2,000 Year Decadal Scale Arctic Temperature Synthesis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: 2,000 Year Decadal Scale Arctic Temperature Synthesis ARCHIVE DATE: 9/2009 UPDATED: 10/2009 (Corrections/revisions made to 7 of the proxy records) UPDATED: 2/2010 (Corrections/revisions made to 1 of the proxy records) UPDATED: 3/2010 (Addition of Reconstructed Arctic summer temperature) CONTRIBUTOR: Darrell S. Kaufman, Northern Arizona University IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-094 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Kaufman, D.S., et al. 2009. 2,000 Year Decadal Scale Arctic Temperature Synthesis. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-094. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Kaufman, D.S., Schneider, D.P., McKay, N.P., Ammann, C.M., Bradley, R.S., Briffa K.R., Miller, G.H., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Overpeck, J.T., Vinther, B.M., Arctic Lakes 2k Project Members (Abbott, M., Axford, Y., Bird, B., Birks, H.J.B., Bjune, A.E., Briner, J., Cook, T., Chipman, M., Francus, P., Gajewski, K., Geirsdóttir, Á., Hu, F.S., Kutchko, B., Lamoureux, S., Loso, M., MacDonald, G., Peros, M., Porinchu, D., Schiff, C., Seppä, H., Thomas, E.). 2009. Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling. Science, Vol. 325, pp. 1236-1239, 4 September 2009. DOI: 10.1126/science.1173983 ABSTRACT: The temperature history of the first millennium C.E. is sparsely documented, especially in the Arctic. We present a synthesis of decadally resolved proxy temperature records from poleward of 60°N covering the past 2000 years, which indicates that a pervasive cooling in progress 2000 years ago continued through the Middle Ages and into the Little Ice Age. A 2000-year transient climate simulation with the Community Climate System Model shows the same temperature sensitivity to changes in insolation as does our proxy reconstruction, supporting the inference that this long-term trend was caused by the steady orbitally driven reduction in summer insolation. The cooling trend was reversed during the 20th century, with four of the five warmest decades of our 2000-year-long reconstruction occurring between 1950 and 2000. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Arctic, North of 60°N PERIOD OF RECORD: 5 - 1995 AD FUNDING SOURCES: US National Science Foundation Arctic System Science Program, grants ARC-0455043 (D.S.K.), 0454959 (R.S.B.), 0455025 (G.H.M.), 0450938 (J.T.O.), and 0454930 (B.L.O.-B.)]. DESCRIPTION: Synthesis of 23 decadally resolved proxy temperature records from poleward of 60°N, covering the past 2000 years. PC1 r values revised 10/09 Reconstructed Arctic summer temperature calculation added 3/2010, based on the calibration equation T=(Mean NormalizedProxy-0.857)/1.936 Table S1. Paleoclimate proxy records included in this synthesis, listed from west to east. Map# Site name General location Proxy type* PC1 r-value Length(AD)† Source 1 Blue Lake N Alaska Varves - thickness - 730 - 2000 Bird et al. (S15) 2 Hallet Lake Alaska Sediment - BSi 0.22 1 - 2000 McKay et al. (S16) 3 Gulf of Alaska S Alaska Tree rings (RCS) - 720 - 2000 D’Arrigo et al. (S1) 4 Iceberg Lake