# Grotte de Piste, Morocco 11.5 - 2.5 ka Speleothem Isotope and Geochemical Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/20266 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-20266.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/3xq5-bv53 # # Science_Keywords: North Atlantic Oscillation #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/grottedepiste2016iso-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Stalagmite GP2 Stable Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-07-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-20 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Grotte de Piste, Morocco 11.5 - 2.5 ka Speleothem Isotope and Geochemical Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Wassenburg, J.A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-5459); Dietrich, S.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-2690); Fietzke, J.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-7208); Fohlmeister, J.; Jochum, K.P.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-4578); Scholz, D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-8915); Richter, D.K.; Sabaoui, A.; Spötl, C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-4940); Lohmann, G.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2089-733X); Andreae, M.O.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1968-7925); Immenhauser, A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-2450) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Stable isotope, geochemical, and trace metals data from speleothems collected in Grotte de Piste, Morocco for 11,500 - 2,500 years before present. Provided Keywords: Holocene, North Atlantic Oscillation, deglaciation, NW Africa, Europe. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Jasper A. Wassenburg, Stephan Dietrich, Jan Fietzke, Jens Fohlmeister, Klaus Peter Jochum, Denis Scholz, Detlev K. Richter, Abdellah Sabaoui, Christoph Spotl, Gerrit Lohmann, Meinrat O. Andreae, Adrian Immenhauser # Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience # Published_Title: Reorganization of the North Atlantic Oscillation during Early Holocene deglaciation # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Volume: 9 # Pages: 602-605 # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2767 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The North Atlantic Oscillation is the dominant atmospheric pressure mode in the North Atlantic region and affects winter temperature and precipitation in the Mediterranean, northwest Europe, Greenland, and Asia. The index that describes the sea-level pressure difference between Iceland and the Azores is correlated with a dipole precipitation pattern over northwest Europe and northwest Africa. How the North Atlantic Oscillation will develop as the Greenland ice sheet melts is unclear. A potential past analogue is the early Holocene, during which melting ice sheets around the North Atlantic freshened surface waters, affecting the strength of the meridional overturning circulation. Here we present a Holocene rainfall record from northwest Africa based on speleothem d18O and compare it against a speleothem-based rainfall record from Europe. The two records are