# Northern Morocco Holocene Speleothem d18O Data and Rainfall Index 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/27150 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/grottedepiste2019d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Dataset DOI: 
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2019-07-04
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2019-07-04
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Northern Morocco Holocene Speleothem d18O Data and Rainfall Index 
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Ait Brahim, Y.; Wassenburg, J.A.; Sha, L.; Cruz, F.W.; Deininger, M.; Sifeddine, A.; Bouchaou, L.; Spotl, C.; Edwards, R.L.; Cheng, H.
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Speleothem oxygen isotope (d18O) data and derived rainfall index for 3 speleothems from Northern Morrocco over the Holocene. 
#	Provided Keywords: NAO, Western Mediterranean, North Atlatic ice-rafting
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Y. Ait Brahim, J.A. Wassenburg, L. Sha, F.W. Cruz, M. Deininger, A. Sifeddine, L. Bouchaou, Christoph Spotl, R.L. Edwards, H. Cheng
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-06-17     
#	Published_Title: North Atlantic Ice-Rafting, Ocean and Atmospheric Circulation During the Holocene: Insights From Western Mediterranean Speleothems
#	Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
#	Volume: 
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 
#	Pages:
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1029/2019GL082405
#	Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082405
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: In this study, we present a Holocene rainfall index based on three high-resolution speleothem records from the Western Mediterranean, a region under the influence of the westerly winds belt modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). On centennial to millennial timescales, we show that the North Atlantic ice-rafting events were likely associated with negative NAO-like conditions during the Early Holocene and the Late Holocene. However, our data reveal that this is not clearly the case for the mid-Holocene ice-rafting events, during which we also show evidence of positive NAO-like patterns from other paleo-oceanographic and paleo-atmospheric data. Hence, contradictory mechanisms involving prolonged periods of both north and south shifts of the westerly winds belt (resembling positive and negative NAO-like patterns) might at least partially trigger or amplify the ice-rafting events and the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors:  Jasper A. Wassenburg, Stephan Dietrich, Jan Fietzke, Jens Fohlmeister, Klaus Peter Jochum, Denis Scholz, Detlev K. Richter, Abdellah Sabaoui, Christoph Spotl, Gerrit Lohmann, Meinrat O. Andreae, Adrian Immenhauser
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-07-18
# Published_Title: Reorganization of the North Atlantic Oscillation during early Holocene deglaciation
# Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience
# Volume: 
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2767
