# Southwest Morocco 1,500 Year Speleothem Stable Isotope Data 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/33976
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/ifoulki2021composite.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
# 
# Data_Type: Speleothems
#
# Dataset_DOI:
#
# Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2021-08-24
#---------------------------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2021-08-24
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Southwest Morocco 1,500 Year Speleothem Stable Isotope Data 
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Sha, L.; Ait Brahim, Y.; Wassenburg, J.A.; Yin, J.; Lu, J.; Cruz, F.W.; Cai, Y.; Edwards, R.L.; Cheng, H.
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Stable isotope (d13C, d18O) data from stalagmite IFK2 collected in Ifoulki Cave, northwest Morocco, plus 2-stalagmite composite d18O data from Ifoulki and Wintimdouine Caves, for the past ~1,500 years. 
#         Provided Keywords: West African Summer Monsoon, African Humid Period, Speleothems, Abrupt Climate change
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Lijuan Sha, Yassine Ait Brahim, Jasper A. Wassenburg, Jianjun Yin,Jiayu Lu, Francisco W. Cruz, Yanjun Cai, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2021-08-29
# Published_Title: The "Hockey Stick" imprint in Northwest African speleothems
# Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
# Volume: 
# Edition: e2021GL094232
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report_Number: 
# DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094232
# Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL094232
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: We present absolutely-dated speleothem d18O records spanning the past ~1.5 kyr, which provide new evidence of the transmission of an anthropogenic signal to natural climatic archives in NW Africa. Combined with three other speleothem d18O records from SW Morocco, the results indicate unprecedentedly dry conditions during the 20th century, which developed more rapidly than those during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, 900-1350 AD), likely due to rising atmospheric CO2 levels. The 20th century drying evident in the speleothem records is consistent with the "Hockey Stick" pattern of increasing temperatures due to global warming. We demonstrate that this rapid drying is linked to warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Azores High region, and cooler local SSTs off the coast of NW Africa. These changes intensified the Canary Current Upwelling, which promoted increased biological productivity in the surface water and enhanced the coastal fishing industry in Morocco.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China 
#    Grant: 41888101, 41731174, 41561144003
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Republic of Korea 
