# Lee-Thorp et al. 2001, Holmgren et al. 1999 South African Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/5420 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-5420.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/bwqk-ks96 # # Science_Keywords: PAGES Africa 2k, PAGES 2k Network #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold_air_cave-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core T7 Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2001-03-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-07 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Lee-Thorp et al. 2001, Holmgren et al. 1999 South African Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Holmgren, K.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Karlén, W.; Lauritzen, S.-E.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-633X); Partridge, T.C.; Piketh, S.; Repinski, P.; Stevenson, C.; Svanered, O.; Tyson, P.D.; Linge, H.; Moberg, A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-9347) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Stable isotope and grey colour intensity data from an aragonite stalagmite from Cold Air Cave in the Makapansgat Valley in northeastern South Africa. The record indicates wetter conditions in the summer rainfall areas of southern Africa during the mid Holocene warm phase, in phase with previously identified reduction in Antarctic circumpolar circulation. The record also captures a marked climate shift 3200 years ago. The trend thereafter towards the most pronounced cool, dry episode in the past 6500 years, culminating at AD 1750, reflects a cooling trend observed also in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Lee-Thorp, J.A., K. Holmgren, S.E. Lauritzen, H. Linge, A. Moberg, T.C. Partridge, Stevenson, C. and P.D. Tyson # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Published_Title: Rapid climate shifts in the southern African interior throughout the mid to late Holocene # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001 # Volume: 28 # Pages: 4507-4510 # Issue: 23 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2000GL012728 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A detailed climate proxy record based on d18O, d13C, and grey index of a well-dated stalagmite from Cold Air Cave in the Makapansgat Valley in north-eastern South Africa suggests that regional precipitation, temperatures, and vegetation oscillated markedly and rapidly over the last ~6500 years on centennial and multi-decadal scales. The mid-Holocene prior to 5200 years ago was humid and warm. A fundamental transition occurred 3200 years ago, leading to drier and cooler conditions that culminated at 1750 AD. Comparisons with ice core records suggest synchronous changes implicating rapid global teleconnections. #-------------------- # Authors: Holmgren, K, W. Karlén, S.E. Lauritzen, J.A. Lee-Thorp, T.C. Partridge, S. Piketh, P. Repinski, C. Stevenson, O. Svanered and P.D. Tyson # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Published_Title: A 3000-year High-Resolution Record of Palaeoclimate for North-Eastern South Africa # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999 # Volume: 9 # Pages: 295-309 # Issue: 3 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1191/095968399672625464 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: High-resolution stable isotope variations and growth structure analyses of the last three millennia of a 6600-year stalagmite record at Cold Air Cave, Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, are presented. Growth layers, which are measurable over the last 250 years, are shown to be annual. The correlation between the width of growth layers and precipitation is strongly positive. Changes in δ18O and δ13C are positively correlated and inversely correlated to changes in the colour of the growth layers in the stalagmite. Variations in colour are directly correlated with mean annual temperature. Dark colouration is the product of increased temperature and mobilization of organic matter from the soil, and is associated with wetter summers and enhanced growth of C4 grasses. Darker colouring and enrichedδ18O andδ13C reflect a warmer, wetter environment, whereas lighter colouring and depleted isotopic values are indicative of cooler, drier conditions. The dominant episode in the 3000-year record is the cool, dry 500-year manifestation of the‘Little Ice Age’, from ad 1300 to about 1800, with the lowest temperatures at around ad 1700. The four centuries from ad 900 to 1300, experiencing above-average warming and high variability, may be the regional expression of the medieval warming. Other cool, dry spells prevailed from around ad 800 to 900 and from about ad 440 to 520. The most prolonged warm, wet period occurred from ad 40 to 400. Some extreme events are shown to correspond well with similar events determined from the Greenland GISP2 ice-core record and elsewhere. Distinct periodicities occur within the record at around 120, 200–300, 500–600 and at about 800 years BP. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Cold Air Cave # Location: South Africa # Northernmost_Latitude: -24.02 # Southernmost_Latitude: -24.02 # Easternmost_Longitude: 29.11 # Westernmost_Longitude: 29.11 # Elevation_m: #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: T7 # First_Year: -4456 # Last_Year: 1996 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Twenty-one 5–15 g samples, taken at regular intervals along the growth axis of the first slice, have been dated by alpha-particle spectrometry, using standard chemical preparation procedures and computer algorithms (Lauritzen, 1993; 1996b). Dating by the 230Th/234U method yields ages in calendar years before present (i.e., before 1996). Age errors are based on counting statistics. # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: # 234U_Decay_Constant: # 230Th_Decay_Constant: # Initial_230Th/232Th: # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Only one sample (T7o-7) displays Th contamination sufficiently high (230Th/232Th) to affect the age determination. # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # depth_top_mm thick_mm samp_id lab_code U_ppb 234U_238U_act 234U_238U_act_uncert 230Th_234U_act 230Th_234U_act_uncert 230Th_232Th_act age_uncorr_BM age_uncorr_uncert_yr meas_yr age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_uncert_yr # 8 10 T7y-1 1596 0.88 7.551 0.115 0.0017 0.0005 >1000 180 60 1996 134 60 # 18 8 T7y-15 1831 0.86 7.308 0.092 0.0032 0.0003 58 350 40 1996 304 40 # 90 10 T7y-12 1751 0.62 8.012 0.152 0.0047 0.0007 >1000 520 70 1996 474 70 # 138 6 T7y-16 1832 1.1 7.451 0.079 0.0061 0.0004 >1000 660 40 1996 614 40 # 218 10 T7y-17 1833 0.98 7.461 0.127 0.0118 0.0011 >1000 1280 120 1996 1234 120 # 303 10 T7y-11 1750 1.2 6.932 0.107 0.0128 0.0008 >1000 1400 80 1996 1354 80 # 325 12 T7y-8 1699 1.1 7.272 0.179 0.0171 0.012 24 1870 140 1996 1824 140 # 334 4 T7y-10 1749 0.98 6.395 0.102 0.0149 0.001 >1000 1630 120 1996 1584 120 # 426 6 T7y-18 1834 1.3 7.11 0.088 0.0257 0.0016 60 2810 170 1996 2764 170 # 522 20 T7-2 1597 0.69 6.995 0.11 0.0276 0.0019 >1000 3020 210 1996 2974 210 # 536 8 T7o-5 1646 0.77 7.456 0.154 0.026 0.0015 169 2850 160 1996 2804 160 # 614 14 T7o-8 1784 1.2 6.949 0.1 0.0338 0.0012 168 3710 130 1996 3664 130 # 669 12 T7o-4 1645 1 6.422 0.107 0.0353 0.002 >1000 3880 220 1996 3834 220 # 718 8 T7o-7 1698 1.1 6.513 0.087 0.0389 0.0014 8.5 4280 150 1996 3494 180 # 736 12 T7o-9 1785 1.1 6.033 0.087 0.0357 0.0015 184 3930 170 1996 3884 170 # 801 6 T7o-6 1697 1.3 5.335 0.069 0.0464 0.0016 93 5130 180 1996 5084 180 # 838 10 T7o-3 1644 1.6 5.531 0.066 0.0509 0.0016 >1000 5630 180 1996 5584 180 # 848 10 T7o-2 1643 2.7 2.54 0.125 0.0524 0.0031 145 5810 350 1996 5764 350 # 921 10 T7o-10 1786 1.5 5.334 0.01 0.056 0.0012 529 6210 140 1996 6164 140 # 987 16 T7o-10 1642 1.7 5.091 0.04 0.0537 0.0021 >1000 5950 240 1996 5904 240 # 990 6 T7o-11 1830 0.98 4.952 0.062 0.0574 0.0014 >1000 6370 160 1996 6324 160 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N, ## age_CE age,,,year Common Era,,speleothems,,,N, ## d13Cpdb delta 13C,calcium carbonate,,per mil PDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18Opdb delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil PDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: depth_mm age_CE d13Cpdb d18Opdb 1 1996 -5.187736 -2.905723 5 1975 -5.186736 -2.897723 10 1948 -5.1802037 -4.2625404 11.5 1937 -4.5400751 -3.8896861 13 1932 -4.7304661 -3.8686383 15 1921 -4.87765 -3.7460573 17 1911 -4.5567691 -3.4313565 19 1900 -4.341284 -2.7803455 20.5 1889 -4.7891662 -3.2080465 22.5 1880 -4.484226 -3.8282576 25 1872 -4.943736 -3.963723 27 1864 -4.6479471 -3.0408492 29.5 1852 -5.106003 -2.8749504 32 1844 -4.7728112 -2.9787019 34 1837 -4.6911681 -3.3575719 38 1821 -3.2481804 -2.9444919 40 1813 -4.7877457 -3.1083179 42.5 1801 -4.7494791 -3.2522993 44.5 1794 -4.3211553 -3.9452167 47 1787 -4.0023367 -4.2855554 49 1780 -4.9586003 -3.8603287 51.5 1770 -5.65468 -4.5026045 53.5 1764 -5.4733202 -4.9774094 55.5 1757 -5.502228 -5.1662674 57.5 1750 -5.435828 -5.9283872 59.5 1744 -5.0113719 -4.8650847 61.5 1737 -4.381438 -4.3222218 63.5 1730 -5.6135576 -4.6793947 65 1727 -5.5364378 -4.574626 69.5 1710 -4.6963007 -3.4147051 71 1707 -4.9508798 -3.7268391 74 1697 -5.3385899 -5.2075277 77 1690 -4.0623319 -4.2766772 85 1666 -4.9423215 -4.0955682 87.5 1657 -4.3331487 -3.1226881 90 1651 -4.1797049 -3.6967268 92.5 1642 -4.8720329 -4.0814691 95 1636 -5.0072653 -3.9328006 98 1627 -4.598501 -3.8554006 100 1621 -5.0071814 -4.5317641 101.5 1615 -4.739888 -3.8306873 103.5 1610 -4.999954 -3.8399554 105.5 1604 -5.2566998 -3.7925577 107.5 1598 -5.1453092 -4.0010028 110 1592 -5.4274375 -3.7188444 112 1586 -4.972574 -3.2169886 114 1580 -5.0723531 -3.6510883 115.5 1574 -5.1691539 -3.6115327 117.5 1568 -4.9891965 -4.3621125 119.5 1562 -5.0524957 -3.8386755 122 1556 -5.2693603 -3.8417342 124 1550 -4.731931 -3.71191 126 1544 -4.0783618 -4.2599645 128.5 1535 -4.3941596 -3.920512 131.5 1524 -3.9262526 -3.8785124 135 1513 -3.497092 -3.073164 139 1499 -3.8780727 -3.0973203 141.5 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