# Greenland 11,500 Year Temperature Reconstruction
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/22057
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-22057.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/ty11-bt24
#
# Science_Keywords: Air Temperature Reconstruction
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/kobashi2017/kobashi2017d15n-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Greenland d15N Data
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2017-05-05
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2023-07-14
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Greenland 11,500 Year Temperature Reconstruction
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Kobashi, T.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-8272); Menviel, L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-1591); Jeltsch-Thömmes, A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-1975); Vinther, B.M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-771X); Box, J.E.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0052-8705); Muscheler, R.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-3631); Nakaegawa, T.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-4190); Pfister, P.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0390-4844); Döring, M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-0747); Leuenberger, M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-6793); Wanner, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9410-2491); Ohmura, A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-6137)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Volcanic forcing time series and Greenland temperature reconstruction, plus modeled Northern Hemisphere average temperature, for the past 11,500 years. Reconstructions are based on argon and nitrogen isotopes from trapped air in the GISP2 Greenland ice core. Greenland Temperature file updated 12/02/2017 - a preliminary version had inadvertently been contributed. Data here are those plotted in Fig.2a.  d15N file (Kobashi et al. 2008) also added 12/02/2017.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Takuro Kobashi, Laurie Menviel, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Bo M. Vinther, Jason E. Box, Raimund Muscheler, Toshiyuki Nakaegawa, Patrik L. Pfister, Michael Döring, Markus Leuenberger, Heinz Wanner, Atsumu Ohmura
#   Journal_Name: Scientific Reports
#   Published_Title: Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2017
#   Volume: 7
#   Pages: 
#   Issue: 
#   Report_Number: 1441
#   DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: Solar variability has been hypothesized to be a major driver of North Atlantic millennial-scale climate variations through the Holocene along with orbitally induced insolation change. However, another important climate driver, volcanic forcing has generally been underestimated prior to the past 2,500 years partly owing to the lack of proper proxy temperature records. Here, we reconstruct seasonally unbiased and physically constrained Greenland Summit temperatures over the Holocene using argon and nitrogen isotopes within trapped air in a Greenland ice core (GISP2). We show that a series of volcanic eruptions through the Holocene played an important role in driving centennial to millennial-scale temperature changes in Greenland. The reconstructed Greenland temperature exhibits significant millennial correlations with K+ and Na+ ions in the GISP2 ice core (proxies for atmospheric circulation patterns), and d18O of Oman and Chinese Dongge cave stalagmites (proxies for monsoon activity), indicating that the reconstructed temperature contains hemispheric signals. Climate model simulations forced with the volcanic forcing further suggest that a series of large volcanic eruptions induced hemispheric-wide centennial to millennial-scale variability through ocean/sea-ice feedbacks. Therefore, we conclude that volcanic activity played a critical role in driving centennial to millennial-scale Holocene temperature variability in Greenland and likely beyond.
#--------------------
#   Authors: Takuro Kobashi, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Kenji Kawamura
#   Journal_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
#   Published_Title: Argon and nitrogen isotopes of trapped air in the GISP2 ice core during the Holocene epoch (0-11,500 B.P.): Methodology and implications for gas loss processes
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2008
#   Volume: 72
#   Pages: 4675-4686
#   Issue: 19
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.006
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: Argon and nitrogen isotopes of air in polar ice cores provide constraints on past temperature and firn thickness, with relevance to past climate. We developed a method to simultaneously measure nitrogen and argon isotopes in trapped air from the same sample of polar ice. This method reduces the time required for analysis, allowing large numbers of measurements. We applied this method to the entire Holocene sequence of the GISP2 ice core (82.37-1692.22 m) with a 10-20 year sampling interval (670 depths). d40Ar and d15N show elevated values in the oldest part of the dataset, consistent with a thicker firn layer and increased temperature gradient in the firn due to the legacy of the abrupt warming at the end of the Younger Dryas interval and the gradual warming during the Preboreal interval (11.5-10.0 ka). The Preboreal Oscillation and the 8.2k event are clearly recorded. The data show remarkable stability after the 8.2k event.