# Online_Resource: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2767.html
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: The North Atlantic Oscillation is the dominant atmospheric pressure mode in the North Atlantic region and affects winter temperature and precipitation in the Mediterranean, northwest Europe, Greenland, and Asia. The index that describes the sea-level pressure difference between Iceland and the Azores is correlated with a dipole precipitation pattern over northwest Europe and northwest Africa. How the North Atlantic Oscillation will develop as the Greenland ice sheet melts is unclear. A potential past analogue is the early Holocene, during which melting ice sheets around the North Atlantic freshened surface waters, affecting the strength of the meridional overturning circulation. Here we present a Holocene rainfall record from northwest Africa based on speleothem d18O and compare it against a speleothem-based rainfall record from Europe. The two records are positively correlated during the early Holocene, followed by a shift to an anti-correlation, similar to the modern record, during the mid-Holocene. On the basis of our simulations with an Earth system model, we suggest the shift to the anti-correlation reflects a large-scale atmospheric and oceanic reorganization in response to the demise of the Laurentide ice sheet and a strong reduction of meltwater flux to the North Atlantic, pointing to a potential sensitivity of the North Atlantic Oscillation to the melting of ice sheets.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Natural Science Foundation of China
#	Grant: 41888101, 41731174
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China
#	Grant: 2018M640971
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil
#	Grant: 2017/50085-3
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: CLIMACTE Tripartite Cooperative Project (IRD-France/CNPq-Brazil/APGMV-Africa
#	Grant: 457400/2012-9
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: German Research Foundation (DFG)
#	Grant: WA3532/1-1, DE 2398/3-1
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#	Grant: 1702816
#---------------------------------------
# Site Information
# Site_Name: Grotte de Piste
# Location: Africa>Northern Africa>Morocco
# Country: Morocco
# Northernmost_Latitude: 33.95
# Southernmost_Latitude: 33.95
# Easternmost_Longitude: -4.246
# Westernmost_Longitude: -4.246
# Elevation: 1260 m
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Piste2019GP2d18O 
#	Earliest_Year: 11415
#	Most_Recent_Year: 2537
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# Sample ID	Depth from top (mm)	Age (BP)	Error
# GP2 U3.1*	6.4	2.78223	0.01788
# GP2U3	34	3.64566	0.02492
# GP2 U2.5.1	63.2	4.11986	0.01280
# GP2 U2.5	130.9	4.85171	0.02735
# GP2 U2.4.2	177.51	5.42352	0.01920
# GP2 U2.4.1	198.1	5.81658	0.01606
# GP2 U2.4	216.1	5.99469	0.03970
# GP2 U2.3.3	246.21	6.31870	0.02306
# GP2 U2.3.2	265.49	6.60950	0.01675
# GP2 U2.3.1	280.6	6.64146	0.04663
# GP2 U2.3	301.4	6.94975	0.03938
# GP2-U2.2a	316.5	7.33799	0.02245
# GP2 U2.2	365.02	7.63162	0.04737
# GP2-U2.1a	414.52	8.40684	0.06048
# GP2 U2.1	426.23	8.71421	0.04442
# GP2-U2.0	432..77	9.05953	0.02807
# GP2U2	493.5	9.81275	0.05924
# GP2 U1.4	540.92	10.64095	0.09539
# GP2 U1.3*	582.5	11.11024	0.05813
# GP2 U1.2*	597.1	11.48672	0.16491
# 
# 
#----------------
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_mm	depth, , , mm, , , , ,N,Depth from stalagmite top
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N,
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil VPDB, ,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, 
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_mm	age_calBP	d18OcarbVPDB
0.5	2537.16	-4.96
1.104	2556.11	-5.07
1.292	2562.01	-5.34
1.832	2578.96	-5.06
2.196	2590.40	-4.98
2.891	2612.27	-4.77
4	2647.15	-5.01
4.5	2662.81	-4.99
5.581	2696.49	-4.81
6.419	2722.60	-4.89
7.323	2750.95	-4.78
8.238	2779.79	-4.83
9	2803.83	-4.84
9.637	2823.99	-4.59
10.486	2851.09	-4.74
11.732	2891.62	-5.00
12.658	2922.27	-5.07
13.232	2941.47	-4.87
13.96	2966.11	-5.05
14.797	2994.93	-5.03
15.326	3013.41	-5.19
15.899	3033.59	-5.00
16.737	3063.28	-4.85