Alaska Varves - thickness - 460 - 2000 Loso (S17) 5 Devon Ice Cap Devon Is Ice - isotopes 0.58 1 - 1980 Fisher (S18) 6 Lake C2 Ellesmere Is Varves 0.44 1 - 2000 Lamoureux & Bradley (S19) 7 Agassiz Ice Cap Baffin Island Ice - isotopes 0.46 1 - 1980 Vinther et al. (S20)‡ 8 Lower Murray Lake Ellesmere Is Varves -0.05 1 - 2000 Cook et al. (S21) 9 Big Round Lake Baffin Is Varves - 980 - 2000 Thomas & Briner (S22) 10 Donard Lake Baffin Island Varves - 750- 2000 Moore et al. (S23) 11 SFL4 W Greenland Sediment - OM 0.68 1 - 1940 Willemse & Törnqvist (S24) 12 DYE-3 S Greenland Ice - isotopes 0.59 1 - 1980 Andersen et al. (S25) ¶ 13 NGRIP N Greenland Ice - isotopes 0.49 1 - 2000 NGRIP members (S26) ‡ 14 GRIP Central Greenland Ice - isotopes 0.48 1 - 1990 Johnsen et al. (S27) 15 Crete Central Greenland Ice - isotopes - 550 - 1980 Clausen et al. (S28) 16 Renland SE Greenland Ice - isotopes 0.45 1 - 1990 Vinther et al. (S20)‡ 17 Haukadalsvatn SW Iceland Sediment - BSi & OM -0.32 1 - 2000 Geirsdóttir et al. (S29) 18 Fennoscandia Fennoscandia Tree rings 0.21 1 - 2000 Briffa et al. (S30) 19 Lake Nautajärvi Finland Varves - organic cont. - 1 - 1800§ Ojala et al. (S31) 20 Lake Korttajärvi Finland Varves - X-ray density - 1 - 1800§ Tiljander et al. (S32) 21 Lake Lehmilampi Finland Varves - thickness -0.15 1 - 1950§ Haltia-Hovi et al. (S33) 22 Yamal NW Siberia Tree rings 0.15 1 - 2000 Briffa et al. (S30) 23 Avam-Taimyr Siberia Tree rings 0.06 1 - 2000 Briffa et al. (S30) * BSi — biogenic silica content; OM — organic matter content. † Rounded to nearest decade; bold 2000 — ten records that are annually resolved through the 20th century (Manuscript Fig. 2). ‡ Published data are smoothed at 20 years; our synthesis is based on unpublished annually resolved data provided by B.M.V. ¶ The oxygen-isotope values from DYE-3 were corrected to account for the flow of ice from higher elevation. Using an ice-flow model for the area (S34), we determine the relation between the change in the depositional elevation of the snow and the age of ice (0.035 m yr-1). Combining this with the Greenland isotope-elevation gradient of -0.006‰ m-1 (S35), a correction of 0.00021‰ yr-1 was derived for the DYE-3 isotope time series. § Record was truncated because the original authors indicated that the lake was impacted by human activities DATA: 1. Table S2. Standardized proxy values for each proxy record used in this synthesis. Column headings refer to sites listed in Table S1 Values in grey are interpolated October 2009 Update Record 2 was revised using the correct time scale of McKay et al. (S16) Record 12 was revised to omit the high-pass filter used by Andersen et al. (S25) Record 20 was corrected to reflect the interpretation of Tijander et al. (S32) that X-ray density is related inversely to temperature Record 21 was corrected to reflect the interpretation of Haltia-Hovi et al. (S33) that varve thickness is related inversely to temperature Records 3 and 10 were revised to correct rounding errors Record 19 was truncated at 1799 to exclude the 1805 bin, which was based on only one year (1800) December 2009 Update Record 17 was revised to reflect the interpretation of Geirsdóttir et al. (S29) that