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-38326 11.100 11.100 11.100 seeds 1361 15 1185 1292 1220 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-34914 12.200 12.200 12.200 seeds/plant macroremains 1886 30 1708 1867 1781 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37004 13.500 13.500 13.500 plant macroremains 2071 25 1922 2055 1975 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-33261 14.800 14.800 14.800 seeds 2361 40 2179 2484 2341 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37260 15.600 15.600 15.600 seeds 2697 35 2738 2849 2772 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37261 15.800 15.800 15.800 seeds 2785 35 2759 2941 2834 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37262 16.100 16.100 16.100 seeds 2869 35 2805 3064 2931 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37013 16.400 16.400 16.400 seeds 3017 25 3005 3236 3143 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-33680 16.600 16.600 16.600 seeds 3150 30 3215 3396 3313 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37007 16.800 16.800 16.800 seeds 3235 35 3274 3554 3416 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37263 17.200 17.200 17.200 seeds 3322 35 3400 3607 3509 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-33259 17.600 17.600 17.600 seeds 3297 80 3258 3691 3487 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-37264 17.900 17.900 17.900 seeds 2916 35 2875 3142 2998 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-33260 18.200 18.200 18.200 seeds 10830 240 11994 13145 12672 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-34986 19.100 19.100 19.100 bulk sediment 34260 440 37456 39807 38714 Kao 1 Horrocks et al. (2013) NZA-32805 20.000 20.000 20.000 seeds 20340 160 23985 24945 24397 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37242 1.700 1.700 1.700 seeds -646 30 -55 -8 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37243 2.800 2.800 2.800 seeds 389 30 323 491 399 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37214 3.400 3.400 3.400 seeds 188 25 0 283 182 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37248 4.300 4.300 4.300 seeds 377 30 320 486 394 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37247 5.000 5.000 5.000 seeds 1025 30 800 952 864 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37369 5.300 5.300 5.300 seeds 1971 40 1748 1997 1879 Kao 2 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-32806 5.800 5.800 5.800 seeds 1067 50 799 1054 930 Kao 3 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37251 3.600 3.600 3.600 seeds/plant macroremains 572 30 507 623 538 Kao 3 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37249 4.800 4.800 4.800 seeds/plant macroremains 414 30 325 501 451 Kao 3 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-32813 5.100 5.100 5.100 seeds 416 35 324 503 447 Kao 4 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37244 11.100 11.100 11.100 seeds/plant macroremains 1685 30 1430 1607 1546 Kao 4 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37246 11.300 11.300 11.300 seeds 1971 30 1753 1993 1879 Kao 4 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37245 11.500 11.500 11.500 seeds/plant macroremains 1684 30 1429 1607 1545 Kao 4 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37370 11.800 11.800 11.800 seeds 1994 40 1823 2004 1906 Kao 4 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-33513 12.000 12.000 12.000 seeds 3177 90 3078 3566 3341 Kao 5 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-33973 5.950 5.950 5.950 plant macroremains 386 40 319 492 400 Kao 5 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37372 7.250 7.250 7.250 seeds 5155 50 5726 5987 5834 Kao 5 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-32815 8.550 8.550 8.550 plant macroremains -297 35 -8 -6 Kao 5 Horrocks et al. (2012b) NZA-37371 8.550 8.550 8.550 seeds 2579 45 2443 2755 2608 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-18033 0.000 0.075 0.038 bulk sediment 312 40 154 459 370 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-17986 0.000 0.075 0.038 plant macroremains 191 40 0 289 171 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-18034 0.000 0.075 0.038 plant macroremains/pollen extract 824 40 662 764 706 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27729 0.780 0.810 0.795 plant macroremains ND ND 350 435 393 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-15461 1.290 1.315 1.303 plant macroremains/pollen extract 5753 62 6323 6662 6506 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27750 1.750 1.780 1.765 plant macroremains ND ND 660 676 668 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-15462 2.150 2.250 2.200 plant macroremains/pollen extract 1965 70 1705 2038 1869 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27727 2.450 2.500 2.475 plant macroremains ND ND 501 518 510 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27751 2.750 2.800 2.775 plant macroremains ND ND 475 505 490 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NUTA-3515 2.850 2.950 2.900 bulk sediment 1120 110 768 1264 991 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NUTA-3011 11.350 11.450 11.400 bulk sediment 890 110 566 959 776 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27752 12.550 12.600 12.575 plant macroremains ND ND 1825 1894 1860 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-15463 13.400 13.425 13.413 plant macroremains/pollen extract 2201 60 2012 2317 2165 