# Cold Air Cave, South Africa 350Yr Stable Isotope Data and Temperature Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:14349 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2013temperature.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Speleothems #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-05-06 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Cold Air Cave, South Africa 350Yr Stable Isotope Data and Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Sundqvist, H.S.; Holmgren, K.; Fohlmeister, J.; Zhang, Q.; Bar Matthews, M.; Spötl, C.; Körnich, H. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: This dataset contains 350-year stalagmite stable isotope data and 5-yr smoothed annual mean temperature reconstruction # (deviation from 1961-90 mean, ± 2std error = 0.578082397 degC) from Cold Air Cave in South Africa. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: H.S. Sundqvist, K. Holmgren, J. Fohlmeister, Q. Zhang, M. Bar Matthews, C. Spötl, and H. Körnich # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-05-03 # Published_Title: Evidence of a large cooling between 1690 and 1740 AD in southern Africa # Journal_Name: Scientific Reports # Volume: 3 # Edition: # Issue: 1767 # Pages: # DOI: 10.1038/srep01767 # Abstract: A 350-year-long, well-dated d18O stalagmite record from the summer rainfall region in South Africa is positively correlated with regional air surface temperatures at interannual time scales. The coldest period documented in this record occurred between 1690 and 1740, slightly lagging the Maunder Minimum (1645-1710). A temperature reconstruction, based on the correlation between regional surface temperatures and the stalagmite d18O variations, indicates that parts of this period could have been as much as 1.4°C colder than today. Significant cycles of 22, 11 and 4.8 years demonstrate that the solar magnetic and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle could be important drivers of multidecadal to interannual climate variability in this region. The observation that the most important driver of stalagmite d18O on interannual time scales from this subtropical region is regional surface temperature cautions against deterministic interpretations of d18O variations in low-latitude stalagmites as mainly driven by the amount of precipitation. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swedish Research Council # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Cold Air Cave # Location: Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa # Country: South Africa # Northernmost_Latitude: -24.00 # Southernmost_Latitude: -24.00 # Easternmost_Longitude: 29.1833 # Westernmost_Longitude: 29.1833 # Elevation: 1420 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: ColdAir2013T7temp # Earliest_Year: 1635 # Most_Recent_Year: 1993 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # Table S1. U-series dates for stalagmite T7. Dates marked with * were rejected from the age model. # # ID Depth (mm) 238U (ppm) 234U/238U 230Th/234U 230Th/232Th Age ± 2 Sigma (yrs before 2010) AgeCorr ± 2 Sigma (yrs before 2010) # T7-1* 2.4 - 6.0 0.8892±0.0006 7.65085±0.00601 0.00078±0.00004 19.31733±0.91080 84.5±8.0 80.1 # T7-2 9.3 - 12.2 0.7244±0.0005 7.86069±0.00878 0.00108±0.00003 20.29011±0.63412 117.9±7.2 111.7 # T7-3 17.1 - 20.9 0.7652±0.0005 7.72874±0.00787 0.00141±0.00005 34.69524±1.13888 153.7±10.0 149.6 # T7-4* 25.1- 27.5 0.9486±0.0007 7.65573±0.00634 0.00189±0.00012 24.87323±1.57611 205.4±25.9 197.8 # T7-5* 30.7 - 33.0 0.9543±0.0006 7.43094±0.00656 0.00173±0.00005 42.92791±1.29725 188.7±11.2 184.6 # T7-6 38.4 - 40.5 1.2903±0.0005 7.99408±0.00578 0.00212±0.00004 102.20185±2.21282 230.4±9.4 228.4 # T7-7 47.3 - 48.9 0.9686±0.0007 7.73365±0.00939 0.00242±0.00004 89.18808±1.58521 263.3±9.2 260.7 # T7-8 55.4 - 57.7 1.1344±0.0006 7.73293±0.00779 