temperature is related more strongly to BSi than to the BSi:OM ratio Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Average 1995 3.57 1.14 0.73 3.23 0.34 1.99 -2.37 -0.28 -0.34 1.58 6.97 1.02 1.47 1985 0.98 0.68 2.81 3.51 0.84 0.41* 1.51 0.23 -1.93 1.01 -0.96 -0.12 1.29 4.69 2.18 1.14 1975 1.58 -0.25 0.02 2.09 -0.11 -0.91 0.98 0.49* 2.37 0.30 1.35 0.27 -0.34 -2.27 0.53 0.04 1.56 1.78 0.66 0.53 1965 1.43 1.00 2.75 4.39 -0.09 0.59 1.79 0.57 3.72 1.83 1.86 1.33 0.81 -0.52 0.41 -0.13 1.37 3.38 1.47 1.47 1955 4.70 -0.40 1.20 0.19 1.54 2.40 1.38 -0.13 4.11 -0.46 2.34 1.50 -0.63 -0.18 0.96 -1.13 2.20 2.83 2.20 1.29 1945 -0.14 -0.31 3.59 -0.23 1.11 1.01 1.34 -0.71 3.75 -1.35 1.68 0.05 0.72 1.47 1.98 -1.04 2.91 -1.36 0.87 4.30 0.98 1935 -1.02 -0.20 3.23 -0.71 1.11 1.33 1.14 -1.32 6.51 -1.56 0.92 1.46 1.46 1.82 2.36 1.45 -0.23 2.74 -1.87 1.54 1.87 1.05 1925 1.11 -1.18 4.49 -0.02 1.77 -0.42 0.03 -0.51 1.85 -2.08 0.58 0.36 1.20 0.14 -0.84 0.45 -1.38 2.38 -2.94 3.95 2.21 0.53 1915 -0.78 -0.85 3.46 1.71 0.33 -0.87 -0.43 -1.75 1.24 -1.14 0.43 0.04 0.19 0.50 0.07 -1.16 -1.36 0.39 -2.53 0.86 -0.06 -0.08 1905 2.90 -1.38* 1.64 -3.13 -0.38 0.16 -0.82 -1.68 2.34 1.60 0.84 -0.45 3.86 -0.83 -1.72 -1.21 0.79 -0.68 -0.77 0.78 -0.13 0.08 1895 1.24 -1.92 0.08 -0.79 0.74 -0.59 1.68 -1.81 1.54 1.34 0.92 0.91 0.95 -0.55 0.59 -0.16 -0.34 0.93 0.41 0.15 0.82 0.29 1885 0.93 -3.24 0.59 0.71 -0.56 0.28 1.12 -1.19 1.36 0.67 0.66 0.34 -0.95 0.21 -1.73 -1.40 -0.90 0.11 0.42 -1.63 -0.46 -0.22 1875 -0.64 -0.67 0.85 1.72 0.32 0.10 0.15 0.99 0.97 0.13 0.54 -0.16 2.79 0.79 0.86 -0.67 -1.42 0.95 -0.43 0.92 -0.24 0.37 1865 -0.58 -1.27 0.49 1.50 -0.01 -0.28 0.06 -1.54 0.85 1.23 0.39 -2.97 -1.10 -0.98 -1.77 1.07 -0.34 1.10 -0.90 -0.93 0.14 -0.28 1855 -0.24 -1.25 0.65 -0.56 -0.85 -0.81 -0.07 -1.02 1.14 -0.32 -0.01 -0.12 1.29 0.28 -0.35 -1.37 -0.52 2.15 -1.77 -0.20 0.03 -0.19 1845 -0.84 -0.86* 2.40 -0.54 -0.07 -0.61 -0.75 -0.73 2.69 0.12 0.54 -0.17 0.62 0.21 0.95 -0.48 -0.96 -0.03 -0.76 0.33 -1.18 -0.01 1835 -0.17 -0.48 2.59 0.56 0.67 0.43 0.21 -1.19 2.86 -0.48 -0.01 -1.55 -1.62 -0.86 -0.38 -1.09 -0.66 0.39 -1.28 -2.03 -2.04 -0.29 1825 0.52 -1.12 3.25 -0.23 -1.44 -0.89 0.21 -0.90 1.04 1.17 0.17 0.15 -0.10 0.39 -1.34 -1.05 -0.66 1.44 -0.40 -1.66 -1.94 -0.16 1815 -0.50 -1.28 0.08 -0.19 -0.76 -0.57 -0.13 -0.76 -0.81 -0.27 -1.43 -1.57 -0.07 0.34 -2.11 -0.28 -1.08 -0.93 0.11 -2.63 -1.89 -0.80 1805 -0.44 -0.93 1.94 0.20 -0.25 -0.10 -0.68 -3.04 0.94 -1.15 -0.54 1.84 1.18 1.15 -0.24 -0.47 -0.98 -0.90 -0.07 -0.34 0.07 -0.13 1795 0.82 -1.04 2.46 -0.38 -0.45 1.53 0.49 -2.35 1.56 -1.48 -0.83 -0.38 -0.03 1.26 0.28 -0.15 -0.94 -0.79 0.72 -1.15 -2.56 0.83 0.17 -0.11 1785 -0.29 -1.26 1.36 -0.56 0.25 -0.96 0.58 -1.64 0.13 -1.34 0.13 -0.06 -0.60 0.51 0.70 -0.04 -1.15 -0.73 1.23 -0.34 -0.23 0.40 -0.05 -0.17 1775 -0.41 -0.74 0.55 -0.19 0.39 0.12 0.34 -0.60 -0.32 -0.33 -1.39 -0.97 0.18 0.72 -1.24 -0.53 -1.25 0.04 -0.43 -0.36 0.42 0.49 0.03 -0.24 1765 -0.58 -2.22 1.25 -0.26 0.21 1.15 0.15 -2.85 -0.48 -0.07 0.62 -0.91 1.17 0.70 0.83 -0.10 -0.10 2.41 -0.85 -0.14 0.49 0.38 1.26 0.09 1755 -0.13 -0.99 -0.83 -0.99 -0.82 -0.47 -0.38 -1.62 -0.33 0.00 -1.54 -0.56 -0.47 -1.79 -1.09 -1.12 -0.21 1.45 -0.19 0.21 0.32 -0.33 0.03 -0.52 1745 1.38 -0.45 0.05 -0.04 -0.53 -0.99 -1.39 0.25 -0.36 -0.18 -0.57 0.73 -0.93 0.87 -0.60 -0.85 0.28 -0.51 -0.86 -0.25 -0.92 -1.62 0.87 -0.29 1735 -1.01 -0.55 0.20 0.27 -0.21 0.13 -2.02 0.17 -0.61 0.41 -1.99 -0.18 -0.13 1.70 -0.28 0.34 -0.32 -0.33 -0.71 0.72 0.03 -1.41 -0.16 -0.26 1725 0.54 -0.78 1.62 0.90 -0.77 -0.43 -1.37 -0.28 -0.43 -0.53 -0.35 0.19 -1.54 -0.31 0.79 -1.93 0.99 -1.71 0.07 0.93 0.95 0.42 0.40 -0.11 1715 -0.26 -0.74 -0.28 0.17 -0.59 0.91 -0.44 0.09 -0.10 -1.21 0.10 1.06 0.81 0.18 2.21 -1.07 -0.89 -1.11 -1.25 -0.07 0.85 -0.35 -0.28 -0.10 1705 -0.51 -0.31 -0.89 -0.75 -1.25 0.45 -1.30 -0.22 -1.71 -0.48 -0.46 -1.16 -0.37 -1.65 -0.47 -2.23 -1.28 -0.50 0.23 0.22 -0.51 -0.68 -0.82 -0.72 1695 -0.90 -0.15 -0.60 -0.95 -1.23 1.20 -0.24 -1.98 -0.73 -0.10 -0.35 0.01 -2.20 -0.95 -1.87 0.58 -0.35 -0.29 0.26 0.09 -0.48 -1.22 -0.08 -0.55 1685 -0.35 1.22 0.89 0.00 -0.90 0.47 -2.32 -0.24 -0.77 -0.73 -0.20 -0.73 -0.33 0.24 -0.72 0.74 -0.87 -0.92 -0.41 -0.36 -0.56 -0.88 -0.50 -0.36 1675 -0.56 -0.19 -1.46 0.45 1.00 0.76 -1.07 -0.87 -0.03 -0.69 -0.01 -0.14 0.26 -1.44 0.13 0.96 0.55 -0.53 -0.06 -0.36 0.08 -0.16 -0.36 -0.16 1665 -0.36 -0.22 -1.32 -0.45 -0.14 -1.00 -2.01 0.32 -0.59 -1.09 -0.31 1.75 -0.07 0.07 1.09 -0.34 -0.88 0.55 0.71 0.22 -0.30 -0.20 0.91 -0.16 1655 -1.27 -0.16* -0.06 -1.73 -0.85 0.37 -0.55 -0.04 -0.14 -1.49 -0.01 0.58 -1.39 0.65 0.21 0.16 -0.83 1.07 -0.58 0.28 0.18 0.35 -0.23 -0.24 1645 0.34 -0.10 -0.42 -1.07 -1.57 0.27 -0.08 0.16 -0.24 0.24 -0.50 -0.93 -1.49 -0.44 -0.67 -0.16 -0.57 -1.36 -0.01 0.75 0.57 -1.29 -0.66 -0.40 1635 -0.75 -0.21 0.85 -1.13 0.97 1.51 -0.88 -1.05 -0.84 -0.12 -0.20 -1.50 -0.94 1.08 -0.87 -1.47 -1.13 -0.16 -0.18 0.06 -0.56 -0.69 -0.32 -0.37 1625 -0.41 -0.33 -0.51 -0.56 0.87 0.30 -0.89 -0.08 -0.53 -0.16 -0.42 -0.81 1.35 -1.12 0.22 0.08 -0.71 -0.05 0.90 -0.84 -0.07 -0.40 -1.62 -0.25 1615 1.27 -0.62 0.02 -0.85 -0.63 0.43 0.65 -0.41 -0.87 1.03 -0.98 -0.26 -0.50 0.14 1.08 0.18 -0.75 -1.63 0.24 -1.64 0.75 0.31 -0.50 -0.15 1605 1.03 -0.73 -0.88 -1.40 -0.64 1.76 0.80 -0.11 -0.92 0.08 -0.42 -0.70 1.02 -0.69 0.70 -1.23 -0.78 -1.95 0.25 -0.73 0.24 -0.69 -0.87 -0.30 1595 0.51 -0.34 -0.02 -0.69 0.45 1.40 0.95 0.29 -0.68 -1.97 -1.02 0.31 -1.20 1.49 -2.09 0.02 -0.25 -0.34 -0.36 -1.55 -0.04 0.08 -0.88 -0.26 1585 1.32 -0.03 -0.78 0.05 0.78 1.55 1.14 0.40 0.47 -0.91 -1.39 0.48 0.00 0.16 0.62 0.03 -0.95 -0.42 1.12 0.31 0.68 0.17 -0.73 0.18 1575 0.04 -0.28* -0.91 -1.11 -0.19 -0.44 0.15 1.12 3.28 0.29 0.87 -0.75 1.57 1.20 0.98 -1.09 -0.82 0.28 3.18 0.02 -0.40 -1.10 -0.17 0.25 1565 0.36 -0.53 0.18 -0.62 -0.94 -0.51 -0.32 0.39 3.45 -1.20 0.52 0.29 0.26 -1.06 -1.20 -0.21 -1.99 1.99 3.17 0.23 -1.30 -0.22 0.81 0.07 1555 0.29 -0.52 0.23 -1.26 0.77 4.60 0.00 0.64 1.56 -0.02 0.52 -0.32 -1.01 0.58 1.12 0.47 -2.49 1.22 3.47 0.25 -0.31 -0.18 0.47 0.44 1545 2.36 -0.08* -0.23 -0.21 0.09 0.24 0.91 -0.60 0.49 0.60 1.04 -0.61 0.23 0.12 0.20 0.68 -1.28 1.14 2.77 -0.92 0.28 0.06 -0.71 0.29 1535 1.30 0.35 -0.13 -0.81 1.14 0.27 0.51 0.44 2.19 -1.29 1.03 -1.86 -0.87 1.05 0.76 0.12 -1.89 0.94 -0.08 -0.23 -1.46 -1.01 -0.31 0.01 1525 -0.04 -2.34 -0.47 -0.73 -1.60 -0.45 -0.24 -0.88 1.69 -0.65 1.33 -2.25 -0.62 -0.60 -0.18 1.28 -0.36 0.36 -0.64 -0.30 -2.00 -1.74 -1.52 -0.56 1515 0.54 -0.07 -0.48 -1.68 -1.10 1.79 -0.78 -0.38 1.57 -0.48 1.20 -0.70 1.17 1.89 -0.15 -1.09 -2.67 1.22 -0.30 -0.96 0.59 0.38 -1.28 -0.08 1505 0.79 0.02 -1.22 0.27 0.22 2.01 0.38 -0.13 0.54 0.47 0.82 0.05 1.10 1.48 -0.22 0.40 -2.15 1.50 -0.74 -1.28 -0.33 0.39 -0.14 0.18 1495 -0.79 0.57 -1.52 -0.59 -0.69 1.09 -0.20 0.29 1.50 -0.84 2.18 0.56 0.02 -0.53 1.07 0.62 -1.82 1.09 -0.27 -0.02 0.98 0.93 0.22 0.17 1485 0.78 0.71 -1.00 0.03 -0.07 -1.11 -0.93 -2.14 0.03 -0.87 1.39 0.38 1.41 -0.63 -0.85 -0.48 0.32 -0.03 -0.62 -0.06 -2.18 0.34 -0.99 -0.29 1475 -0.40 0.26 -1.93 -0.18 0.61 0.84 -0.96 0.27 0.54 -0.27 1.64 -0.29 -1.12 -1.18 -1.92 0.59 -1.25 -0.76 -0.23 0.36 -0.56 1.96 -0.53 -0.20 1465 0.39 1.67 -0.94 0.26 0.31 -0.42 0.12 -0.57 0.17 1.89 1.45 -1.42 -0.65 1.42 -0.13 -1.38 0.12 -0.78 0.18 -0.26 -2.10 -1.13 -0.13 -0.08 1455 -0.87 1.27 -1.58 1.21 1.49 -0.17 -0.26 -1.57 0.14 0.79 1.28 -0.82 1.72 0.46 2.64 2.62 -0.15 -0.21 -0.16 0.08 -1.02 -2.54 -0.25 0.18 1445 0.58 1.49* -1.32 0.43 1.80 0.92 2.21 -1.45 0.53 -0.15 0.33 -1.06 -0.32 1.95 -2.01 0.50 1.15 0.70 -0.52 -0.69 -0.97 0.94 -0.13 0.21 1435 1.50 1.70 -0.23 -1.26 -0.55 0.33 1.09 0.16 1.92 -0.80 0.37 0.05 0.94 -0.05 1.07 -0.66 0.62 1.49 0.84 -0.81 0.44 1.65 0.26 0.44 1425 1.20 1.27* -0.57 -0.76 -0.99 0.99 1.02 -1.25 1.22 -0.56 -0.16 -1.30 1.04 -1.49 -0.65 -0.50 0.15 0.86 0.47 0.05 0.49 0.91 0.46 0.08 1415 -0.08 0.84 -1.86 -1.66 -0.27 0.76 0.21 -0.61 -0.42 -0.65 -0.34 0.91 1.14 1.49 1.22 2.19 -0.61 1.80 -0.89 -1.44 0.88 0.47 0.59 0.16 1405 0.58 0.66 -2.34 0.57 1.40 -0.32 0.58 0.69 0.43 -1.26 -0.01 -0.97 0.46 0.85 -0.08 0.79 0.24 0.57 -1.32 -1.37 -1.15 0.53 0.98 0.02 1395 1.58 2.36 -0.70 -0.73 -0.56 0.99 0.08 0.26 0.41 -0.41 -0.08 1.56 0.98 0.74 1.70 1.44 0.22 -0.87 -0.86 -1.54 -0.13 -0.44 0.22 0.27 1385 1.18 0.87 1.43 -1.40 1.74 0.39 1.04 0.25 -1.49 -1.08 -0.61 0.96 -1.33 -0.83 -1.46 1.38 0.04 -0.27 -1.51 -0.95 -0.66 -0.95 0.22 -0.13 1375 2.47 0.90 -0.28 -0.40 2.85 -0.36 -0.73 -0.11 -1.01 -0.52 -0.67 -1.00 0.79 -0.95 -2.20 -0.62 -0.06 0.04 -1.10 -0.75 0.85 -0.27 -0.48 -0.16 1365 2.27 1.10 -0.09 -1.21 1.49 -1.18 1.07 0.74 -0.69 -0.23 -1.12 -1.12 1.76 -1.46 -1.24 -0.52 0.25 -0.33 -1.23 -0.85 -1.46 1.86 1.41 -0.03 1355 0.01 1.06 0.09 -0.37 0.66 -0.71 1.11 0.07 -1.30 0.74 -0.96 1.24 -0.83 -1.97 -0.77 -0.03 0.60 -0.29 -0.77 -0.12 -0.72 0.83 -0.13 -0.11 1345 -0.74 1.56 -0.52 0.34 -0.57 0.59 -1.28 2.82 -0.66 0.68 -1.24 0.60 1.68 0.11 0.72 -1.54 1.49 -0.85 -0.23 -0.48 -1.66 -1.61 -1.02 -0.08 1335 -0.09 1.57* 1.55 1.23 -0.66 -0.93 -0.89 0.76 0.76 0.87 -1.16 -0.02 -3.28 -0.52 -0.08 0.54 0.16 -0.42 -0.10 -1.77 -2.68 -1.71 -0.44 -0.32 1325 0.33 1.59* 1.31 -0.11 -0.49 0.69 0.83 -0.35 -0.97 0.13 -1.80 1.90 -0.70 -0.81 -0.32 1.03 0.43 -0.67 -0.86 -2.54 -1.64 -0.60 1.14 -0.11 1315 -0.16 1.60 1.08 0.86 0.00 -0.35 -0.37 -0.94 -0.05 0.20 -2.27 -1.69 0.34 -1.35 0.01 0.68 0.76 -0.61 -0.98 -2.08 0.01 0.53 -0.49 -0.23 1305 0.06 0.97 -0.20 1.43 0.09 0.06 0.52 -0.78 -0.55 0.63 -1.47 1.39 1.39 1.38 -0.25 0.11 0.52 0.82 -0.69 -1.22 -0.53 0.01 -1.67 0.09 1295 -0.45 0.94 0.88 -0.12 -2.04 -0.60 1.13 0.79 -0.96 1.16 -1.02 0.32 0.34 0.18 -0.01 -0.88 0.89 -0.06 -1.01 -0.69 -0.08 -1.24 -1.52 -0.18 1285 -0.17 