17.619	3094.42	-4.97
18.435	3122.65	-4.89
20.022	3175.54	-5.03
21.059	3210.28	-4.95
21.654	3230.41	-4.92
22.558	3260.52	-5.05
23.44	3288.78	-4.86
23.66	3295.70	-5.04
24.388	3318.42	-5.04
24.785	3330.80	-5.00
25.49	3352.60	-4.85
25.997	3367.87	-4.61
26.923	3394.19	-4.47
27.519	3410.08	-4.71
28.158	3426.68	-5.04
29.04	3449.69	-4.88
29.856	3471.36	-4.94
30.76	3495.59	-5.02
31.598	3518.01	-4.91
32.391	3538.85	-4.94
32.964	3553.53	-4.68
34	3579.64	-5.15
34.64	3595.90	-4.75
35.764	3624.10	-5.01
36.933	3648.73	-5.41
38.124	3666.68	-5.53
38.719	3673.68	-5.33
39.755	3684.40	-5.52
40.637	3693.95	-5.62
41.387	3703.42	-5.37
42.225	3715.16	-5.05
43.327	3731.62	-5.09
44.165	3744.72	-5.18
45.312	3763.47	-5.09
46.524	3783.99	-4.82
47.891	3807.34	-4.82
48.861	3823.85	-4.91
49.677	3837.67	-5.00
50.868	3857.93	-5.11
51.353	3866.22	-5.06
52.367	3883.52	-5.24
53.116	3896.14	-5.22
53.888	3909.06	-5.21
54.792	3924.23	-5.07
55.74	3940.27	-5.22
56.578	3954.44	-5.24
57.5	3969.91	-4.99
59	3994.91	-4.60
59.5	4003.17	-4.72
60	4011.33	-4.80
61.142	4029.42	-5.35
62	4042.60	-5.03
63	4057.92	-5.14
63.5	4065.66	-5.17
64.713	4084.90	-5.09
65.308	4094.61	-5.18
65.903	4104.45	-5.31
66.741	4118.39	-5.25
67.777	4135.61	-5.09
68.527	4148.01	-5.07
70.137	4174.35	-5.22
71.305	4193.14	-5.11
72.099	4205.94	-5.22
73.091	4222.25	-5.12
73.709	4232.30	-4.93
74.965	4250.65	-5.07
75.913	4261.09	-4.93
76.707	4267.91	-4.90
77.28	4273.38	-4.90
78.162	4278.41	-5.20
78.802	4278.54	-5.17
79.728	4278.71	-5.28
80.367	4278.84	-5.23
81.161	4278.99	-5.10
82.175	4285.54	-5.11
83.079	4291.63	-5.27
84.336	4297.58	-5.27
85.394	4307.46	-5.18
86.519	4320.19	-5.15
87.709	4333.54	-5.07
88.878	4346.60	-5.22
89.98	4359.08	-5.24
91.171	4372.61	-5.04
92.053	4382.62	-5.12
93.64	4400.64	-5.19
94.985	4415.88	-5.07
96.617	4434.31	-5.05
97.874	4448.49	-5.18
99.086	4462.22	-5.02
99.946	4471.99	-4.99
101.291	4487.27	-5.11
101.975	4495.04	-5.27
103.011	4506.79	-5.22
103.606	4513.53	-5.13
104.929	4528.52	-5.10
105.877	4539.26	-5.16
106.958	4551.54	-5.24
107.641	4559.31	-5.18
108.17	4565.34	-5.19
109	4574.79	-5.12
109.78	4583.65	-5.05
110.86	4595.90	-5.00
111.544	4603.63	-5.00
112.69	4616.60	-4.93
113.661	4627.63	-4.85
114.741	4639.90	-4.87
116.152	4655.87	-4.72
117.144	4667.11	-4.93
118.136	4678.35	-4.98
119.349	4692.06	-4.98
120.143	4701.02	-4.96
121.311	4714.20	-5.10
122.083	4722.92	-5.12
122.899	4732.14	-4.97
124.09	4745.63	-4.81
124.751	4753.12	-4.93
125.743	4764.37	-4.98
126.603	4774.13	-4.96
127.617	4785.64	-4.95
128.676	4797.68	-5.16
129.69	4809.24	-4.98
130.44	4817.79	-4.99
131.366	4828.31	-4.91
132.358	4839.54	-4.98
133.24	4849.52	-4.88
134.32	4861.72	-4.68
135.555	4875.68	-4.78
136.172	4882.65	-4.81
136.878	4890.61	-4.88
137.649	4899.31	-5.26
138.84	4912.79	-4.99
139.81	4923.83	-5.08
140.714	4934.13	-4.81
141.552	4943.65	-4.80
142.544	4954.94	-4.83
143.559	4966.51	-4.74
144.529	4977.55	-5.04
145.389	4987.28	-5.01
146.667	5001.71	-5.09
147.615	5012.42	-5.09
148.674	5024.38	-5.10
149.688	5035.84	-5.20
150.7	5047.31	-4.89
151.915	5061.13	-5.11
152.863	5071.88	-4.86
154.164	5086.57	-5.16
155.2	5098.27	-5.05
156.391	5111.73	-5.06
157.339	5122.40	-5.03
158.552	5136.08	-5.17
159.764	5149.88	-5.13
161.043	5164.43	-4.99
161.969	5174.89	-4.78
163.248	5189.36	-4.72
164.13	5199.37	-4.84
165.497	5214.89	-4.97
166.379	5224.90	-5.02
167.239	5234.68	-5.00
168.165	5245.20	-4.95
169.399	5259.22	-5.20
170.259	5268.97	-5.21
171.23	5279.97	-5.43
172.31	5292.18	-5.30
172.993	5299.90	-5.32
173.941	5310.61	-5.13
175.044	5323.08	-5.17
175.727	5330.80	-5.19
176.565	5340.30	-5.03
177.513	5351.09	-5.02
178.528	5362.79	-5.02
181	5390.85	-4.95
182.41	5408.33	-4.97
183.41	5424.65	-5.17
184.998	5438.26	-4.89