# Available data suggests that post-coring gas loss involves two distinct types of fractionation. First, smaller molecules with less than a certain threshold size leak through the ice lattice with little isotopic fractionation. Second, gas composition changes via gas loss through microcracks, which induces isotopic fractionation. These two gas loss processes can explain most trends in our data and in other ice core records.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: European Union
#   Grant: Marie Curie Fellowship 624183, Greentemp
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Australian Research Council  
#   Grant: DE150100107
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Geocenter Denmark
#   Grant:
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: GISP2
#   Location: Greenland
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 72.6
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 72.6
#   Easternmost_Longitude: -38.5
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -38.5
#   Elevation_m: 3200
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Kobashi2017d15N
#   First_Year: 11460
#   Last_Year: 8
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: air temperature
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
# Chronology:
#	
#
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## depth_m	depth,,,meter,,ice cores,,,N,
## age_gas	gas age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores,,,N,Radiocarbon calibrated
## age_GICC05	gas age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores,,,N,GICC05
## d15N	delta 15N,nitrogen gas,,per mil AIR,,ice cores,,,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
depth_m	age_gas	age_GICC05	d15N
82.4	8.9	9.0	0.312
85.4	19.9	20.0	0.313
89.7	36.8	37.0	0.308
90.2	38.8	39.0	0.311
94.4	55.7	56.0	0.307
95.7	60.7	61.0	0.314
96.9	65.6	66.0	0.308
98.9	73.6	74.0	0.315
101.4	84.5	85.0	0.306
103.2	91.5	92.0	0.307
105.7	101.4	102.0	0.314
108.2	112.4	113.0	0.307
110.8	123.3	124.0	0.307
112.6	131.3	132.0	0.310
115.4	142.2	143.0	0.299
118.2	154.1	155.0	0.313
120.9	164.0	164.9	0.302
122.4	168.9	169.8	0.309
124.3	176.8	177.8	0.306
127.2	188.7	189.8	0.308
129.5	197.7	198.8	0.309
131.8	207.6	208.8	0.313
134.5	217.6	218.8	0.312
136.9	227.6	228.9	0.308
139.3	237.5	238.8	0.307
140.6	241.4	242.8	0.305
144.2	256.3	257.7	0.304
146.2	263.2	264.7	0.313
148.9	274.2	275.7	0.311
150.9	282.2	283.8	0.312
152.7	291.3	292.9	0.312
155.3	301.2	302.9	0.304
157.8	311.3	313.0	0.303
160.3	322.2	324.0	0.302
162.6	333.1	335.0	0.313
164.5	342.1	344.0	0.314
166.6	350.9	352.9	0.313
168.6	360.0	362.0	0.316
171.2	371.9	374.0	0.310
173.8	382.9	385.0	0.315
176.4	394.7	396.9	0.309
178.6	404.7	407.0	0.311
181.2	417.7	420.0	0.301
183.2	426.6	429.0	0.313
185.5	437.6	440.0	0.315
187.2	445.6	448.1	0.320
190.3	460.5	463.1	0.310
192.8	473.4	476.0	0.310
195.6	486.4	489.1	0.301
198.2	497.2	500.0	0.306
201.3	510.1	513.0	0.311
203.3	519.1	522.0	0.313
205.5	528.9	531.9	0.322
207.4	537.9	540.9	0.318
209.2	545.9	548.9	0.318
211.2	555.7	558.8	0.314
213.5	566.6	569.8	0.316
215.9	575.5	578.7	0.306
218.3	585.4	588.7	0.306
221.2	597.5	600.8	0.307
223.5	608.5	611.9	0.300
