# Jiuxian Cave, China 19KYr Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/9742
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-9742.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Speleothems
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/csa8-2y40
#
# Science_Keywords: Monsoon
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/jiuxian2010-c996-1-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core C996-1 Oxygen Isotope Data
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2010-10-07
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2025-03-07
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Jiuxian Cave, China 19KYr Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Cai, Y.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5050); Tan, L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-7102); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458); An, Z.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9826); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Kelly, M.J.; Kong, X.; Wang, X.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8614-5627)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Oxygen isotope data and U-Th dates from two stalagmites collected in 1999 near the end of Jiuxian Cave, Shaanxi Province, central China. Stalagmite C996-1 is ~32 cm in height and 8-13 cm in diameter, and stalagmite C996-2 is ~21 cm in height and 6-9 cm in diameter. Twenty-three and fifteen 230Th dates were acquired from C996-1 and C996-2, respectively.  The chronologies show that C996-1 was continuously deposited through the past 8.5 ka BP, and C996-2 grew through the past 19.0 ka BP, excluding two hiatuses between 8.3 and 5.7 ka BP, and 15.4 and 11.9 ka BP.  Temporal resolutions for the d18O measurements vary from 4 to 77 years for C996-1, and from 36 to 112 years for C996-2. Jiuxian Cave: 33°34'N, 109°6'E, 1495 m elev. UPDATE 3/2025: sample depths from the SISAL Global Speleothem Isotope Database v2 (https://doi.org/10.25921/s4ze-ve52) were added to data table.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Cai, Y., L. Tan, H. Cheng, Z. An, R.L. Edwards, M.J. Kelly, X. Kong, and X. Wang
#   Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
#   Published_Title: The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the last deglaciation
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2010
#   Volume: 291
#   Pages: 21-31
#   Issue: 1-4
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.039
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: Two stalagmites (C996-1 and C996-2) collected from the Jiuxian Cave in the Shaanxi Province in central China have been studied with U-series dating and stable isotope analysis. Thirty-eight 230Th dating results showed that the stalagmite C996-1 was continuously deposited through the last 8.5 ka BP (thousand years before present, present=1950 AD), and C996-2 was deposited through the last 19 ka BP excluding two growth hiatuses between 8.3 and 5.7 ka BP, and 15.4 and 11.9 ka BP. With a relatively stable boundary condition, we interpret the d18O of speleothem calcite as most indicative of the amount of summer monsoon precipitation, although temperature and other factors might have some minor impact. The d18O records show notable changes within the last glacial maximum (LGM), resembling other East Asian monsoon records such as those from the Hulu and Sanbao Caves, suggesting that significant monsoonal climate changes occurred in eastern Asia as far north as the Qinling Mountains during the LGM interval. A comparison of our records to precisely dated contemporaneous speleothem records from other caves shows that the increasing trend of d18O during the Holocene commenced as early as ~7.5 ka BP in the low-latitude monsoonal area, i.e. the Hoti Cave, while at higher latitudes this shift occurred later, such as ~7.0 ka BP in the Dongge Cave, ~5.3 ka BP in the Heshang Cave, ~4.7 ka BP in the Sanbao Cave and ~4.5 ka BP in the Jiuxian Cave. These results imply an asynchronous change of the summer monsoon precipitation occurred in East Asia during the Holocene. The asynchrony may be related to the responses of a coupled tropical and subtropical monsoon system to changes of the insolation and the differences in thermal forcing, which result from the complex geographical configuration. The variation of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western tropical Pacific may also have important impacts on the summer monsoon precipitation changes in central and northern China because it affects the Northwestern Pacific Subtropical High, a monsoon-front regulator. More robust tests are needed to confirm this phenomenon and to evaluate the contribution of different factors in detail.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: 0502535
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: National Basic Research Program of China
#   Grant: 2004CB720206
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China 
#   Grant: 40403001,  40531003
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation
#   Grant: CC8
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Jiuxian Cave
#   Location: China
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 33.5667
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 33.5667
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 109.1
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 109.1
#   Elevation_m: 1495
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: C996-1
#   First_Year: 8614
#   Last_Year: -48
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology: Uranium-Thorium
#   Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv
#     Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions.
#   Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating results of two stalagmites from Jiuxian cave by ICP-MS. Hiatuses were identified for Stalagmite C996-2 between C996-2-6 & C996-2-7 and between C996-2-1A & C996-2-2A.