#    Grant: IBS-R028-Y2
#---------------------------------------
# Site_Information
# Site_Name: Ifoulki Cave
# Location: Africa>Northern Africa>Morocco
# Northernmost_Latitude: 30.71
# Southernmost_Latitude: 30.71
# Easternmost_Longitude: -9.33
# Westernmost_Longitude: -9.33
# Elevation: 1256
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Ifoulki2021composite
#   First_Year: 403
#   Last_Year: 2010
#   Time_Unit: Year CE
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: Composite of IFK1 and IFK2
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
# 
# Sample ID	Depth from top (mm)	Age (BP)	Error	
# IFK2-7	7	93	56	
# IFK2-9	9	135	90	
# IFK-17	17	355	74	
# IFK2-26	26	516	59	
# IFK-28	28	575	38	
# IFK-35	35	718	35	
# IFK2-39	39	772	90	
# IFK-53	53	1117	118	
# IFK2-57	57	1158	96	
# IFK-68	68	1331	62	
# IFK2-73	73	1486	85	
# IFK2-76	76	1491	151	
# 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age	age,,,Year Common Era,,speleothems,,,N,IFK composite Age (AD)
## d18O	delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,composited,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, Composite of IFK1 and IFK2
# 
#------------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: 
age	d18O
2010	-3.15
1985	-2.46
1960	-4.29
1936	-3.77
1932	-5.52
1931	-5.82
1930	-6.03
1930	-5.99
1929	-5.96
1929	-5.94
1928	-6.09
1927	-6.23
1927	-6.13
1926	-5.89
1926	-5.48
1925	-5.32
1925	-5.26
1924	-5.33
1923	-5.33
1923	-5.18
1922	-5.17
1922	-5.25
1921	-5.7
1920	-6.11
1920	-6.15
1919	-5.98
1919	-5.58
1918	-5.58
1917	-5.69
1917	-5.64
1916	-5.67
1916	-5.84
1915	-6.01
1915	-6.18
1914	-6.13
1913	-6.08
1913	-6.08
1912	-6.1
1912	-6.16
1911	-6.1
1910	-6.01
1910	-5.86
1909	-5.74
1909	-5.67
1908	-5.65
1908	-5.66
1907	-5.81
1906	-5.88
1906	-5.63
1905	-5.53
1904	-5.69
1903	-6.01
1901	-6.24
1900	-6.01
1899	-5.97
1898	-5.99
1897	-6.06
1895	-6.29
1894	-6.27
1893	-6.3
1892	-6.42
1890	-6.34
1889	-6.41
1888	-6.61
1887	-6.92
1885	-6.82
1884	-6.78
1883	-6.76
1882	-6.82
1880	-6.82
1878	-6.61
1875	-6.15
1872	-5.8
1870	-6.24
1867	-6.62
1864	-6.67
1862	-6.4
1859	-6.19
1856	-6.16
1854	-6.39
1851	-6.25
1848	-6.1
1846	-6.04
1843	-5.99
1840	-5.87
1838	-5.95
1835	-5.8
1835	-5.68
1832	-5.61
1830	-5.72
1827	-5.77
1827	-5.8
1826	-5.82
1826	-5.85
1825	-5.89
1825	-5.94
1825	-5.99
1824	-6.06
1823	-6.05
1823	-5.83
1822	-5.67
1822	-5.54
1821	-5.65
1820	-5.73
1820	-5.72
1820	-5.69
1819	-5.64
1812	-5.2
1805	-5.33
1802	-5.39
1791	-5.3
1781	-5.51
1777	-5.57
1771	-5.7
1760	-5.91
1750	-6.11
1749	-6.12
1740	-6.19
1729	-6.2
1722	-6.46
1719	-6.53
1709	-6.48
1698	-6.47
1694	-6.56
1688	-6.59
1680	-6.64
1677	-6.52
1674	-6.33
1671	-6.32
1668	-6.28
1666	-6.29
1664	-6.3
1661	-6.13
1658	-5.89
1655	-5.79
1652	-5.72
1649	-5.77
1646	-5.74
1642	-5.74
1639	-5.66
1639	-5.68
1636	-5.82
1633	-6.05
1630	-5.84
1627	-5.62
1624	-5.76
1620	-5.79
1617	-5.53
1614	-5.33
1611	-5.22
1611	-5.22