225.5	618.5	621.9	0.306
227.4	626.5	630.0	0.304
229.8	637.5	641.0	0.309
231.2	643.4	647.0	0.307
233.2	652.3	655.9	0.300
235.5	661.1	664.8	0.301
237.2	668.1	671.8	0.302
240.8	681.9	685.7	0.299
243.2	693.0	696.8	0.307
245.5	703.9	707.8	0.312
247.4	713.0	716.9	0.305
249.7	722.9	726.9	0.306
251.2	729.8	733.8	0.306
253.2	739.7	743.8	0.305
254.7	746.6	750.7	0.301
256.4	754.6	758.7	0.298
259.2	767.6	771.8	0.307
260.3	771.6	775.8	0.308
261.9	777.5	781.8	0.317
265.8	796.6	801.0	0.313
267.7	804.7	809.1	0.309
269.8	813.7	818.1	0.307
271.4	821.5	826.0	0.310
273.4	831.5	836.0	0.311
275.7	841.3	845.9	0.316
277.2	848.3	852.9	0.311
279.2	857.1	861.8	0.311
281.4	867.1	871.8	0.314
284.7	882.0	886.8	0.307
288.6	897.8	902.7	0.311
291.2	908.8	913.7	0.321
293.7	921.9	926.9	0.305
295.8	930.9	935.9	0.306
298.2	940.8	945.9	0.305
301.2	953.7	958.8	0.307
305.2	968.4	973.6	0.297
307.5	977.4	982.6	0.312
309.9	986.3	991.6	0.306
311.6	993.4	998.7	0.313
313.5	999.4	1004.7	0.306
316.6	1012.3	1017.7	0.305
318.2	1019.2	1024.6	0.313
321.9	1034.1	1039.6	0.301
327.2	1058.0	1063.6	0.307
333.9	1086.9	1092.7	0.297
336.2	1097.9	1103.7	0.307
340.9	1119.9	1125.8	0.301
361.9	1222.3	1228.7	0.299
366.9	1245.0	1251.5	0.287
371.5	1264.9	1271.5	0.304
376.2	1287.0	1293.7	0.294
380.2	1305.9	1312.7	0.309
384.2	1324.8	1331.7	0.318
387.2	1338.7	1345.7	0.314
393.3	1368.5	1375.7	0.304
397.4	1391.3	1398.7	0.297
401.3	1410.1	1417.7	0.307
406.2	1434.8	1442.7	0.307
408.2	1443.7	1451.7	0.312
412.2	1464.3	1472.6	0.302
416.2	1482.2	1490.7	0.303
420.2	1499.9	1508.6	0.307
424.2	1517.8	1526.7	0.315
427.2	1531.7	1540.7	0.317
432.2	1556.2	1565.5	0.319
435.3	1570.0	1579.4	0.304
440.2	1593.8	1603.5	0.312
444.3	1614.7	1624.6	0.305
448.2	1632.7	1642.7	0.314
452.2	1652.5	1662.7	0.313
455.3	1668.3	1678.7	0.298
459.2	1688.1	1698.7	0.306
463.2	1707.1	1717.8	0.313
466.9	1722.8	1733.7	0.291
470.2	1739.6	1750.7	0.301
474.2	1763.4	1774.7	0.297
478.6	1783.3	1794.8	0.312
481.4	1798.1	1809.8	0.297
485.2	1816.9	1828.8	0.304
489.2	1837.7	1849.8	0.314
492.9	1857.5	1869.8	0.309
496.4	1877.5	1889.8	0.318
501.3	1900.3	1912.7	0.314
505.1	1920.2	1932.6	0.310
509.2	1941.3	1953.7	0.317
513.2	1962.2	1974.7	0.302
518.2	1987.2	1999.7	0.318
522.5	2011.1	2023.7	0.303
527.9	2035.0	2047.7	0.310
531.3	2050.9	2063.7	0.309
535.9	2072.8	2085.7	0.308
539.2	2090.9	2103.8	0.302
542.4	2107.7	2120.7	0.296
545.2	2120.5	2133.6	0.295
550.9	2146.4	2159.6	0.302
553.2	2157.5	2170.7	0.295
556.2	2172.4	2185.7	0.309
559.3	2188.3	2201.6	0.297
561.9	2205.2	2218.6	0.299
565.3	2223.1	2236.6	0.302
568.9	2243.1	2256.6	0.298
572.5	2263.0	2276.6	0.292
576.5	2284.1	2297.7	0.306
580.2	2303.0	2316.6	0.306
583.9	2321.0	2334.6	0.310
587.9	2341.0	2354.6	0.295
591.8	2359.9	2373.6	0.307
595.8	2380.9	2394.7	0.306
603.2	2423.6	2437.8	0.292
607.9	2448.4	2462.8	0.298
610.9	2464.4	2478.9	0.305
614.1	2485.3	2499.9	0.312
617.5	2500.9	2515.7	0.304
620.8	2518.8	2533.7	0.308
623.8	2532.7	2547.7	0.308
627.6	2552.7	2567.8	0.301
634.4	2595.5	2610.9	0.305
638.9	2620.2	2635.7	0.310
642.6	2639.2	2654.7	0.300
647.9	2665.1	2680.7	0.299
651.5	2684.1	2699.8	0.296
654.9	2703.0	2718.8	0.306
657.9	2717.9	2733.8	0.301
661.9	2738.8	2754.7	0.309
665.2	2756.8	2772.8	0.308