#   Rejection_Rationale:
#   238U_Decay_Constant: 1.55125 × 10[−10] year−1
#   234U_Decay_Constant: 2.8263 × 10[−6] year−1
#   230Th_Decay_Constant: 9.1577 × 10[−6] year−1
#   Initial_230Th/232Th: 4.4 ± 2.2 × 10[−6]
#   Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk earth 232Th/238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assumed to be 50%.
#   Age_Model_Method:
#   Missing_Values: na
#   Chronology_Table:
# samp_id	date_type	depth_top_mm	thick_mm	238U_ppb	238U_2s_ppb	232Th_ppt	232Th_2s_ppt	d234U_meas_permil	d234U_meas_2s_permil	230Th_238U_act	230Th_238U_act_2s	age_uncorr_kaBP1950	age_uncorr_2s_ka	age_corr_BP1950	age_corr_2s_yr	d234U_init_permil	d234U_init_2s_permil	date_used
# C996-1-1	ICP-MS	2	2	383.2	1.3	10278	55	324	4	0.0101	0.0006	0.84	0.05	190	300	324	4	no
# C996-1-10A	ICP-MS	4	2	330.0	0.9	6505	19	311	4	0.0079	0.0006	0.66	0.05	160	230	311	4	no
# MC-46	ICP-MS	19	2	306.5	0.6	2340	15	328	2	0.0062	0.0003	0.51	0.02	290	90	328	2	yes
# JA-10	ICP-MS	40	2	380.3	0.5	690	6	318	2	0.0070	0.0001	0.58	0.01	480	20	318	2	yes
# C996-1-9A	ICP-MS	54	2	329.3	0.8	2124	11	304	3	0.0108	0.0004	0.91	0.03	710	80	304	3	yes
# C996-1-2	ICP-MS	57.25	2.5	325.9	1.2	8502	52	321	5	0.0151	0.0009	1.26	0.07	630	300	322	5	no
# C996-1-8A	ICP-MS	72	2	269.8	0.6	2654	10	344	3	0.0184	0.0005	1.50	0.04	1230	110	345	3	yes
# JA-9	ICP-MS	84	2	381.7	0.6	527	6	318	2	0.0177	0.0002	1.48	0.02	1390	20	320	2	yes
# C996-1-6A	ICP-MS	105.5	1	279.0	0.6	10754	31	380	4	0.0357	0.0012	2.85	0.10	1980	420	382	4	yes
# C996-1-5A	ICP-MS	116	2	251.6	0.5	1458	8	319	3	0.0348	0.0006	2.92	0.05	2730	80	321	3	yes
# C996-1-3	ICP-MS	118.5	2	256.3	0.8	9159	46	297	4	0.0442	0.0011	3.78	0.10	2920	410	300	4	no
# C996-1-4	ICP-MS	142	2	307.4	0.8	2399	25	331	3	0.0439	0.0006	3.65	0.05	3430	100	335	3	yes
# JA-8	ICP-MS	161	2	391.3	0.6	791	5	333	2	0.0468	0.0003	3.90	0.03	3800	40	336	2	yes
# C996-1-5	ICP-MS	188	2	312.3	0.7	2409	32	360	3	0.0516	0.0007	4.22	0.06	4000	100	364	3	yes
# C996-1-4A	ICP-MS	202	2	257.9	0.7	31487	145	309	4	0.0908	0.0030	7.83	0.27	5040	1410	314	5	no
# C996-1-6	ICP-MS	217.5	2	211.6	0.6	9576	51	315	4	0.0755	0.0017	6.44	0.15	5380	530	320	4	no
# C996-1-3A	ICP-MS	220	2	209.8	0.5	4306	16	303	4	0.0655	0.0012	5.62	0.11	4640	470	307	5	no
# JA-7	ICP-MS	237.5	3	309.9	0.3	2530	8	290	1	0.0569	0.0005	4.92	0.04	4680	100	294	1	yes
# C996-1-7	ICP-MS	254	2	189.6	0.5	3809	28	284	3	0.0728	0.0011	6.36	0.10	5850	250	288	3	no
# C996-1-2A	ICP-MS	278	2	177.7	0.4	5236	18	254	5	0.0725	