# Central and Northeast India 1000 Year Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:11937 # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611 # # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/india/jhumar-wah-shikar2011.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Speleothems #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2011-08 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Central and Northeast India 1000 Year Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Sinha, A.; Berkelhammer, M.; Stott, L.D.; Mudelsee, M.; Cheng, H.; Biswas, J. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Stalagmite oxygen isotope (d18O) data from two caves located in central and northeast India, plus a composite Core Monsoon Zone stalagmite d18O record, composed of Jhumar Cave d18O data combined with previously published Dandak Cave d18O data. #The instrumentally calibrated stalagmite oxygen isotope record (JHU-1) from Jhumar Cave in Central India provides a millennial length (AD 1075 to 2007) history of monsoon rainfall variations over the core monsoon zone of India (CMZ). The record contains 642 oxygen isotope measurements with an average temporal resolution of 1.45 years and its chronology is established by counting annual growth layers. A maximum uncertainty of ~10 years at the bottom of the stalagmite is inferred from multiple counts of growth laminae. A suite of 230Th dates were also obtained to test the annual nature of the laminations (Table S2). While all 230Th ages fall on or near the slope that describe the laminae-based age model, we did not use 230Th dates in constructing the age model because of high detrital thorium of JHU-1 stalagmite, which produced substantially large error in 230Th dates (2 sigma > 200 years). #The multicentennial-length (AD 1399 to 2007) speleothem d18O record (WS-B) from Wah Shikar Cave in northeast India is established by 625 d18O measurements with an average temporal resolution of 0.97 years (Table S1). The record provides a history of monsoon rainfall variations over northeast India (NEI). The age model for the WS-B stalagmite is developed from seven 230Th dates, which are in correct stratigraphic order, with 2 sigma error ranging from 28 to 70 years (Table S2). Four additional 230Th dates produced unreasonably high error (> 100 years) and were subsequently discarded. The age model is developed by linearly interpolating between individual dates except for the segment between the bottom two dates where we calculated the age at the bottom of the stalagmite by extrapolating the age-depth curve from two prior better-constrained dates. #The Jhumar Cave stalagmite d18O data provides a history of monsoon rainfall variations over the core monsoon zone of India (CMZ). The record complements our previously reported millennial-length (AD 625 to 1562), absolute-dated oxygen isotope record (DAN-D) from Dandak Cave (Berkelhammer et al., 2009; Sinha et al, 2007), which is located ~20 km west of Jhumar Cave. Both oxygen isotope time series were linearly interpolated to an annual timescale and averaged (over the period