positively correlated during the early Holocene, followed by a shift to an anti-correlation, similar to the modern record, during the mid-Holocene. On the basis of our simulations with an Earth system model, we suggest the shift to the anti-correlation reflects a large-scale atmospheric and oceanic reorganization in response to the demise of the Laurentide ice sheet and a strong reduction of meltwater flux to the North Atlantic, pointing to a potential sensitivity of the North Atlantic Oscillation to the melting of ice sheets. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Fohlmeister, J., A. Schröder-Ritzrau, D. Scholz, C. Spötl, D.F.C. Riechelmann, M. Mudelsee, A. Wackerbarth, A. Gerdes, S. Riechelmann, A. Immenhauser, D.K. Richter, and A. Mangini # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Published_Title: Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012 # Volume: 8 # Pages: 1751-1764 # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Holocene climate was characterised by variability on multi-centennial to multi-decadal time scales. In central Europe, these fluctuations were most pronounced during winter. Here we present a record of past winter climate variability for the last 10.8 ka based on four speleothems from Bunker Cave, western Germany. Due to its central European location, the cave site is particularly well suited to record changes in precipitation and temperature in response to changes in the North Atlantic realm. We present high-resolution records of d18O, d13C values and Mg/Ca ratios. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio are attributed to past meteoric precipitation variability. The stable C isotope composition of the speleothems most likely reflects changes in vegetation and precipitation, and variations in the d18O signal are interpreted as variations in meteoric precipitation and temperature. We found cold and dry periods between 8 and 7 ka, 6.5 and 5.5 ka, 4 and 3 ka as well as between 0.7 and 0.2 ka. The proxy signals in the Bunker Cave stalagmites compare well with other isotope records and, thus, seem representative for central European Holocene climate variability. The prominent 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age cold events are both recorded in the Bunker Cave record. However, these events show a contrasting relationship between climate and d18O, which is explained by different causes underlying the two climate anomalies. Whereas the Little Ice Age is attributed to a pronounced negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the 8.2 ka event was triggered by cooler conditions in the North Atlantic due to a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) # Grant: DFG IM 44/1, DFG WA3532/1-1 #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Max Planck Society # Grant: #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Grotte de Piste # Location: Morocco # Northernmost_Latitude: 33.84 # Southernmost_Latitude: 33.84 # Easternmost_Longitude: -4.09 # Westernmost_Longitude: -4.09 # Elevation_m: 1260 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: GP2iso # First_Year: 11416 # Last_Year: 2537 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Two artificial ages were