1.37 0.33 -1.44 0.08 -1.09 0.84 -0.41 -0.27 0.93 0.28 -1.18 0.73 1.26 -0.37 -0.84 1.13 0.39 -0.47 -1.01 0.73 -0.23 -1.60 -0.04 1275 -1.06 0.62* 0.99 -1.33 -0.13 -0.81 -2.49 0.57 -0.90 0.19 0.13 1.24 0.03 0.19 0.60 0.77 0.34 0.20 -0.66 -0.89 0.49 -0.46 -1.65 -0.18 1265 -1.15 -0.14 0.47 0.17 -0.10 -0.23 0.10 -0.55 -1.17 1.75 -0.50 -1.04 -0.28 -0.50 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-0.83 0.25 0.40 0.90 0.11 0.95 0.33 555 -1.21 -0.83 2.71 1.18 1.65 0.13 1.51 2.82 2.64 2.56 2.69 1.12 -0.90 -1.62 0.89 -0.59 1.26 0.86 -0.81 0.85 545 -1.19* -0.66 1.61 -0.56 2.17 -0.11 1.53* 1.06 1.84 1.98 1.02 -2.02 -2.53 1.53 0.56 0.46 -1.50 -2.05 0.17 535 -1.18 -1.07 1.70 -0.22 1.98 -0.25 1.55 -2.17 -1.50 -0.68 0.43 0.09 -0.31 1.57 -0.80 -2.10 -0.57 -0.98 -0.25 525 -1.06 -1.71 1.04 -0.14 0.39 -0.10 1.88 0.53 0.05 -0.36 -0.05 2.13 -0.74 1.96 0.68 0.14 0.06 -0.21 0.25 515 -0.79* -1.66 0.70 0.31 -0.26 0.27 2.14 0.69 1.39 -0.56 0.59 -1.07 -0.11 2.35 -0.41 -0.77 1.48 -1.27 0.17 505 -0.52 -0.71 1.28 0.51 -0.40 0.74 1.92 0.99 -0.77 -1.38 1.23 -1.01 0.54 2.06 0.43 -0.64 -0.55 -1.58 0.12 495 0.26 -0.04 1.50 0.49 1.77 1.25 1.83* 0.21 0.10 -1.27 1.37 -0.10 1.75 0.30 0.36 0.29 -1.07 -1.13 0.44 485 0.42 -2.74 2.24 0.49 1.51 2.42 1.73 -0.20 -1.62 0.02 -0.69 0.05 -0.07 0.64 0.02 0.69 -0.71 0.86 0.28 475 0.83* -2.34 -0.56 0.35 0.88 -0.07 1.51 0.43 -1.08 -1.92 -1.80 -1.08 -0.63 0.43 0.22 -0.58 0.72 -0.30 -0.28 465 1.23 -2.21 -1.32 -0.41 1.05 0.34 1.55 -0.41 1.10 -0.53 -0.62 -1.21 -0.85 0.89 0.21 -0.10 0.60 -0.21 -0.05 455 1.10* 1.01 0.88 1.14 -1.26 1.57* 2.40 1.10 1.55 1.48 -2.03 1.37 1.06 -1.25 -0.66 0.25 2.25 0.70 445 0.96 1.99 0.04 1.80 -0.28 1.59 0.77 -0.59 -1.89 0.31 -0.48 1.19 0.12 -0.16 -1.58 -1.05 1.23 0.23 435 -0.05 1.96 0.01 1.62 0.37 1.47 0.65 -0.54 2.38 1.63 -0.51* 1.34 0.27 1.08 -2.89 0.07 0.80 0.57 425 0.66 1.81 0.34 0.42 1.09 1.51 0.64 -0.96 -0.38 1.41 -0.54 1.01 2.75 -0.30 0.36 -2.24 0.71 0.49 415 0.00* 2.04 -0.32 1.94 1.73 2.33 1.76 2.42 1.06 2.74 -0.42 0.50 0.72 -0.08 -0.43 -0.83 1.22 0.96 405 -0.66 0.77 1.20 1.15 -0.48 2.61* 1.87 1.87 0.54 1.51 -1.09 3.16 0.64 0.72 -0.23 0.31 0.86 0.87 395 0.19* -0.69 0.83 1.27 -0.80 2.89 0.36 0.65 2.05 0.93 -1.75* 0.67 1.93 0.92 -1.25 1.00 1.10 0.61 385 1.03* -0.22 1.87 1.10 0.47 2.55 1.42 2.82 -0.91 0.21 -2.41 -0.34 2.62 -0.56 -1.28 0.02 0.39 0.52 375 1.88 1.31 0.75 0.95 -1.03 1.18 1.05 1.66 3.44 0.50 -0.32 0.13 1.28 -0.42 0.51 2.02 0.42 0.90 365 2.17 1.40 0.76 0.33 -0.36 1.29 0.45 -0.64 1.69 -0.08 -1.08 -0.28 1.33 1.11 0.47 1.62 0.95 0.65 355 0.92 2.35 0.22 2.27 0.28 1.42* -1.42 -0.31 0.84 -0.14 -0.16 -0.44 0.98 0.47 -0.67 0.28 -1.06 0.34 345 0.75* 0.99 0.53 1.23 -0.36 1.55 0.46 -1.33 -0.08 0.56 -0.27 -1.58 1.53 0.06 -1.71 -1.29 -0.37 0.04 335 0.59* 1.56 3.78 1.24 -0.21 0.80 2.92 0.16 -1.42 0.97 -0.38* -0.74 0.43 0.89 0.10 -1.30 -0.40 0.53 325 0.42 1.49 1.44 0.51 -1.14 1.29 0.99 -0.24 0.85 1.35 -0.48 -0.73 1.56 0.68 0.75 -1.03 0.43 0.48 315 2.15 -0.23 -0.94 1.32 0.43 1.92 0.79 -0.13 0.28 -0.79 0.60 -1.17 0.11 -0.09 1.18 -1.04 1.11 0.32 305 1.42 0.86 1.09 0.45 -0.54 1.44* 0.76 0.80 -1.07 -1.03 0.09 -1.54 0.14 -0.16 0.50 -0.65 0.31 0.17 295 2.08 0.79 -0.48 2.02 0.76 0.95 2.25 -1.06 -0.11 2.00 -1.05 0.23 -0.04 -0.66 -0.26 -0.53 1.01 0.46 285 1.68* 0.14 0.10 1.67 0.26 0.73 0.37 -0.42 0.78 0.65 -1.67* 0.32 -0.51 0.19 -0.20 1.20 2.41 0.45 275 1.27* 1.27 -0.34 0.34 0.50 0.84 1.96 1.09 0.20 -1.05 -2.29 -1.79 -0.22 0.75 -0.54 -0.20 1.96 0.22 265 0.87 1.23 0.16 0.28 1.22 0.62 0.80 1.01 0.87 -0.09 -1.77 -0.86 -0.32 0.33 1.11 2.31 0.73 0.50 255 1.68 -0.68 1.00 0.70 0.90 1.06* 2.50 0.46 0.64 0.79 -1.04 -0.28 -0.46 0.69 -0.08 1.55 2.11 0.68 245 0.87 1.57 1.60 1.12 -1.06 1.51 2.17 -0.98 1.15 -0.71 0.95 -0.17 -0.36 0.40 -0.05 3.00 1.55 0.74 235 0.90 2.46 0.89 0.64 0.21 1.85 1.18 -1.38 0.18 0.15 -0.02 -1.25 -0.01 0.52 0.37 0.98 -0.67 0.41 225 0.74* 2.72 0.07 -0.11 1.20 2.22 0.92 -0.46 -0.28 -1.47 0.75 -0.27 -0.49 0.52 -0.71 -0.09 -0.33 0.29 215 0.57 1.02 1.41 0.34 0.08 3.11 -0.34 0.19 -0.43 -0.39 -0.42* 0.66 -0.68 1.29 -0.13 -0.19 -1.55 0.27 205 0.40* 1.75 0.04 1.32 0.79 3.09* 0.49 -0.02 -1.43 -0.33 -1.59 0.36 -0.27 1.14 0.90 0.35 -1.82 0.30 195 0.23 1.64 0.26 1.25 -0.98 3.07 1.72 -0.10 0.25 0.90 1.25 0.51 -0.17 1.60 0.62 -0.94 -1.50 0.56 185 0.68 0.80 0.59 1.07 0.40 2.63 0.91 0.03 1.41 -1.29 -0.31 0.86 -0.29 1.33 0.03 -0.82 -1.62 0.38 175 1.29* 0.74 -0.38 -0.03 0.35 3.45 1.00 2.01 0.25 0.80 -0.47 0.29 -0.46 1.35 -0.62 -1.84 -1.07 0.39 165 1.90* 1.14 0.12 -0.64 -0.05 4.34 0.66 -1.88 -0.72 1.40 -1.06* 0.51 -0.13 1.15 -2.31 -1.18 -0.13 0.18 155 2.52 1.31 -0.48 0.94 -0.20 4.28* 0.17 0.53 -1.48 0.21 -1.64 -0.06 0.52 0.95 -1.79 -0.72 0.61 0.33 145 0.51 1.33 -0.14 2.21 0.33 4.23 2.23 1.30 0.56 0.24 1.99 1.12 0.39 1.17 -0.85 -0.49 -0.36 0.93 135 0.84* 1.72 0.40 2.06 -0.82 4.34 2.22 1.29 0.98 2.31 0.04 1.14 0.46 0.12 0.29 -0.45 -0.46 0.97 125 1.16 0.93 5.91 0.72 -0.67 4.00 2.30 -1.08 0.70 1.57 -0.71 0.27 0.88 0.16 0.80 0.52 0.22 1.04 115 1.84 0.73 0.62 0.54 0.14 3.86 0.18 1.87 0.18 0.64 -1.34 1.37 -0.06 -0.83 0.21 0.53 -1.06 0.55 105 -0.27* 2.68 -0.63 -0.57 -0.59 4.21* 1.36 2.44 0.58 -0.58 -1.69 0.86 0.23 -0.27 0.51 0.57 -0.75 0.48 95 -2.39 1.52 -0.10 -1.32 -1.17 4.56 1.05 -0.21 0.92 -0.04 -2.13 0.78 0.37 0.69 -0.97 0.20 -0.23 0.09 85 -1.52 1.55 0.16 1.49 0.71 5.12 1.31 1.87 0.95 -1.78 -0.06 0.08 0.24 -0.56 0.09 -0.49 0.93 0.59 75 -1.14 0.46 1.05 2.89 -0.30 4.15 1.48 2.53 0.85 1.93 0.11 0.14 0.33 0.60 -1.30 -0.53 0.07 0.78 65 -0.56* 3.55 4.52 0.29 -0.84 3.06* 2.97 2.35 1.54 0.60 -0.95 0.11 0.63 0.09 -0.81 1.08 -0.90 0.98 55 0.02* 3.50 1.73 -1.82 -0.42 1.96 1.92 3.25 1.48 0.81 -1.12 0.40 -0.40 1.20 -4.31 -1.08 -0.44 0.39 45 0.60* 0.90 -0.34 0.68 0.13 1.59 2.06 0.17 2.34 0.45 0.42 0.74 -0.48 0.66 0.06 0.49 -1.33 0.54 35 1.17* 0.83 -0.64 1.89 -0.31 1.44 0.60 2.04 0.15 1.45 -0.65 1.46 -0.04 -0.27 0.65 1.99 -1.73 0.59 25 1.75 -1.02 0.16 2.52 0.25 1.10 1.38 -0.67 2.44 -0.80 -0.76 -0.11 0.02 -0.84 -0.31 0.00 -1.48 0.21 15 2.92 2.27 0.59 -0.97 -0.11 0.97* 2.66 -0.31 0.66 2.42 1.10 -1.48 -0.32 0.18 0.52 -0.19 -1.15 0.57 5 3.75* 1.71 1.15 0.60 -0.31 0.84 9.23 1.21 0.72 -0.56 -1.25 0.70 -0.64 0.15 0.07 -0.41 -1.73 0.90 2. Reconstructed Arctic summer temperature Based on the calibration equation: T=(MeanNormalizedProxy-0.857)/1.936 Added to this file March 2010 Column 1: Year AD Column 2: Mean normalized value of 23 proxies, column 25 above Column 3: Reconstructed Arctic summer temperature, °C