of overlap) to produce a composite oxygen isotope record that provides a continuous history of the CMZ's monsoon rainfall variations over the past ~1400 years (AD 2007-625) (Table S1). The composite record captures nearly every major drought during the instrumental period as well as historic failures of monsoon, including extended intervals of substantially weaker monsoon during the 14th and 17th century. The latter are independently corroborated by historical accounts and other regional proxy records. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Sinha, A.; Berkelhammer, M.; Stott, L.D.; Mudelsee, M.; Cheng, H.; Biswas, J. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2011 # Published_Title: The leading mode of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation variability during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 38 # Edition: # Issue: L15703 # Pages: # DOI: 10.1029/2011GL047713 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: Sinha, A., M. Berkelhammer, L. Stott, M. Mudelsee, H. Cheng, and J. Biswas. 2011. The leading mode of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation variability during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L15703, doi:10.1029/2011GL047713 # Abstract: The "internally" generated intraseasonal variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon is characterized by intermittent periods of enhanced ("active") and deficient ("break") precipitation, which produce a quasi east-west precipitation dipole over the Indian subcontinent. Here we present multicentennial-length and near annually-resolved reconstructions of monsoon precipitation, inferred from absolute-dated and instrumentally calibrated speleothem oxygen isotope records from regions (central and northeast India) that have diametric responses to active-break monsoon circulation patterns. On centennial timescales (AD 1400-2008), precipitation variability from these two regions exhibit opposing behavior, oscillating between periods with a persistently "active-dominated" (AD ~1700 to 2007) and a "break- dominated" (AD 1400 to ~1700) regime. The switch between these regimes occurs abruptly (within decades) at a time (AD ~1650-1700) when a proxy record of upwelling intensity from the Arabian Sea suggest an abrupt increase in the monsoon winds. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that the frequency distribution of active-break periods varies on centennial timescales, implying a leading role of internal dynamics in governing the ISM response to slowly-evolving changes in the external boundary conditions. #------------------ # Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database # Journal_Name: Data Science Journal # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal. # Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR). The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series. They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation. A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project. The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables. Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: ATM 0823554 #------------------ # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant:AGS-1304263 # Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration # Grant:NA14OAR4310176 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Wah Shikar Cave, Northeast India # Location: Asia>Southcentral Asia>India # Country: India # Northernmost_Latitude: 25.25 # Southernmost_Latitude: 25.25 # Easternmost_Longitude: 91.8667 # Westernmost_Longitude: 91.8667 # Elevation: 1290 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: 11indi02a # Earliest_Year: 1399 # Most_Recent_Year: 2006 # Time_Unit: y_ad # Core_Length: m # Notes: {"database":"LMR"} Stalagmite WS-B #------------------ # Chronology: Stalagmite U-Th data for stalagmite WS-B # #Table S2: U-Th data for WS-B. #Sample 238U 232Th 230Th / 232Th d234U* 230Th / 238U 230Th Age (yr) 230Th Age (yr,BP230Th Age (AD)** # Number (ppb) (ppt) (atomic x10-6) (measured) (activity) (uncorrected) (corrected) (corrected ) # #Sample WS-B #WS-B-1 135.3�0.2 454�9 9�3 #WSB-T 192.8�0.2 6140�120 9.7�0.3 #WS-B-9 247.3�0.4 227000�4000 9.0�0.2 #WS-B-10 331.2�0.7 333000�7000 8.8�0.2 #WS-B-11 444.2�0.8 228000�5000 9.2�0.2 #WS-B-90m 278.3�0.6 22700�500 9.9�0.2 # #WS-B-13m 180.0�0.3 2440�50 12.1�0.4 81�2 0.0100�0.0003 1009�30 200�120 1750�120 #WS-B-2 190.3�0.3 284�6 31�5 83�2 0.0028�0.0005 285�50 144�50 1806�50 #WS-B-3 188.1�0.2 870�20 19�2 83�2 0.0053�0.0006 539�60 224�70 1726�70 #WS-B-4 200.2�0.3 1130�20 18�2 86�2 0.0062�0.0006 623�60 255�70 1695�70 #WS-B-30m 260.5�0.4 14300�300 10.5�0.2 73�2 0.0350�0.0003 3613�40 470�500 1480�500 #WS-B-5 293.1�0.5 1750�40 21�1 96�2 0.0077�0.0003 768�30 385�60 1565�60 #WS-B-43m 307.2�0.5 8400�200 12.0�0.3 87�2 0.0199�0.0002 2010�20 440�240 1510�240 #WS-B-6 244.0�0.4 2360�50 18�1 75�2 0.0104�0.0005 1055�60 460�100 1490�100 #WS-B-7 344.9�0.7 670�20 53�2 82�2 0.0063�0.0003 634�30 467�30 1483�30 #WSB-66mm 364.1�0.6 1000�20 40�1 70�2 0.0067�0.0001 685�20 473�30 1477�28 #WS-B-8 253.4�0.3 5500�100 13.1�0.4 69�2 0.0174�0.0004 1786�40 510�200 1440�200 #WS-B-90 271.4�0.4 3060�60 18.2�0.6 67�2 0.0125�0.0004 1280�40 590�110 1360�110 # # #*d234U = ([234U/238U]activity x 1)x1000. ** d234Uinitial was calculated based on 230Th age (T), i.e., d234Uinitial = d234Umeasured x el234xT. #**BP stands for Before Present where the Present is defined as the year 1950 A.D. #Dates (in italics) were not used in the age model because of their large uncertainties. # Corrected 230Th ages for sample WS-B assume the initial 230Th/232Th atomic ratio of 9 �1 x10-6. This correction is based on a virtually identical #230Th/232 ratio of detrital materials measured at various depths (i.e., WSB-1, -T, -9, 10, -11 and -90mm). When applied the correction, all dates are #in stratigraphic order within errors, further validating this correction.# # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##age age, , , years AD, , , , ,N ##d18O delta 18 Oxygen,,,permil VPDB,,Speleothems,,,N #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: NAN # age d18O 2006.7 -5.456 2005.3 -5.131 2004.0 -5.207 2002.6 -5.231 2001.3 -5.512 1999.9 -5.228 1998.6 -5.41 1997.2 -5.513 1995.9 -5.17 1994.8 -5.267 1993.7 -5.35 1992.6 -5.508 1991.6 -5.44 1990.5 -5.515 1989.4 -5.635 1988.3 -5.719 1987.3 -5.88 1986.2 -5.992 1985.1 -5.595 1984.0 -5.845 1983.0 -5.747 1981.9 -5.873 1980.8 -5.69 1979.7 -5.51 1978.4 -5.173 1977.0 -5.121 1975.7 -5.156 1974.3 -5.222 1973.0 -5.201 1971.6 -5.276 1970.3 -5.21 1968.9 -5.301 1967.6 -5.343 1966.3 -5.24 1964.9 -5.244 1963.6 -5.283 1962.3 -5.318 1961.1 -5.411 1959.9 -5.427 1958.7 -5.595 1957.5 -5.275 1956.3 -5.29 1955.1 -5.333 1953.1 -5.524 1951.0 -5.96 1949.0 -5.64 1947.0 -5.407 1945.0 -5.555 1943.0 -5.288 1940.9 -5.25 1939.2 -5.196 1937.4 -5.23 1935.7 -5.322 1933.9 -5.355 1932.2 -5.472 1930.4 -5.501 1928.7 -5.602 1926.9 -5.487 1925.2 -5.307 1923.4 -5.03 1921.7 -5.01 1919.9 -5.02 1918.2 -5.11 1916.4 -5.105 1914.7 -5.182 1912.9 -5.241 1911.2 -5.444 1909.4 -5.591 1907.7 -5.687 1905.9 -5.738 1904.8 -5.656 1903.8 -5.684 1902.7 -5.92 1901.5 -5.981 1900.4 -5.949 1899.3 -5.697 1898.3 -5.557 1897.2 -5.538 1896.1 -5.69 1895.0 -5.662 1893.9 -5.617 1892.9 -5.523 1891.8 -5.434 1890.7 -5.335 1889.6 -5.104 1888.6 -5.307 1886.4 -5.203 1884.3 -5.378 1882.1 -5.428 1879.9 -5.706 1877.8 -5.794 1875.6 -5.691 1874.4 -5.446 1873.2 -5.49 1872.0 -5.746 1870.8 -5.339 1869.6 -5.318 1868.4 -5.395 1867.1 -5.479 1865.9 -5.741 1864.7 -5.662 1863.5 -5.461 1862.3 -5.376 1861.1 -5.165 1859.9 -5.149 1858.7 -5.201 1857.5 -5.202 1857.2 -5.207 1855.8 -5.287 1854.5 -5.506 1853.1 -5.694 1851.8 -5.368 1850.4 -5.72 1849.1 -5.231 1847.7 -5.814 1846.4 -5.229 1844.6 -5.661 1842.9 -5.518 1841.1 -5.291 1839.4 -5.232 1837.6 -5.267 1835.9 -5.747 1834.1 -5.888 1832.3 -5.866 1830.6 -5.805 1828.8 -5.857 1827.1 -6.088 1825.3 -6.173 1823.6 -5.967 1821.8 -6.071 1820.1 -6.005 1818.3 -5.878 1816.6 -5.903 1814.8 -5.829 1813.1 -5.671 1811.3 -5.804 1809.6 -5.528 1807.8 -5.252 1806.1 -5.286 1804.4 -5.278 1802.6 -5.03 1800.9 -5.12 1799.2 -5.132 1797.4 -5.321 1795.7 -5.245 1794.0 -5.149 1791.3 -5.141 1790.0 -5.143 1788.7 -5.191 1787.3 -5.755 1786.0 -5.652 1784.7 -5.503 1783.3 -5.492 1782.0 -5.656 1780.7 -5.808 1779.3 -5.443 1776.7 -5.663 1775.3 -5.605 1774.0 -5.485 1772.7 -5.308 1770.0 -5.359 1767.3 -5.582 1766.0 -5.093 1764.7 -5.316 1763.3 -5.442 1762.0 -5.351 1760.7 -5.379 1759.3 -5.163 1758.0 -5.228 1756.7 -5.52 1755.3 -6.012 1754.0 -6.05 1752.7 -5.724 1751.3 -5.773 1750.0 -5.856 1748.7 -5.802 1747.3 -5.58 1746.0 -5.646 1744.7 -5.545 1743.3 -5.492 1742.0 -5.355 1740.7 -5.35 1739.3 -5.476 1738.2 -5.451 1737.1 -5.914 1736.0 -5.505 1734.9 -5.281 1733.8 -5.029 1732.7 -5.229 1731.6 -5.345 1730.5 -5.185 1729.4 -4.884 1728.2 -4.779 1727.1 -4.658 1726.0 -4.811 1725.3 -5.117 1724.9 -5.405 1724.5 -5.843 1724.2 -5.545 1723.8 -5.239 1723.4 -5.45 1723.1 -5.239 1722.7 -5.291 1722.3 -5.054 1722.0 -5.188 1721.6 -5.651 1721.2 -5.507 1720.9 -5.524 1720.5 -5.644 1720.1 -5.234 1719.8 -5.082 1719.4 -5.249 1719.0 -5.118 1718.7 -5.14 1718.3 -5.358 1717.9 -5.128 1717.6 -5.037 1717.2 -4.729 1716.8 -4.743 1715.7 -4.804 1715.3 -4.74 1715.0 -4.92 1714.6 -4.848 1714.2 -4.825 1713.9 -4.841 1713.5 -4.902 1713.1 -5.063 1712.8 -5.165 1712.4 -5.101 1712.0 -5.329 1711.7 -6.043 1711.3 -5.831 1710.9 -6.401 1710.6 -6.492 1710.2 -6.555 1709.1 -6.558 1708.3 -6.144 1707.8 -5.854 1707.4 -5.718 1707.0 -5.808 1706.5 -6.047 1706.1 -6.271 1705.6 -6.144 1705.2 -5.901 1704.7 -6.142 1704.3 -5.505 1703.4 -5.743 1702.5 -6.061 1702.1 -5.939 1701.6 -5.978 1701.2 -5.136 1700.8 -5.078 1700.3 -5.451 1699.9 -5.452 1699.4 -5.414 1699.0 -5.908 1698.5 -5.542 1697.7 -5.808 1697.2 -6.071 1696.8 -5.974 1696.3 -6.205 1695.4 -6.292 1695.0 -6.029 1694.0 -5.87 1693.0 -5.973 1692.0 -6.16 1691.0 -5.899 1690.0 -5.465 1689.0 -5.886 1688.0 -5.738 1687.0 -5.566 1686.0 -5.64 1685.0 -5.471 1684.0 -5.351 1683.0 -5.718 1682.0 -5.53 1681.0 -5.739 1680.0 -5.657 1678.0 -6.017 1677.0 -5.786 1676.0 -5.532 1674.0 -5.424 1673.0 -5.582 1671.0 -5.423 1670.0 -5.363 1669.0 -5.41 1668.0 -5.65 1667.0 -5.558 1666.0 -5.318 1665.0 -5.769 1664.0 -5.765 1662.0 -6.302 1660.0 -5.894 1659.0 -5.662 1658.0 -6.578 1657.0 -6.398 1656.0 -6.335 1655.0 -6.03 1653.0 -6.322 1652.0 -6.296 1651.0 -6.746 1650.0 -6.467 1649.0 -6.604 1648.0 -6.947 1647.0 -6.898 1646.0 -6.789 1645.0 -6.852 1644.0 -6.978 1643.0 -6.975 1642.0 -6.992 1641.0 -6.686 1640.0 -6.69 1639.0 -6.56 1638.0 -6.456 1637.0 -6.648 1636.0 -6.644 1635.0 -7.241 1632.0 -7.118 1631.0 -7.017 1630.0 -6.894 1629.0 -6.745 1628.0 -6.305 1627.0 -5.685 1626.0 -5.763 1625.0 -5.608 1624.0 -6.253 1623.0 -6.349 1622.0 -6.245 1621.0 -6.437 1620.0 -6.547 1619.0 -6.37 1618.0 -5.462 1616.0 -5.644 1615.0 -6.24 1614.0 -6.575 1613.0 -5.764 1612.0 -6.219 1611.0 -6.118 1610.0 -6.654 1609.0 -6.357 1608.0 -6.305 1607.0 -5.768 1606.0 -5.578 1605.0 -5.562 1604.0 -5.817 1603.0 -5.85 1602.0 -5.924 1601.0 -5.612 1600.0 -5.627 1598.0 -5.406 1597.0 -5.748 1595.0 -5.494 1594.0 -5.977 1593.0 -6.09 1592.0 -6.03 1591.0 -6.416 1590.0 -5.881 1589.0 -5.868 1588.0 -6.233 1587.0 -5.77 1586.0 -5.767 1585.0 -6.359 1584.0 -6.237 1583.0 -6.066 1582.0 -6.183 1580.0 -6.17 1579.0 -6.203 1578.0 -6.176 1577.0 -6.23 1576.0 -5.787 1575.0 -6.413 1574.0 -6.232 1573.0 -6.221 1572.0 -5.968 1570.0 -5.664 1568.0 -5.573 1567.0 -6.244 1565.0 -5.989 1564.3 -5.747 1564.0 -6.581 1563.6 -6.796 1562.6 -6.887 1562.2 -7.06 1561.9 -6.893 1561.5 -6.862 1560.8 -6.939 1560.5 -6.819 1560.1 -6.518 1559.8 -6.246 1559.5 -6.487 1559.1 -6.495 1558.8 -6.369 1558.4 -6.375 1558.1 -6.253 1557.7 -6.268 1557.4 -6.644 1557.0 -6.693 1556.7 -6.663 1556.3 -6.347 1556.0 -6.468 1555.6 -6.617 1555.3 -6.624 1554.9 -6.745 1554.6 -6.742 1554.2 -6.56 1553.9 -6.404 1553.5 -6.179 1553.2 -6.392 1552.8 -6.649 1552.5 -6.81 1552.1 -6.207 1551.8 -5.789 1551.4 -5.669 1550.7 -5.561 1550.4 -5.662 1550.0 -5.697 1549.7 -5.68 1549.3 -5.629 1549.0 -5.559 1547.6 -6.361 1546.9 -6.464 1546.2 -6.501 1545.5 -6.265 1544.8 -6.244 1544.1 -6.529 1543.4 -6.722 1542.7 -6.948 1542.0 -6.804 1541.3 -6.607 1540.6 -6.31 1539.9 -6.21 1539.2 -6.124 1538.5 -6.471 1537.8 -6.512 1537.1 -6.257 1536.4 -5.735 1535.7 -6.137 1535.0 -5.647 1534.3 -5.768 1533.6 -5.616 1532.9 -5.8 1532.2 -5.641 1531.5 -5.717 1530.8 -5.557 1530.1 -5.52 1529.4 -5.517 1528.7 -5.654 1528.0 -5.584 1527.3 -5.734 1526.7 -6.178 1526.0 -6.243 1525.3 -6.205 1524.6 -6.277 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