added for use with StalAge for age model production. These are not included in the table below: Artificial age #1 is 3.154 ka BP1950 with a 2s error of 0.453 at a depth of 20.20 mm from top of stalagmite. Artificial age #2 is 11.239 ka BP1950 with a 2s error of 0.300 at a depth of 589.80 mm from top of stalagmite. Ages that were previously published are denoted with an asterisk (*) in the sample ID. # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: 1.5513 X 10-10 y-1 # 234U_Decay_Constant: 2.8263 X 10-6 y-1 # 230Th_Decay_Constant: 9.158 X 10-6 y-1 # Initial_230Th/232Th: [0.6 ± 0.2] activity ratio # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # samp_id depth_top_mm 238U_ppm 238U_1s_ppm 230Th_232Th_act 230Th_232Th_act_1s 234U_238U_act 234U_238U_act_1s 234U_238U_act 234U_238U_act_1s age_corr_kaBP1950 age_corr_2s_ka # GP2U3.1* 6.40 6 1.485 0.002 5345 48.25 6 0.012 6.04 2.722 0.018 # GP2U3 34.00 4 1.666 0.002 20062.93 1787.26 6.083 0.011 6.136 3.586 0.025 # GP2U2.5.1 63.20 1 2.721 0.001 19596.05 207.1 6.327 0.005 6.389 4.060 0.013 # GP2U2.5 130.90 2.5 1.741 0.003 9070.38 60.24 6.356 0.013 6.43 4.792 0.027 # GP2U2.4.2 177.51 1.25 1.695 0.001 12085.48 97.66 6.333 0.005 6.415 5.364 0.019 # GP2U2.4.1 198.10 1 2.061 0.001 31923.06 577.06 6.457 0.006 6.547 5.757 0.016 # GP2U2.4 216.10 1.5 1.875 0.003 32129.44 545.54 6.515 0.015 6.609 5.935 0.040 # GP2U2.3.3 246.21 0.75 1.159 0.001 12424.4 126.29 6.609 0.005 6.71 6.259 0.023 # GP2U2.3.2 265.49 0.75 1.837 0.001 9578.74 59.43 6.643 0.004 6.75 6.549 0.017 # GP2U2.3.1 280.60 1 2.805 0.002 19182.19 114.88 6.681 0.006 6.789 6.581 0.047 # GP2U2.3 301.40 2.5 1.261 0.002 19918.21 252.13 6.603 0.013 6.714 6.890 0.039 # GP2U2.2a 316.50 1.25 6.442 0.004 39587.8 863.52 6.789 0.005 6.91 7.278 0.022 # GP2U2.2 365.02 1.25 2.447 0.004 12891.76 77.51 6.753 0.013 6.878 7.572 0.047 # GP2U2.1a 414.52 1.25 2.318 0.001 28090.81 1141.82 6.723 0.005 6.861 8.347 0.060 # GP2U2.1 426.23 2.25 2.843 0.003 21425.5 131.92 6.685 0.009 6.827 8.654 0.044 # GP2U2.0 432.77 1.25 3.165 0.002 11547.39 135.36 6.735 0.006 6.883 9.000 0.028 # GP2U2 493.50 3 2.066 0.003 14832.24 285.27 6.821 0.012 6.985 9.753 0.059 # GP2U1.4 540.92 1.25 1.59 0.001 21085.65 166.23 7.001 0.005 7.185 10.581 0.095 # GP2U1.3* 582.50 2 1.374 0.002 74687.94 2130.51 6.998 0.013 7.189 11.050 0.058 # GP2U1.2* 597.10 2 0.013 0 380.22 5.99 7.054 0.035 7.254 11.427 0.165 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N, ## age_calkaBP age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,speleothems,,,N, ## d18OcarbVPDB delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,detrended,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d13CcarbVPDB delta 13C,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,detrended,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Value: depth_mm age_calkaBP d18OcarbVPDB d13CcarbVPDB 0.5 2.537 0.06 -1.11 1.1 2.556 -0.06 -1.29 1.3 2.562 -0.33 -1.12 1.8 2.579 -0.05 -1.08 2.2 2.590 0.03 -0.72 2.9 2.612 0.24 0.13 4.0 2.647 -0.01 0.10 4.5 2.663 0.02 0.05 5.6 2.696 0.20 0.27 6.4 2.723 0.11 0.18 7.3 2.751 0.22 0.42 8.2 2.780 0.17 0.36 9.0 2.804 0.15 0.27 9.6 2.824 0.41 0.21 10.5 2.851 0.25 -0.25 11.7 2.892 -0.01 -0.27 12.7 2.922 -0.08 0.05 13.2 2.941 0.12 