0.00257±0.00006 96.59116±2.28280 280.1±13.0 277.5 # T7-9 67.7 - 69.5 1.0604±0.0010 7.92647±0.00929 0.00307±0.00007 92.81007±2.10756 334.1±15.0 331 # T7-10 83.0 - 84.8 0.9923±0.0009 7.98816±0.00560 0.00352±0.00006 89.29721±1.42513 383.3±12.0 379.5 # # # Table S2. AMS radiocarbon results. Errors of 14C activity are given as 1 sigma. # Uncertainty of the depth reflects the drill width and the age uncertainty # refers to the error introduced by the drill width. # # MAMS # Sample label 14C activity [pMC] depth [mm] laminar counted age [year AD] # 14453 T7 E 92.58 ±0.25 7 ±0.2 1937.5 ±1.7 # 13868 T7 F 93.25 ±0.36 6.6 ±0.2 1941 ±1.75 # 14454 T7 G 92.45 ±0.24 6.2 ±0.2 1944.25 ±1.5 # 14455 T7 H 92.45 ±0.25 5.8 ±0.2 1947.5 ±2 # 14456 T7 I 93.77 ±0.26 5.4 ±0.2 1950.5 ±2.5 # 13906 T7 J 95.16 ±0.26 5 ±0.2 1954.5 ±1.75 # 13907 T7 K 94.93 ±0.23 4.6 ±0.2 1958 ±1.75 # 13908 T7 L 97.44 ±0.25 4.2 ±0.2 1961 ±1.75 # 13909 T7 M 101.84 ±0.25 3.8 ±0.2 1965 ±2 # 13910 T7 N 101.16 ±0.27 3.4 ±0.2 1968.5 ±1.5 # 13869 T7 O 102.71 ±0.39 3 ±0.2 1971.75 ±2 # 13911 T7 P 103.86 ±0.35 2.6 ±0.2 1975.25 ±2 # 13912 T7 Q 106.84 ±0.25 2.2 ±0.2 1977.75 ±1.5 # 13870 T7 R 106.86 ±0.31 1.8 ±0.2 1980.75 ±1.63 # 13913 T7 S 105.76 ±0.28 1.4 ±0.2 1983.5 ±1.25 # 13914 T7 T 106.71 ±0.28 1 ±0.2 1987 ±1.38 # 13871 T7 U 106.15 ±0.33 0.6 ±0.2 1990.5 ±1.75 # 13915 T7 V 106.25 ±0.25 0.2 ±0.2 1993.75 ±2 # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_AD age, , , years AD, , , , ,N ## tempanom-ann surface temperature anomaly, , , degrees C, Annual, , from 1961-90 mean, ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # 5-yr smoothed annual mean temperature reconstruction (deviation from 1961-90 mean) from Cold Air Cave, South Africa # ± 2std error = 0.578082397 degC age_AD tempanom-ann 1993 0.457467818 1992 0.459054992 1991 0.40624013 1990 0.362150694 1989 0.351771118 1988 0.441277374 1987 0.463033771 1986 0.450419604 1985 0.358686346 1984 0.261508912 1983 0.314912392 1982 0.309291752 1981 0.265771064 1980 0.204176395 1979 0.180986638 1978 0.153439375 1977 0.146859325 1976 0.12689026 1975 0.116403113 1974 0.091683515 1954 -0.021816717 1953 -0.099678824 1952 -0.101633134 1951 -0.098811512 1950 -0.248760072 1949 -0.209260528 1948 -0.161405942 1947 -0.070411695 1946 -0.06916414 1945 -0.056477619 1944 -0.048822113 1943 -0.06525865 1942 -0.114263406 1941 -0.031059067 1940 -0.038823039 1939 -0.052383986 1938 -0.148896054 1937 -0.077032018 1936 -0.125441685 1935 -0.239124492 1934 -0.211323862 1933 -0.171269678 1932 -0.216094697 1931 -0.337011606 1930 -0.351942791 1929 -0.267147909 1928 -0.301144411 1927 -0.375479375 1926 -0.318863728 1925 -0.32903229 1924 -0.344817659 1923 -0.288063551 1922 -0.290007566 1921 -0.331885723 1920 -0.358720543 1919 -0.28881362 1918 -0.371890964 1917 -0.358954955 1916 -0.345882172 1915 -0.37719963 1914 -0.431453785 1913 -0.510722774 1912 -0.623574727 1911 -0.458808231 1910 -0.48550259 1909 -0.48502094 1908 -0.430499396 1907 -0.423187925 1906 -0.460191776 1905 -0.375255339 1904 -0.318599609 1903 -0.283635355 1902 -0.283786661 1901 -0.233780025 1900 -0.176016677 1899 -0.20431476 1898 -0.206222202 1897 -0.213479851 1896 -0.189480916 1895 -0.03652614 1894 -0.045946975 1893 -0.255981249 1892 -0.404793218 1891 -0.35521316 1890 -0.212350211 1889 -0.214405484 1888 -0.316421321 1887 -0.351005682 1886 -0.333058817 1885 -0.351857353 1884 -0.310813595 1883 -0.323198729 1882 -0.363001338 1881 -0.442035788 1880 -0.462175588 1879 -0.429828524 1878 -0.501419707 1877 -0.468131019 1876 -0.277224003 1875 -0.189075708 1874 -0.154643101 1873 -0.156855228 1872 -0.150512059 1871 -0.236071391 1870 -0.126256888 1869 0.034813986 1868 0.045866355 1867 -0.051331155 1866 -0.007783178 1865 0.222088911 1864 0.458465929 1863 0.473607714 1862 0.356830061 1861 0.326262629 1860 0.324303862 1859 0.295296591 1858 0.384595285 1857 0.373281964 1856 0.316108919 1855 0.276943824 