0.0016	6.49	0.15	5760	370	258	5	yes
# C996-1-8	ICP-MS	283.75	2.5	191.6	0.5	30227	203	289	4	0.1180	0.0045	10.44	0.42	6790	1880	295	4	no
# C996-1-1A	ICP-MS	300	2	208.6	1.0	15265	41	370	9	0.0998	0.0020	8.23	0.18	6620	800	377	10	yes
# MC-45	ICP-MS	314	2	325.4	0.6	246	13	323	2	0.0911	0.0008	7.76	0.07	7690	70	330	2	yes
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## depth_mm	depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N,
## age_calBP	age,,,calendar year before present,,speleothems,,,N,
## d18Ovpdb	delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
depth_mm	age_calBP	d18Ovpdb
0.029411765	-48	-7.87
0.205882353	-45	-8.03
0.382352941	-42	-8.02
0.558823529	-39	-8.3
0.735294118	-35	-8.33
1	-31	-8.39
1.176470588	-28	-8.24
1.352941176	-25	-7.99
1.529411765	-21	-8.03
1.735294118	-18	-7.95
2.205882353	-9	-7.54
2.382352941	-6	-8.34
2.558823529	-3	-8.42
2.62	-2	-8.62
2.764705882	0	-8.55
3	5	-8.5
3.205882353	8	-8.68
3.382352941	12	-8.38
3.558823529	15	-8.1
3.66	16	-8.51
3.764705882	18	-8.99
4.235294118	27	-9.59
4.411764706	30	-9.73
4.588235294	33	-9.16
4.794117647	37	-8.62
5	40	-9.05
5.192307692	44	-9.15
5.384615385	47	-9.41
5.576923077	51	-8.59
5.769230769	54	-8.65
6	58	-9
6.217948718	62	-9.95
6.41025641	65	-8.65
6.6	69	-8.53
6.602564103	69	-8.15
6.794871795	72	-8.93
7.243589744	80	-9.08
7.435897436	84	-9.38
7.628205128	87	-10.39
7.820512821	90	-10.93
8	94	-9.54
8.237179487	98	-8.85
8.429487179	101	-8.77
8.621794872	105	-8.09
8.814102564	108	-7.78
9	111	-8.06
9.198717949	115	-9.01
9.391025641	118	-9.42
9.583333333	122	-9.25
9.807692308	126	-9.57
10	129	-9.69
10.21582734	133	-9.53
10.43165468	137	-10.23
10.61151079	140	-10.23
10.82733813	144	-10.74
11	147	-8.89
11.22302158	151	-8.97
11.4028777	154	-8.83
11.61870504	158	-9.31
11.83453237	162	-7.75
12	165	-7.9
12.1942446	168	-8.76
12.41007194	172	-8.17
12.58992806	175	-7.74
12.8057554	179	-8.19
13	182	-8.68
13.23741007	187	-8.91
13.41726619	190	-8.63
13.5971223	193	-8.64
13.77697842	196	-9
14	200	-8.83
14.20863309	204	-8.48
14.38848921	207	-8.11
14.56834532	210	-8.25
14.78417266	214	-7.76
15	218	-7.84
15.22222222	222	-8.86
15.40740741	225	-8.94
15.59259259	228	-8.83
15.77777778	232	-9.21
16	236	-8.91
16.18518519	239	-9.1
16.37037037	242	-9.18
16.55555556	246	-9.4
16.77777778	250	-9.05
17	253	-9.11
17.22222222	257	-9.77
17.40740741	261	-9.84
17.5	262	-9.49
17.59259259	264	-9.07
17.81481481	268	-8.4
18.1	273	-8.5
18.22222222	275	-8.67
18.40740741	279	-8.91