0.33 14.0 2.966 -0.06 0.34 14.8 2.995 -0.05 0.52 15.3 3.013 -0.21 0.42 15.9 3.034 -0.02 0.64 16.7 3.063 0.14 0.65 17.6 3.094 0.01 0.23 18.4 3.123 0.09 -0.37 20.0 3.176 -0.05 -0.03 21.1 3.210 0.02 -0.05 21.7 3.230 0.06 0.25 22.6 3.261 -0.08 0.20 23.4 3.289 0.12 0.32 23.7 3.296 -0.06 0.39 24.4 3.318 -0.06 0.32 24.8 3.331 -0.02 0.38 25.5 3.353 0.13 0.60 26.0 3.368 0.37 1.74 26.9 3.394 0.51 1.92 27.5 3.410 0.27 2.09 28.2 3.427 -0.06 1.58 29.0 3.450 0.10 1.19 29.9 3.471 0.04 0.57 30.8 3.496 -0.04 0.14 31.6 3.518 0.07 0.23 32.4 3.539 0.04 0.44 33.0 3.554 0.30 0.47 34.0 3.580 -0.17 0.44 34.6 3.596 0.23 0.67 35.8 3.624 -0.03 -0.35 36.9 3.649 -0.43 -1.49 38.1 3.667 -0.55 -1.49 38.7 3.674 -0.35 -1.14 39.8 3.684 -0.53 -0.93 40.6 3.694 -0.64 -0.70 41.4 3.703 -0.39 -0.24 42.2 3.715 -0.06 0.00 43.3 3.732 -0.10 -0.31 44.2 3.745 -0.20 0.10 45.3 3.763 -0.11 0.60 46.5 3.784 0.17 0.87 47.9 3.807 0.17 0.71 48.9 3.824 0.08 0.66 49.7 3.838 -0.01 0.51 50.9 3.858 -0.12 -0.02 51.4 3.866 -0.06 0.18 52.4 3.884 -0.25 0.71 53.1 3.896 -0.23 0.52 53.9 3.909 -0.22 0.40 54.8 3.924 -0.08 -0.16 55.7 3.940 -0.22 -0.72 56.6 3.954 -0.25 -0.27 57.5 3.970 0.00 -0.75 59.0 3.995 0.40 1.92 59.5 4.003 0.28 1.32 60.0 4.011 0.20 1.21 61.1 4.029 -0.35 0.59 62.0 4.043 -0.03 0.20 63.0 4.058 -0.14 -0.56 63.5 4.066 -0.17 -0.43 64.7 4.085 -0.08 -0.63 65.3 4.095 -0.18 -1.14 65.9 4.104 -0.31 -1.22 66.7 4.118 -0.24 -0.94 67.8 4.136 -0.09 -0.74 68.5 4.148 -0.06 -0.27 70.1 4.174 -0.21 -0.79 71.3 4.193 -0.10 -0.44 72.1 4.206 -0.21 -0.59 73.1 4.222 -0.11 -0.30 73.7 4.232 0.08 0.01 75.0 4.251 -0.05 -0.46 75.9 4.261 0.08 -0.08 76.7 4.268 0.12 0.02 77.3 4.273 0.12 0.03 78.2 4.278 -0.18 -0.34 78.8 4.279 -0.15 -0.20 79.7 4.279 -0.27 -0.37 80.4 4.279 -0.21 -0.15 81.2 4.279 -0.08 0.28 82.2 4.286 -0.09 0.34 83.1 4.292 -0.25 -0.12 84.3 4.298 -0.25 -1.11 85.4 4.307 -0.16 -0.68 86.5 4.320 -0.12 -1.16 87.7 4.334 -0.04 -1.02 88.9 4.347 -0.20 -1.07 90.0 4.359 -0.22 -1.02 91.2 4.373 -0.01 -0.35 92.1 4.383 -0.09 -0.22 93.6 4.401 -0.16 -1.03 95.0 4.416 -0.04 0.20 96.6 4.434 -0.02 0.27 97.9 4.448 -0.15 -0.61 99.1 4.462 0.01 -0.69 99.9 4.472 0.05 -0.71 101.3 4.487 -0.07 -0.97 102.0 4.495 -0.24 -1.08 103.0 4.507 -0.18 -1.16 103.6 4.514 -0.09 -1.07 104.9 4.529 -0.06 -1.00 105.9 4.539 -0.12 -0.90 107.0 4.552 -0.19 -0.83 107.6 4.559 -0.13 -0.82 108.2 4.565 -0.15 -0.89 109.0 4.575 -0.08 -0.49 109.8 4.584 -0.01 -0.42 110.9 4.596 0.04 -0.98 111.5 4.604 0.05 -0.80 112.7 4.617 0.12 -0.40 113.7 4.628 0.20 -0.09 114.7 4.640 0.18 -0.05 116.2 4.656 0.34 -0.35 117.1 4.667 0.12 -0.56 118.1 4.678 0.07 -0.63 119.3 4.692 0.07 -0.43 120.1 4.701 0.10 -0.35 121.3 4.714 -0.04 -0.31 122.1 4.723 -0.06 -0.03 122.9 4.732 0.09 0.37 124.1 4.746 0.25 0.17 124.8 4.753 0.14 0.06 125.7 4.764 0.08 -0.45 126.6 4.774 0.10 -0.26 127.6 4.786 0.11 -0.37 128.7 4.798 -0.09 -0.13 129.7 4.809 0.09 -0.25 130.4 4.818 0.08 -0.19 131.4 4.828 0.16 0.54 132.4 4.840 0.09 1.06 133.2 4.850 0.20 1.24 134.3 4.862 0.40 1.61 135.6 4.876 0.30 1.01 136.2 4.883 0.27 0.77 136.9 4.891 0.20 0.47 137.6 4.899 -0.18 -0.57 138.8 4.913 0.09 -0.12 139.8 4.924 0.00 -0.03 140.7 4.934 0.28 0.25 141.6 4.944 0.28 0.24 142.5 4.955 0.26 0.36 143.6 4.967 0.34 0.61 144.5 4.978 0.05 0.14 145.4 4.987 0.08 0.15 146.7 5.002 0.00 