1854 0.239437551 1853 0.207703343 1852 0.117197421 1851 0.077277942 1850 0.065393017 1849 0.050148017 1848 0.104490818 1847 0.148539154 1846 0.228726009 1845 0.091305301 1844 0.028355203 1843 -0.140044541 1842 -0.153249771 1841 -0.327236999 1840 -0.481329167 1839 -0.446602052 1838 -0.256023245 1837 -0.266529722 1836 -0.288171748 1835 -0.352007556 1834 -0.376548297 1833 -0.327631518 1832 -0.19450353 1831 -0.070199471 1830 -0.026358846 1829 -0.10527769 1828 0.197084409 1827 0.350833901 1826 0.292028443 1825 0.254151308 1824 0.312860535 1823 0.289295599 1822 0.233411665 1821 0.20712594 1820 0.212698706 1819 0.242672896 1818 0.293983827 1817 0.158037707 1816 0.274338305 1815 0.340729569 1814 0.32796984 1813 0.448200222 1812 0.389440513 1811 0.402226383 1810 0.3540708 1809 0.23988477 1808 0.291017416 1807 0.266030128 1806 0.128119674 1805 0.032677683 1804 0.206841597 1803 0.258428564 1802 0.198121267 1801 0.027847184 1800 -0.057067992 1799 -0.149247291 1798 -0.23189879 1797 -0.32645611 1796 -0.400367416 1795 -0.27053746 1794 0.039524901 1793 0.013227622 1792 -0.203810689 1791 -0.384807232 1790 -0.331038847 1789 -0.009343191 1788 0.176331523 1787 -0.067197246 1786 -0.296972183 1785 -0.197356729 1784 -0.126766646 1783 -0.101495185 1782 -0.151041408 1781 -0.134185159 1780 -0.11556006 1779 -0.011203503 1778 -0.027423696 1777 0.112439156 1776 0.24066274 1775 0.205379549 1774 0.094068462 1773 -0.041804538 1772 -0.056184866 1771 -0.003920493 1770 0.046433379 1769 -0.029713104 1768 -0.126362558 1767 -0.142965296 1766 -0.188599003 1765 -0.224628079 1764 -0.256618118 1763 -0.379549893 1762 -0.400007655 1761 -0.413771293 1760 -0.422498204 1759 -0.539864432 1758 -0.476527628 1757 -0.43623394 1756 -0.486827589 1755 -0.588674006 1754 -0.595785271 1753 -0.511524681 1752 -0.421608598 1751 -0.376390746 1750 -0.420787157 1749 -0.352829323 1748 -0.136475564 1747 -0.155631899 1746 -0.246907497 1745 -0.275438351 1744 -0.22815579 1743 -0.220142909 1742 -0.287920217 1741 -0.384541331 1740 -0.322826757 1739 -0.507917302 1738 -0.636813956 1737 -0.730137257 1736 -0.85338174 1735 -0.893819503 1734 -0.913673702 1733 -0.977289875 1732 -1.000732436 1731 -0.842864381 1730 -0.868140557 1729 -0.85799389 1728 -0.910046845 1727 -1.034586501 1726 -1.134077234 1725 -1.182704724 1724 -1.245775141 1723 -1.357475157 1722 -1.401642962 1721 -1.413042344 1720 -1.424318719 1719 -1.442311709 1718 -1.444133543 1717 -1.143471096 1716 -0.885302677 1715 -0.838494355 1714 -0.806190641 1713 -0.806414815 1712 -0.806798253 1711 -0.80393281 1710 -0.861960977 1709 -0.90483523 1708 -0.854987684 1707 -0.561086351 1706 -0.514200851 1705 -0.612401962 1704 -0.632482317 1703 -0.487843914 1702 -0.550012106 1701 -0.553056204 1700 -0.559853061 1699 -0.628514987 1698 -0.660552775 1697 -0.656752334 1696 -0.652101661 1695 -0.714770348 1694 -0.703633652 1693 -0.669185881 1692 -0.675062823 1691 -0.771934018 1690 -0.790183604 1689 -0.769505807 1688 -0.80626375 1687 -0.671131454 1686 -0.419424288 1685 -0.250283439 1684 -0.172694027 1683 -0.05444951 1682 -0.005149532 1681 -0.030815168 1680 0.029293842 1679 0.011459943 1678 0.040727271 1677 0.07658757 1676 0.006007893 1675 -0.012182752 1674 -0.004510051 1673 0.073380574 1672 -0.032223609 1671 -0.109153873 1670 -0.097964846 1669 -0.273904347 1668 -0.316750114 1667 -0.36925506 1666 -0.356472833 1665 -0.368143327 1664 -0.360260603 1663 -0.334092949 1662 -0.294761 1661 -0.098493171 1660 0.06412924 1659 0.110487895 1658 0.187060478 1657 0.147261264 1656 0.103113712 1655 -0.036813786 1654 -0.184481988 1653 -0.309593817 1652 -0.323845491 1651 -0.289488263 1650 -0.425321362 1649 -0.519957216 1648 -0.581812738 1647 -0.541399103 1646 -0.497638548 1645 -0.597402774 1644 -0.521624796 1643 -0.427464322 1642 -0.368451585 1641 -0.263588232 1640 -0.276283181 1639 -0.294984872 1638 -0.267323587 1637 -0.195886882 1636 -0.215642668 1635 -0.10643653