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27753 14.070 14.100 14.085 plant macroremains ND ND 1887 1949 1918 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NUTA-3013 14.850 14.950 14.900 bulk sediment 1630 130 1272 1815 1495 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27754 15.950 16.000 15.975 plant macroremains ND ND 3721 3860 3791 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11603 16.750 16.850 16.800 plant macroremains 4009 60 4163 4782 4426 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11639 16.750 16.850 16.800 plant macroremains 5716 60 6315 6631 6461 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11638 16.750 16.850 16.800 plant macroremains/pollen extract 5975 60 6575 6941 6762 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NUTA-3516 17.850 17.950 17.900 bulk sediment 9510 160 10298 11193 10765 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11604 18.250 18.350 18.300 plant macroremains 8418 60 9147 9526 9391 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11640 18.250 18.350 18.300 plant macroremains 8498 60 9307 9543 9474 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-11641 18.250 18.350 18.300 pollen extract 8477 60 9304 9535 9456 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27755 19.100 19.130 19.115 plant macroremains ND ND 9532 9551 9542 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-27732 19.800 19.830 19.815 plant macroremains ND ND 9917 10184 10051 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NZA-15464 20.350 20.400 20.375 pollen extract 8726 65 9535 9889 9655 Kao KAO2 Flenley (1996); Butler & Flenley (2000); Butler et al. (2004): Butler & Flenley (2010) NUTA-3012 20.500 20.630 20.565 bulk sediment 9130 170 9695 10683 10241 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-132962 0.005 0.005 0.005 seeds 45 ND Error not provided in the original reference Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-132963 0.850 0.850 0.850 seeds 245 40 0 431 203 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-132964 1.200 1.200 1.200 seeds 545 35 499 553 527 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-132965 1.950 1.950 1.950 seeds 605 30 520 633 555 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-125890 12.650 12.650 12.650 seeds 1200 35 965 1176 1051 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123153 12.750 12.750 12.750 pollen extract 2480 60 2353 2711 2520 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123142 12.980 12.980 12.980 seeds 1340 35 1107 1298 1225 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123143 13.310 13.310 13.310 seeds 1320 30 1093 1278 1220 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-125893 14.080 14.080 14.080 seeds 1335 30 1113 1293 1225 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123145 15.020 15.020 15.020 seeds 1885 35 1705 1873 1781 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123154 15.020 15.020 15.020 pollen extract 1910 130 1518 2148 1806 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-125891 15.860 15.860 15.860 seeds 2870 120 2743 3326 2968 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123155 15.970 15.970 15.970 pollen extract 2890 130 2747 3341 2994 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-135732 17.000 17.000 17.000 seeds 3440 35 3513 3823 3644 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-135734 17.000 17.000 17.000 seeds 3435 40 3484 3823 3638 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-135733 17.020 17.020 17.020 seeds 6385 45 7169 7415 7277 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123147 17.040 17.040 17.040 seeds 3470 70 3482 3868 3688 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123156 17.040 17.040 17.040 pollen extract 3555 35 3648 3894 3781 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-135731 17.080 17.080 17.080 seeds 3185 40 3238 3452 3364 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123157 17.800 17.800 17.800 pollen extract 7470 100 8027 8403 8245 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123219 17.810 17.810 17.810 seeds 8370 320 8541 10157 9273 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123148 18.920 18.920 18.920 seeds 9210 100 10170 10649 10359 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123158 18.920 18.920 18.920 pollen extract 7730 210 8043 9014 8524 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123149 20.270 20.270 20.270 seeds 9320 70 10253 10635 10456 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123159 20.270 20.270 20.270 pollen extract 8270 110 8795 9489 9204 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123160 20.720 20.720 20.720 pollen extract 7610 200 7970 8972 8379 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123150 20.720 20.720 20.720 seeds 9690 400 9928 12405 11043 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-123151 20.770 20.770 20.770 seeds 11030 130 12696 13087 12879 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) NZA-23878 21.000 21.000 21.000 seeds 11017 45 12724 12980 12825 Kao KAO3 (KAO05-3A) Gossen (2007, 2011) CAMS-136170 21.500 21.500 21.500 seeds 12930 50 15181 15623 15385 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5790 1.060 1.060 1.060 pollen extract 305 15 289 438 312 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5792 1.250 1.250 1.250 pollen extract 290 15 283 424 304 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5789 1.410 1.410 1.410 pollen extract 355 20 312 452 392 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5791 