0.12 147.6 5.012 0.01 0.21 148.7 5.024 -0.01 -0.21 149.7 5.036 -0.11 -0.44 150.7 5.047 0.20 -0.05 151.9 5.061 -0.01 -0.31 152.9 5.072 0.24 -0.03 154.2 5.087 -0.06 -0.26 155.2 5.098 0.06 0.31 156.4 5.112 0.05 0.43 157.3 5.122 0.08 0.23 158.6 5.136 -0.06 -0.10 159.8 5.150 -0.02 0.10 161.0 5.164 0.12 0.54 162.0 5.175 0.34 1.47 163.2 5.189 0.40 1.31 164.1 5.199 0.27 0.88 165.5 5.215 0.15 0.59 166.4 5.225 0.10 0.13 167.2 5.235 0.12 0.20 168.2 5.245 0.17 0.12 169.4 5.259 -0.08 -0.54 170.3 5.269 -0.09 -0.83 171.2 5.280 -0.31 -1.21 172.3 5.292 -0.18 -0.71 173.0 5.300 -0.20 -0.91 173.9 5.311 0.00 -0.38 175.0 5.323 -0.04 -0.25 175.7 5.331 -0.06 -0.31 176.6 5.340 0.11 0.44 177.5 5.351 0.11 0.59 178.5 5.363 0.12 0.59 181.0 5.391 0.19 1.02 182.4 5.408 0.17 0.81 183.4 5.425 -0.03 0.37 185.0 5.438 0.26 0.89 185.9 5.449 0.04 0.51 187.1 5.518 0.56 1.16 188.2 5.621 0.28 1.58 189.6 5.671 0.25 1.18 190.8 5.672 0.28 1.54 191.5 5.678 0.30 0.83 193.1 5.700 0.42 0.90 193.8 5.708 0.33 1.02 195.0 5.720 0.15 1.37 195.7 5.728 0.17 0.76 197.1 5.744 -0.19 -0.18 198.2 5.757 0.14 0.11 199.3 5.768 -0.15 0.37 200.4 5.780 -0.14 -0.56 201.7 5.793 0.15 -0.64 202.8 5.804 -0.29 -0.97 204.0 5.817 0.00 -0.87 204.7 5.824 -0.13 -0.54 205.9 5.837 -0.14 -0.42 206.6 5.845 -0.02 -0.17 207.6 5.854 -0.24 -0.10 208.7 5.866 -0.15 -0.02 209.3 5.872 -0.24 0.04 210.3 5.883 -0.37 -0.16 212.0 5.901 -0.19 -0.27 212.7 5.908 -0.05 -0.22 213.6 5.917 0.02 -0.28 215.2 5.934 0.05 0.39 216.1 5.943 0.17 0.27 217.1 5.954 0.18 0.92 218.5 5.968 0.33 1.36 219.5 5.979 0.07 -0.05 220.5 5.989 0.01 -0.24 221.6 6.001 0.15 -0.10 223.1 6.016 0.03 -0.13 224.2 6.028 0.05 -0.48 225.0 6.036 0.02 -0.05 226.3 6.049 0.24 1.23 227.5 6.062 0.06 -0.15 228.6 6.074 0.20 0.41 229.6 6.084 0.25 0.28 230.7 6.095 0.17 0.01 231.9 6.108 0.09 0.34 233.2 6.121 0.13 0.12 234.3 6.133 -0.04 0.37 235.5 6.146 -0.12 -0.10 236.5 6.156 -0.13 -0.23 237.3 6.165 -0.09 -0.30 238.3 6.175 -0.05 -0.10 239.3 6.186 -0.25 -0.75 240.6 6.199 -0.06 -0.66 241.6 6.210 -0.16 -0.60 242.7 6.221 -0.14 -0.84 243.6 6.230 -0.26 -0.72 244.7 6.242 -0.31 -0.67 245.7 6.252 -0.15 -0.64 246.6 6.261 -0.27 -0.66 247.3 6.269 0.13 0.97 248.4 6.280 0.01 0.08 249.6 6.294 -0.18 -0.14 250.5 6.303 0.24 0.95 252.0 6.321 0.26 1.84 252.9 6.331 0.17 0.57 254.8 6.356 -0.13 0.00 255.8 6.370 0.19 0.16 256.8 6.388 0.32 1.05 258.0 6.414 0.24 1.28 258.8 6.431 0.20 1.03 260.0 6.450 0.23 0.70 261.0 6.464 0.45 1.79 262.0 6.477 0.29 1.81 262.9 6.490 0.12 0.80 263.7 6.499 0.32 0.90 265.0 6.515 0.17 1.23 266.3 6.529 0.37 1.36 267.8 6.544 -0.05 0.56 268.4 6.549 -0.12 -0.23 269.4 6.559 0.06 -0.41 271.1 6.575 -0.21 -0.68 272.0 6.583 -0.13 -0.38 273.3 6.595 -0.41 -0.59 274.7 6.606 -0.19 -0.50 275.8 6.612 -0.18 -0.52 277.2 6.618 -0.02 -0.50 278.2 6.619 -0.25 -0.54 279.3 6.619 -0.33 -0.32 280.1 6.619 -0.26 -0.74 281.6 6.628 -0.27 -0.57 283.1 6.649 -0.19 -0.67 284.5 6.669 -0.21 -0.16 286.1 6.689 0.17 0.37 287.4 6.706 -0.03 0.13 288.4 6.721 0.18 0.26 289.4 6.735 0.04 0.24 290.0 6.743 -0.24 0.32 291.0 6.756 -0.10 -0.02 292.1 6.772 -0.30 0.19 292.8 6.783 -0.26 -0.04 293.4 6.793 0.08 0.40 294.9 6.816 0.02 0.05 296.8 6.846 0.23 0.52 298.2 6.870 0.18 0.56 300.1 6.904 0.16 1.11 301.4 6.929 0.26 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