1608	-5.32
1605	-5.24
1601	-5.39
1598	-5.57
1595	-5.25
1592	-5.19
1589	-5.46
1586	-5.21
1583	-5.08
1583	-5.06
1579	-5.1
1576	-5.06
1574	-5.1
1573	-5.11
1571	-5.04
1569	-5.17
1567	-5.17
1567	-5.16
1565	-4.84
1563	-4.57
1562	-4.7
1560	-4.63
1558	-4.6
1556	-4.59
1554	-4.76
1553	-4.75
1551	-4.75
1551	-4.75
1549	-4.89
1547	-4.88
1545	-4.81
1543	-4.65
1542	-4.81
1540	-4.8
1539	-4.79
1537	-4.91
1536	-5.08
1535	-5.11
1535	-5.1
1533	-5.33
1532	-5.73
1532	-5.76
1530	-5.73
1527	-6.04
1525	-5.81
1522	-5.64
1520	-5.53
1519	-5.56
1517	-5.61
1515	-5.51
1512	-5.47
1510	-5.34
1507	-5.29
1504	-5.26
1503	-5.09
1502	-5
1499	-5.12
1497	-5.07
1494	-5.06
1492	-5.27
1489	-5.56
1487	-5.71
1487	-5.74
1484	-5.91
1482	-6.11
1479	-6.16
1476	-6.41
1474	-6.3
1471	-6.17
1471	-6.22
1469	-6.44
1466	-6.03
1464	-5.89
1461	-5.86
1459	-5.76
1456	-5.66
1455	-5.65
1454	-5.63
1453	-5.58
1451	-5.57
1449	-5.53
1448	-5.45
1446	-5.33
1445	-5.23
1443	-5.17
1442	-5.13
1440	-5.15
1439	-5.17
1439	-5.17
1437	-5.2
1435	-5.3
1434	-5.27
1432	-5.21
1431	-5.26
1429	-5.28
1428	-5.18
1426	-5.21
1425	-5.26
1423	-5.16
1421	-4.99
1420	-5.05
1418	-5.23
1417	-5.08
1415	-5.08
1414	-5.11
1412	-5.09
1411	-5.19
1409	-4.91
1408	-4.77
1406	-4.83
1404	-4.97
1403	-4.88
1401	-4.96
1400	-5.19
1398	-5.29
1397	-5.51
1395	-5.63
1395	-5.65
1394	-5.74
1393	-5.7
1392	-5.7
1392	-5.7
1391	-5.7
1391	-5.71
1391	-5.73
1390	-5.64
1390	-5.49
1390	-5.34
1389	-5.24
1389	-5.15
1388	-5.1
1388	-5.13
1388	-5.16
1387	-5.11
1387	-5.05
1386	-4.99
1386	-4.96
1386	-4.93
1385	-5.03
1385	-5.21
1384	-5.36
1384	-5.29
1384	-5.23
1383	-5.23
1383	-5.32
1383	-5.41
1382	-5.37
1382	-5.33
1381	-5.31
1381	-5.36
1381	-5.41
1380	-5.39
1380	-5.34
1379	-5.31
1379	-5.36
1379	-5.41
1378	-5.42
1378	-5.39
1378	-5.36
1377	-5.29
1377	-5.22
1376	-5.16
1376	-5.13
1376	-5.09
1375	-5.08
1375	-5.08
1374	-5.07
1374	-5.03
1374	-4.99
1373	-5.01
1372	-5.11
1371	-5.21
1370	-5.17
1369	-5.05
1368	-4.68
1367	-4.16
1366	-4.06
1364	-4.06
1363	-4.7
1362	-4.98
1361	-5.03
1360	-4.99
1359	-4.9
1358	-4.9
1357	-4.95
1356	-5.07
1355	-5.19
1354	-5.13
1353	-4.86
1351	-4.81
1350	-4.85
1345	-5.36
1341	-5.37
1336	-5.65
1336	-5.66
1332	-5.68
1327	-5.7
1323	-5.74
1321	-5.71
1318	-5.57
1314	-5.33
1309	-5.31
1306	-5.19
1306	-5.18
1304	-5.21
1303	-5.24
1301	-5.14
1299	-4.96
1298	-4.91
1296	-4.95
1295	-4.85
1293	-4.95
1292	-4.95
1291	-4.94
1290	-4.91
1288	-5.03
1286	-5.14
1285	-5.32
1283	-5.39
1281	-5.46
1280	-5.48
1278	-5.49
1277	-5.56
1277	-5.58
1275	-5.66
1273	-5.5
1272	-5.68
1270	-5.58
1268	-5.51
1267	-5.44
1265	-5.5
1264	-5.53
1262	-5.48
1262	-5.48
1260	-5.63
1259	-5.71
1257	-5.83
1255	-6
1254	-5.99
1252	-5.81
1250	-5.87
1249	-5.81
1247	-5.91
1247	-5.9
1246	-5.77
1244	-5.63
1242	-5.46
1241	-5.41
1241	-5.39
1239	-5.27
1237	-5.36
1236	-5.2
1235	-5.21
1234	-5.27
1232	-5.37
1231	-5.24
1229	-5.26
1229	-5.25
1228	-5.22
1226	-5.18
1225	-5.19
1224	-5.27
1223	-5.32
1223	-5.32
1222	-5.31
1222	-5.18