1.600 1.600 1.600 pollen extract 470 20 468 516 499 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5872 1.960 1.960 1.960 pollen extract 695 15 563 658 597 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5821 2.160 2.160 2.160 pollen extract 885 20 689 791 748 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5874 2.470 2.470 2.470 pollen extract 5060 20 5658 5891 5755 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5817 2.710 2.710 2.710 pollen extract 1060 20 823 962 934 Kao KAO08-03 Rull et al. (2018) ULA-5873 2.970 2.970 2.970 pollen extract 1165 15 968 1059 1017 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2425 0.900 1.000 0.950 ND 480 60 324 552 487 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1553 1.150 1.250 1.200 ND 6850 50 7571 7751 7646 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1679 1.650 1.750 1.700 ND 7770 90 8360 8768 8517 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2426 2.100 2.200 2.150 ND 8060 70 8633 9088 8872 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2427 3.650 3.750 3.700 ND 11300 170 12766 13424 13113 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1554 4.700 4.800 4.750 ND 11970 140 13466 14099 13771 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2428 6.700 6.850 6.775 ND 18880 190 22334 23199 22718 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1555 7.700 7.800 7.750 ND 20780 350 24132 25736 24953 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2429 10.850 10.950 10.900 ND 23760 250 27435 28344 27830 Raraku RRA3 Flenley (1979); Flenley & King (1984); Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-1352 12.350 12.450 12.400 ND 35260 925 37639 41694 39746 Raraku RRA4 Flenley et al. (1991) Beta-10102 6.300 6.400 6.350 ND 7650 120 8162 8691 8413 Raraku RRA4 Flenley et al. (1991) Beta-10103 7.200 7.320 7.260 ND 9000 150 9563 10415 10030 Raraku RRA4 Flenley et al. (1991) Beta-10101 13.500 13.600 13.550 ND 13770 480 15220 17891 16582 Raraku RRA4 Flenley et al. (1991) SRR-2554 13.880 13.990 13.935 ND 13810 140 16218 17081 16646 Raraku SW Dumont et al. (1998) ND 130.000 135.000 132.500 plant macroremains ND ND 528 648 588 Radiocarbon dates not provided in the original reference Raraku SW Dumont et al. (1998) GIF A 92327 165.000 165.000 165.000 bulk sediment 16090 170 18925 19791 19356 Raraku SW Dumont et al. (1998) GIF A 92328 220.000 220.000 220.000 bulk sediment 24590 310 27899 29249 28575 Raraku RRA5 Azizi & Flenley (2008) NZA-22678 6.880 6.880 6.880 pollen extract 10465 65 12028 12549 12273 Raraku RRA5 Azizi & Flenley (2008) NZA-22831 9.700 9.700 9.700 pollen extract 14788 75 17703 18163 17943 Raraku RRA5 Azizi & Flenley (2008) NZA-22832 11.650 11.650 11.650 pollen extract 22360 150 26161 27060 26582 Raraku RRA5 Azizi & Flenley (2008) NZA-22833 13.250 13.250 13.250 pollen extract 27650 240 31036 31911 31398 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-131055 13.000 14.000 13.500 seeds 830 40 665 767 708 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) CAMS-78688 16.000 18.000 17.000 pollen extract 3880 40 4097 4411 4249 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) CAMS-78689 19.500 21.000 20.250 pollen extract 3850 40 4013 4406 4201 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-135105 33.000 35.000 34.000 seeds 4380 50 4826 5212 4921 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-143721 75.000 76.000 75.500 seeds 5200 50 5744 6167 5915 Raraku 1 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-131056 96.000 97.000 96.500 seeds 5590 40 6279 6433 6346 Raraku 2 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-135106 14.000 15.000 14.500 seeds 260 40 0 441 218 Raraku 2 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-135107 17.000 18.000 17.500 seeds 560 40 499 626 534 Raraku 2 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-135108 24.000 25.000 24.500 seeds 4320 40 4651 4970 4849 Raraku 2 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-143722 50.000 51.000 50.500 seeds 5210 50 5747 6172 5926 Raraku 2 Mann et al. (2008) Beta-135109 93.000 95.000 94.000 seeds 6770 50 7499 7675 7594 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37803 0.100 0.100 0.100 seeds 1884 50 1614 1899 1780 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37802 0.200 0.200 0.200 seeds 1167 50 932 1175 1024 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37804 0.400 0.400 0.400 seeds 93 45 Invalid age for calibration (SHcal13, IntCal13) Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37005 0.600 0.600 0.600 seeds 561 20 513 550 534 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37006 0.800 0.800 0.800 seeds 587 30 513 628 545 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37008 0.900 0.900 0.900 seeds 1881 25 1713 1831 1779 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37014 1.000 1.000 1.000 seeds 8938 35 9798 10191 10031 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37010 1.700 1.700 1.700 seeds 21730 100 25757 26124 25941 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-37939 2.000 2.000 2.000 seeds 29170 250 32693 33847 33322 Raraku Lake Horrocks et al. (2012a) NZA-32811 2.250 2.250 2.250 seeds 24210 190 27813 28621 28205 Raraku RAR01 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18688 ND ND ND pollen extract 13950 70 16550 17121 16854 Raraku RAR01 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19930 0.370 0.370 0.370 pollen extract 975 30 774 920 852 Raraku RAR02 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19933 