669.9	2782.8	2798.9	0.308
672.9	2800.6	2816.8	0.298
675.5	2814.6	2830.8	0.312
682.6	2852.4	2868.7	0.298
686.6	2874.3	2890.7	0.297
690.7	2897.3	2913.7	0.303
693.7	2913.3	2929.7	0.311
695.7	2925.2	2941.6	0.305
700.0	2947.2	2963.6	0.307
704.5	2971.3	2987.7	0.306
708.2	2989.2	3005.6	0.291
711.9	3007.2	3023.6	0.289
714.2	3020.2	3036.6	0.296
717.1	3036.1	3052.5	0.308
720.2	3053.9	3070.4	0.304
724.2	3075.1	3091.6	0.300
726.2	3088.1	3104.6	0.299
729.7	3108.0	3124.6	0.311
733.5	3129.0	3145.7	0.301
736.8	3146.8	3163.6	0.300
739.9	3164.6	3181.5	0.310
741.2	3171.5	3188.5	0.309
747.1	3206.4	3223.6	0.315
750.9	3228.3	3245.7	0.300
753.2	3242.2	3259.7	0.310
756.7	3263.0	3280.7	0.308
760.2	3280.9	3298.7	0.304
764.2	3304.7	3322.7	0.302
767.2	3325.6	3343.8	0.309
771.4	3350.3	3368.7	0.293
774.9	3369.1	3387.6	0.306
777.8	3386.9	3405.6	0.298
780.8	3404.9	3423.7	0.298
784.2	3424.8	3443.8	0.307
788.9	3452.7	3471.8	0.309
791.2	3466.5	3485.7	0.312
794.2	3484.5	3503.7	0.302
797.3	3505.5	3524.7	0.307
800.7	3526.5	3545.7	0.320
803.8	3545.6	3564.8	0.306
810.3	3581.5	3600.7	0.289
814.2	3603.5	3622.7	0.305
817.9	3623.5	3642.7	0.300
820.3	3638.5	3657.7	0.309
820.6	3640.5	3659.7	0.292
828.0	3684.3	3703.6	0.299
830.8	3699.2	3718.6	0.303
834.1	3719.1	3738.6	0.300
838.0	3744.0	3763.6	0.306
841.0	3759.1	3778.7	0.301
843.1	3769.9	3789.6	0.313
848.0	3798.8	3818.6	0.302
849.9	3809.8	3829.6	0.301
853.1	3828.7	3848.6	0.308
856.2	3848.6	3868.6	0.304
859.0	3867.5	3887.6	0.301
863.0	3894.6	3914.8	0.308
865.5	3911.5	3931.8	0.304
868.9	3934.4	3954.8	0.303
871.1	3950.3	3970.8	0.311
875.2	3977.1	3997.7	0.303
877.2	3990.0	4010.7	0.300
878.4	3999.9	4020.7	0.311
881.6	4018.7	4039.7	0.293
885.0	4040.6	4061.8	0.305
888.0	4059.4	4080.8	0.305
890.8	4078.1	4099.7	0.303
894.0	4099.0	4120.8	0.316
898.0	4121.7	4143.8	0.288
900.6	4137.6	4159.8	0.303
904.0	4161.5	4183.8	0.310
906.0	4175.4	4197.8	0.308
909.8	4200.4	4222.8	0.305
912.4	4219.4	4241.8	0.296
916.1	4244.3	4266.7	0.310
919.1	4265.3	4287.7	0.322
923.0	4292.3	4314.7	0.301
925.5	4306.3	4328.7	0.307
928.1	4324.4	4346.8	0.305
931.9	4345.3	4367.7	0.302
934.1	4361.4	4383.8	0.298
937.3	4379.4	4401.8	0.295
940.5	4402.5	4424.9	0.293
943.3	4425.4	4447.8	0.298
948.1	4458.4	4480.8	0.304
952.1	4486.4	4508.8	0.315
955.2	4503.3	4525.7	0.296
958.2	4521.3	4543.7	0.305
961.3	4541.4	4563.8	0.309
965.6	4573.6	4595.9	0.301
967.2	4585.7	4607.9	0.307
970.2	4604.6	4626.8	0.302
974.1	4634.7	4656.8	0.310
976.1	4648.8	4670.8	0.305
980.0	4676.9	4698.9	0.298
983.1	4701.9	4723.9	0.307
986.3	4723.8	4745.8	0.301
988.8	4738.7	4760.7	0.305
991.1	4754.6	4776.7	0.300
994.3	4775.7	4797.8	0.292
997.9	4799.6	4821.8	0.295
1000.9	4819.5	4841.8	0.303
1003.1	4834.4	4856.8	0.307
1006.8	4856.4	4878.8	0.314
1009.5	4872.3	4894.8	0.303
1012.5	4891.2	4913.8	0.302
1015.3	4910.1	4932.8	0.306
1017.9	4927.0	4949.7	0.302
1020.1	4942.9	4965.7	0.297
1023.9	4965.9	4988.8	0.307
1026.5	4983.8	5006.8	0.301
1029.2	5001.8	5024.8	0.307
1032.8	5026.6	5049.7	0.300
1034.4	5037.5	5060.7	0.306
1037.1	5056.3	5079.6	0.297
1040.9	5085.3	5108.8	0.291
1043.6	5101.2	5124.8	0.298
1045.6	5115.1	5138.9	0.295
1048.6	5134.0	5157.9	0.303
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