185.939	5449.30	-5.11
187.056	5517.91	-4.59
188.15	5620.54	-4.89
189.643	5671.49	-4.92
190.76	5672.37	-4.90
191.525	5678.21	-4.88
193.053	5700.15	-4.76
193.759	5707.71	-4.85
194.994	5720.45	-5.03
195.699	5728.49	-5.01
197.052	5744.00	-5.37
198.228	5756.71	-5.05
199.345	5768.47	-5.34
200.403	5779.53	-5.33
201.697	5793.08	-5.04
202.755	5804.14	-5.48
203.99	5817.02	-5.19
204.695	5824.38	-5.33
205.871	5836.67	-5.33
206.636	5844.66	-5.22
207.576	5854.43	-5.44
208.694	5866.11	-5.34
209.282	5872.30	-5.44
210.34	5883.44	-5.57
211.986	5900.58	-5.39
212.692	5907.91	-5.26
213.574	5917.10	-5.18
215.161	5933.66	-5.16
216.102	5943.48	-5.04
217.101	5953.84	-5.03
218.513	5968.46	-4.89
219.512	5978.88	-5.14
220.512	5989.35	-5.20
221.629	6001.03	-5.07
223.099	6016.32	-5.18
224.216	6027.91	-5.17
225.039	6036.47	-5.20
226.274	6049.37	-4.98
227.508	6062.27	-5.16
228.626	6073.94	-5.03
229.6	6084.09	-4.98
230.684	6095.39	-5.05
231.918	6108.28	-5.14
233.153	6121.20	-5.10
234.27	6132.90	-5.28
235.505	6145.81	-5.35
236.504	6156.22	-5.37
237.32	6164.71	-5.32
238.268	6174.59	-5.28
239.327	6185.66	-5.49
240.561	6198.55	-5.30
241.62	6209.55	-5.40
242.737	6221.21	-5.38
243.56	6229.90	-5.50
244.67	6241.56	-5.56
245.667	6251.91	-5.39
246.559	6261.18	-5.52
247.264	6268.60	-5.11
248.382	6280.44	-5.24
249.616	6293.51	-5.43
250.498	6303.05	-5.01
252.027	6320.56	-4.99
252.85	6330.70	-5.09
254.79	6356.04	-5.38
255.79	6370.27	-5.07
256.789	6388.17	-4.94
257.965	6413.60	-5.02
258.847	6431.23	-5.07
260.023	6450.11	-5.03
260.964	6463.58	-4.82
261.963	6477.44	-4.98
262.904	6489.86	-5.15
263.668	6499.43	-4.95
264.962	6514.79	-5.10
266.256	6528.99	-4.90
267.784	6543.75	-5.33
268.372	6549.13	-5.40
269.43	6558.92	-5.22
271.136	6574.89	-5.49
272.018	6583.12	-5.41
273.311	6595.03	-5.70
274.722	6606.16	-5.47
275.781	6612.21	-5.46
277.192	6617.89	-5.31
278.191	6619.10	-5.54
279.25	6619.10	-5.62
280.132	6619.11	-5.54
281.602	6627.60	-5.56
283.071	6648.95	-5.47
284.541	6669.46	-5.50
286.07	6688.72	-5.12
287.364	6706.12	-5.33
288.422	6721.07	-5.12
289.421	6734.78	-5.25
290.009	6742.78	-5.53
290.95	6755.91	-5.40
292.067	6772.30	-5.60
292.773	6783.04	-5.56
293.419	6793.08	-5.22
294.889	6816.22	-5.29
296.771	6846.25	-5.07
298.182	6869.83	-5.13
300.064	6903.53	-5.15
301.416	6928.75	-5.06
302.65	6952.71	-5.00
304.003	6980.59	-5.02
304.65	6994.38	-5.07
305.708	7017.34	-5.19
307.766	7062.99	-5.43
308.53	7080.23	-5.48
310	7113.71	-5.61
311.2	7140.61	-5.63
312.5	7169.16	-5.72
314	7201.84	-5.54
316	7239.63	-5.61
317.5	7254.72	-5.84
318.5	7264.47	-5.77
319.407	7273.48	-5.63
320.407	7283.45	-5.70
321.407	7293.20	-5.58
321.994	7298.85	-5.58
322.494	7303.67	-5.58
323.817	7316.50	-5.66
324.417	7322.33	-5.49
325.346	7331.28	-5.57
325.846	7335.97	-5.41
326.846	7344.88	-5.50
327.846	7353.74	-5.32
328.846	7364.35	-5.37
329.846	7376.88	-5.31
330.846	7388.74	-5.27
332.283	7396.97	-5.48
333.636	7397.26	-5.42
334.636	7397.48	-5.48
335.136	7397.59	-5.66
336.136	7397.81	-5.71
336.636	7397.92	-5.31
337.636	7398.13	-5.46
340.136	7398.68	-5.03
342.636	7399.22	-5.31
345.136	7402.89	-5.28
346.136	7405.89	-5.29
347.747	7413.84	-5.42
349.099	7423.58	-5.37
350	7431.24	-5.46
350.52	7435.78	-5.60
351.686	7445.77	-5.40
352.568	7453.27	-5.41
353.685	7462.85	-5.50
354.567	7470.43	-5.45
355.449	7477.99	-5.43
356.39	7486.08	-5.40
357.389	7494.75	-5.43
357.977	7499.87	-5.40
358.859	7507.52	-5.46
360.035	7517.65	-5.35
361.048	7526.37	-5.29
361.93	7533.97	-5.21
363.253	7545.38	-5.33
364.311	7554.49	-5.23
365.017	7561.54	-5.28
365.767	7574.45	-4.99
366.296	7583.57	-5.10
366.913	7594.24	-5.04
368.325	7618.73	-5.19
369.119	7632.42	-4.99
370.927	7663.72	-5.39
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