0.250 0.250 0.250 pollen extract 795 35 579 736 690 Raraku RAR02 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19931 ND ND ND pollen extract 2580 40 2469 2753 2614 Raraku RAR02 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18743 ND ND ND pollen extract 18180 120 21651 22329 21993 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-20530 0.170 0.170 0.170 plant macroremains -692 29 -54 3 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19934 0.200 0.200 0.200 pollen extract 3025 35 3004 3326 3155 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24023 0.300 0.300 0.300 plant macroremains -910 29 -50 8 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-33774 0.540 0.540 0.540 pollen extract 4080 40 4416 4799 4514 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24024 0.800 0.800 0.800 plant macroremains 0 32 -5 3 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-33775 1.280 1.280 1.280 plant macroremains 4670 40 5083 5573 5397 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24025 1.550 1.550 1.550 plant macroremains 490 35 455 541 506 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-20571 1.850 1.850 1.850 plant macroremains 5030 40 5606 5891 5717 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19935 2.300 2.300 2.300 pollen extract 5450 40 6019 6297 6222 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24026 2.850 2.850 2.850 plant macroremains 3640 35 3730 4074 3905 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24027 3.550 3.550 3.550 plant macroremains 6170 40 6898 7160 7020 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24030 4.140 4.140 4.140 plant macroremains 6620 50 7420 7573 7482 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18689 4.650 4.650 4.650 pollen extract 6960 40 7664 7911 7748 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24031 5.340 5.340 5.340 plant macroremains 7410 50 8038 8326 8189 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-24032 6.150 6.150 6.150 plant macroremains 7930 50 8582 8979 8712 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18690 6.830 6.830 6.830 pollen extract 8010 40 8649 8994 8841 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18691 7.330 7.330 7.330 pollen extract 8340 50 9128 9453 9309 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19936 8.350 8.350 8.350 pollen extract 9810 60 10873 11312 11195 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18693 10.390 10.390 10.390 pollen extract 10430 50 12026 12425 12230 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18694 11.250 11.250 11.250 pollen extract 11020 50 12724 12989 12834 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18696 13.390 13.390 13.390 pollen extract 13570 70 16047 16560 16291 Raraku RAR03 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18695 13.590 13.590 13.590 pollen extract 14010 70 16622 17209 16949 Raraku RAR04 Sáez et el. (2009) Poz-18697 ND ND ND pollen extract 4535 35 4978 5301 5162 Raraku RAR05 Sáez et el. (2009) Poz-19937 ND ND ND pollen extract -273 31 -8 -6 Raraku RAR05 Sáez et el. (2009) Poz-18699 ND ND ND pollen extract 5660 40 6306 6484 6393 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18700 ND ND ND pollen extract 7940 50 8591 8979 8727 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18701 ND ND ND pollen extract 8680 40 9531 9693 9594 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18703 13.080 13.080 13.080 pollen extract 13010 60 15266 15748 15503 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18704 13.280 13.280 13.280 pollen extract 13500 50 15983 16405 16193 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19938 15.270 15.270 15.270 pollen extract 18850 130 22409 22989 22676 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-19939 16.950 16.950 16.950 pollen extract 24340 230 27845 28771 28324 Raraku RAR07 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2012) Poz-18705 18.970 18.970 18.970 pollen extract 30060 240 33698 34547 34088 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-42955 0.040 0.040 0.040 pollen extract -539 29 -58 12 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-42957 0.090 0.090 0.090 pollen extract -82 28 -7 -6 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Beta-316585 0.110 0.110 0.110 pollen extract 380 30 322 486 395 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-32007 0.130 0.130 0.130 pollen extract 505 30 490 541 512 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-42958 0.170 0.170 0.170 pollen extract 840 30 671 761 710 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Beta-316586 0.180 0.180 0.180 pollen extract 780 30 576 728 677 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Beta-316587 0.190 0.190 0.190 pollen extract 1180 30 959 1160 1021 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-42959 0.210 0.210 0.210 pollen extract 2120 35 1933 2152 2053 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Beta-316588 0.230 0.230 0.230 pollen extract 2970 30 2958 3179 3075 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-19940 0.250 0.250 0.250 pollen extract 2160 30 2007 2298 2100 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-42960 0.290 0.290 0.290 pollen extract 4800 35 5328 5589 5511 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-32120 0.410 0.410 0.410 pollen extract 4530 45 4971 5306 5151 Raraku RAR08 Sáez et al. (2009); Cañellas-Boltà (2014); Cañellas-Boltà et al. (2013) Poz-18706 ND ND ND pollen extract 5910 40 6558 6790 6689