Year Norm.Prox Reconstructed Arctic summer temperature,°C 1995 1.47 0.31 1985 1.14 0.15 1975 0.53 -0.17 1965 1.47 0.32 1955 1.29 0.23 1945 0.98 0.06 1935 1.05 0.10 1925 0.53 -0.17 1915 -0.08 -0.48 1905 0.08 -0.40 1895 0.29 -0.29 1885 -0.22 -0.56 1875 0.37 -0.25 1865 -0.28 -0.59 1855 -0.19 -0.54 1845 -0.01 -0.45 1835 -0.29 -0.59 1825 -0.16 -0.53 1815 -0.80 -0.85 1805 -0.13 -0.51 1795 -0.11 -0.50 1785 -0.17 -0.53 1775 -0.24 -0.57 1765 0.09 -0.40 1755 -0.52 -0.71 1745 -0.29 -0.59 1735 -0.26 -0.58 1725 -0.11 -0.50 1715 -0.10 -0.49 1705 -0.72 -0.82 1695 -0.55 -0.72 1685 -0.36 -0.63 1675 -0.16 -0.53 1665 -0.16 -0.53 1655 -0.24 -0.57 1645 -0.40 -0.65 1635 -0.37 -0.63 1625 -0.25 -0.57 1615 -0.15 -0.52 1605 -0.30 -0.60 1595 -0.26 -0.58 1585 0.18 -0.35 1575 0.25 -0.31 1565 0.07 -0.41 1555 0.44 -0.22 1545 0.29 -0.30 1535 0.01 -0.44 1525 -0.56 -0.73 1515 -0.08 -0.48 1505 0.18 -0.35 1495 0.17 -0.36 1485 -0.29 -0.59 1475 -0.20 -0.54 1465 -0.08 -0.49 1455 0.18 -0.35 1445 0.21 -0.33 1435 0.44 -0.22 1425 0.08 -0.40 1415 0.16 -0.36 1405 0.02 -0.43 1395 0.27 -0.30 1385 -0.13 -0.51 1375 -0.16 -0.52 1365 -0.03 -0.46 1355 -0.11 -0.50 1345 -0.08 -0.48 1335 -0.32 -0.61 1325 -0.11 -0.50 1315 -0.23 -0.56 1305 0.09 -0.40 1295 -0.18 -0.53 1285 -0.04 -0.46 1275 -0.18 -0.53 1265 -0.21 -0.55 1255 0.30 -0.29 1245 0.05 -0.42 1235 0.42 -0.23 1225 0.26 -0.31 1215 0.26 -0.31 1205 0.30 -0.29 1195 -0.14 -0.52 1185 0.06 -0.41 1175 0.01 -0.44 1165 0.16 -0.36 1155 -0.06 -0.47 1145 0.51 -0.18 1135 0.19 -0.35 1125 -0.11 -0.50 1115 -0.21 -0.55 1105 0.22 -0.33 1095 0.10 -0.39 1085 0.58 -0.14 1075 0.16 -0.36 1065 0.29 -0.29 1055 0.08 -0.40 1045 0.09 -0.39 1035 0.39 -0.24 1025 0.22 -0.33 1015 0.33 -0.27 1005 0.48 -0.19 995 0.55 -0.16 985 0.30 -0.29 975 0.55 -0.16 965 0.67 -0.10 955 0.75 -0.05 945 0.46 -0.20 935 0.80 -0.03 925 0.34 -0.26 915 -0.12 -0.51 905 -0.09 -0.49 895 0.27 -0.30 885 -0.01 -0.45 875 0.10 -0.39 865 -0.05 -0.47 855 -0.07 -0.48 845 0.14 -0.37 835 0.13 -0.37 825 0.18 -0.35 815 0.40 -0.24 805 -0.06 -0.47 795 0.30 -0.29 785 0.37 -0.25 775 0.28 -0.30 765 0.45 -0.21 755 0.14 -0.37 745 0.35 -0.26 735 0.19 -0.35 725 0.02 -0.43 715 0.14 -0.37 705 -0.27 -0.58 695 -0.02 -0.45 685 -0.66 -0.78 675 -0.25 -0.57 665 -0.12 -0.50 655 0.10 -0.39 645 -0.32 -0.61 635 0.33 -0.27 625 0.01 -0.44 615 0.08 -0.40 605 0.05 -0.42 595 0.27 -0.30 585 0.01 -0.44 575 0.09 -0.40 565 0.33 -0.27 555 0.85 -0.01 545 0.17 -0.35 535 -0.25 -0.57 525 0.25 -0.31 515 0.17 -0.36 505 0.12 -0.38 495 0.44 -0.22 485 0.28 -0.30 475 -0.28 -0.59 465 -0.05 -0.47 455 0.70 -0.08 445 0.23 -0.32 435 0.57 -0.15 425 0.49 -0.19 415 0.96 0.05 405 0.87 0.01 395 0.61 -0.13 385 0.52 -0.18 375 0.90 0.02 365 0.65 -0.10 355 0.34 -0.27 345 0.04 -0.42 335 0.53 -0.17 325 0.48 -0.20 315 0.32 -0.28 305 0.17 -0.36 295 0.46 -0.20 285 0.45 -0.21 275 0.22 -0.33 265 0.50 -0.18 255 0.68 -0.09 245 0.74 -0.06 235 0.41 -0.23 225 0.29 -0.29 215 0.27 -0.30 205 0.30 -0.29 195 0.56 -0.15 185 0.38 -0.25 175 0.39 -0.24 165 0.18 -0.35 155 0.33 -0.27 145 0.93 0.04 135 0.97 0.06 125 1.04 0.09 115 0.55 -0.16 105 0.48 -0.20 95 0.09 -0.40 85 0.59 -0.14 75 0.78 -0.04 65 0.98 0.07 55 0.39 -0.24 45 0.54 -0.17 35 0.59 -0.14 25 0.21 -0.33 15 0.57 -0.15 5 0.90 0.02