1221	-5.19
1220	-5.22
1219	-5.27
1218	-5.42
1218	-5.32
1217	-5.33
1216	-5.34
1215	-5.32
1215	-5.31
1214	-5.28
1213	-5.31
1212	-5.36
1211	-5.36
1211	-5.26
1210	-5.2
1209	-5.25
1208	-5.35
1208	-5.34
1207	-5.27
1206	-5.23
1205	-5.19
1204	-5.17
1204	-5.2
1203	-5.15
1202	-5.11
1200	-5.02
1198	-4.97
1196	-4.95
1195	-4.93
1193	-4.81
1191	-4.79
1189	-4.79
1186	-4.85
1184	-4.93
1182	-4.99
1179	-5.05
1177	-5.09
1175	-5.2
1172	-5.31
1170	-5.41
1168	-5.4
1168	-5.39
1165	-5.35
1163	-5.47
1161	-5.56
1158	-5.62
1156	-5.65
1154	-5.62
1152	-5.5
1151	-5.4
1149	-5.33
1148	-5.22
1147	-5.14
1145	-5.11
1144	-5.15
1142	-5.25
1141	-5.35
1141	-5.36
1139	-5.36
1138	-5.32
1136	-5.25
1135	-5.19
1133	-5.2
1132	-5.17
1130	-5.17
1129	-5.16
1127	-5.17
1126	-5.18
1124	-5.24
1123	-5.39
1122	-5.5
1120	-5.52
1119	-5.53
1117	-5.51
1116	-5.49
1114	-5.49
1113	-5.49
1113	-5.48
1111	-5.39
1110	-5.39
1108	-5.33
1107	-5.28
1105	-5.32
1104	-5.4
1102	-5.46
1101	-5.42
1099	-5.44
1098	-5.38
1097	-5.3
1095	-5.23
1094	-5.25
1092	-5.19
1091	-5.16
1089	-5.19
1088	-5.2
1086	-5.21
1086	-5.21
1085	-5.27
1083	-5.27
1082	-5.27
1081	-5.28
1080	-5.29
1079	-5.28
1078	-5.23
1077	-5.18
1076	-5.16
1075	-5.12
1074	-5.08
1073	-5.06
1072	-5.07
1071	-5.13
1070	-5.18
1069	-5.22
1068	-5.25
1067	-5.28
1066	-5.32
1065	-5.34
1064	-5.29
1063	-5.19
1062	-5.07
1061	-4.99
1060	-5.01
1059	-5.1
1059	-5.14
1058	-5.24
1057	-5.4
1056	-5.46
1055	-5.28
1054	-5.28
1053	-5.2
1052	-5.15
1051	-5.12
1050	-5.08
1049	-5.14
1048	-5.03
1047	-5.05
1046	-5.16
1046	-4.98
1045	-5.1
1044	-4.99
1043	-5
1042	-4.98
1041	-4.96
1040	-4.82
1039	-4.78
1038	-4.77
1037	-4.8
1036	-4.79
1035	-4.75
1034	-4.68
1033	-4.65
1032	-4.63
1031	-4.63
1029	-4.59
1027	-4.49
1025	-4.53
1023	-4.41
1021	-4.4
1019	-4.41
1017	-4.42
1015	-4.51
1013	-4.63
1011	-4.8
1009	-4.91
1007	-5.03
1005	-5.05
1004	-5.06
1003	-5.09
1001	-5.1
999	-5.1
997	-5.05
995	-5.03
993	-4.94
991	-4.99
989	-5.07
987	-5.19
985	-5.28
983	-5.36
981	-5.48
979	-5.53
977	-5.52
977	-5.52
975	-5.54
973	-5.6
972	-5.71
971	-5.78
971	-5.86
970	-5.87
969	-5.88
969	-5.95
968	-6
968	-5.94
967	-5.9
967	-5.89
965	-5.56
963	-5.14
961	-4.82
958	-4.96
956	-5.3
953	-5.83
951	-5.74
950	-5.77
948	-5.83
946	-5.92
944	-6
941	-5.9
939	-6.04
936	-6.03
934	-6.04
932	-5.95
929	-6.06
927	-6.15
924	-6.15
922	-6.17
922	-6.17
920	-6.06
917	-5.95
915	-5.89
912	-5.86
910	-5.86
908	-5.8
905	-5.86
903	-5.85
900	-5.82
898	-5.76
895	-5.75
895	-5.74
893	-5.75
891	-5.81
889	-5.8
887	-5.82
884	-5.76
882	-5.81
880	-5.76
878	-5.79
876	-5.81
874	-5.83
871	-6.05
869	-5.79
868	-5.76
867	-5.75
865	-5.69
863	-5.54
861	-5.49
858	-5.34
856	-5.25
854	-5.39
852	-5.43
850	-5.6
847	-5.62
845	-5.65
843	-5.66
841	-5.72
841	-5.77
824	-5.58
807	-5.31
791	-6.36
774	-5.78
760	-6.15
746	-5.2
732	-5.45
718	-5.82
704	-5.58
690	-5.53
675	-5.27
661	-5.26
647	-5.39
633	-5.4
619	-4.92
588	-5.35
558	-4.76
527	-5.39
497	-4.89
466	-5.1
445	-4.96
424	-4.89
403	-4.64