18.59259259	282	-9.17
18.77777778	285	-9.2
19.22222222	291	-9.42
19.40740741	293	-9.79
19.59259259	294	-9.9
19.77777778	296	-10.1
20.18018018	300	-9.75
20.40540541	302	-9.33
20.5	303	-9.21
20.58558559	304	-8.95
20.81081081	306	-9.17
21.17117117	309	-8.83
21.35135135	311	-9.22
21.53153153	312	-9.64
21.6	313	-9.86
21.75675676	315	-9.87
22	317	-9.37
22.20720721	319	-9.65
22.6	322	-9.28
23	326	-8.44
23.2	328	-7.46
23.4	330	-7.96
23.6	332	-8.23
23.8	334	-8.2
24	335	-8.35
24.13333333	337	-8.52
24.3	338	-8.88
24.46666667	340	-8.93
24.63333333	341	-9
24.8	343	-9.1
25	345	-8.95
25.33707865	348	-8.96
25.73033708	351	-8.55
26	354	-8.44
26.29213483	357	-8.32
26.62921348	360	-8.24
26.79775281	361	-8.64
27	363	-8.88
27.13483146	364	-8.73
27.41573034	367	-9.07
27.69662921	370	-9.34
28	373	-10.4
28.20224719	374	-10.1
28.48314607	377	-9.87
28.76404494	380	-10.44
29	382	-10.41
29.15730337	383	-9.93
29.38202247	385	-9.4
29.66292135	388	-8.81
30	391	-8.35
30.13274336	392	-8.48
30.3539823	394	-8.33
30.57522124	397	-8.15
30.79646018	399	-8.07
31	400	-8.24
31.10619469	401	-8.47
31.32743363	403	-8.69
31.54867257	406	-8.7
31.7699115	408	-8.9
32	410	-9.16
32.07964602	410	-9.29
32.30088496	413	-9.25
32.56637168	415	-8.62
32.78761062	417	-8.94
33	419	-8.67
33.18584071	421	-8.6
33.40707965	423	-8.64
33.62831858	425	-9.03
33.80530973	427	-8.92
34	428	-9.28
34.24778761	431	-9.41
34.42477876	432	-9.39
34.60176991	434	-9.07
34.82300885	436	-9.43
35	438	-9.32
35.15748032	439	-9.55
35.35433071	441	-8.84
35.5511811	443	-9.31
35.7480315	445	-9.49
36	447	-9.45
36.18110236	449	-8.94
36.41732283	451	-8.66
36.61417323	453	-8.49
36.81102362	454	-8.57
37	456	-8.75
37.20472441	458	-8.64
37.4015748	460	-8.65
37.5984252	462	-8.56
37.79527559	464	-8.64
38.18897638	467	-8.71
38.3	468	-9.36
38.42519685	469	-9.4
38.62204724	471	-9.24
38.81889764	473	-9.04
39	475	-9.1
39.21259843	477	-9.37
39.40944882	479	-9.21
39.60629921	480	-9.4
39.80314961	482	-9.38
40	484	-10.01
40.175	487	-9.22
40.35	490	-9.23
40.525	493	-9.28
40.7	495	-9.21
40.875	498	-9.47
41	500	-9.92
41.19	503	-10.08
41.365	506	-10.17
41.5	508	-9.2
41.7625	512	-9.2
42	516	-10.28
42.2	519	-9.38
42.4625	524	-9.63
42.725	528	-9.27
43	532	-9.02
43.20625	536	-8.49
43.425	539	-9.06
43.73125	544	-9.36
44	548	-9.98
44.2125	552	-9.23
44.43125	555	-9.15
44.55	557	-9.17
44.65	559	-9.05
44.86875	562	-8.02
45.1	566	-8.27
45.21008403	568	-8.67
45.42016807	571	-9.11
45.6302521	574	-8.8
45.84033613	578	-8.72
46.2	584	-8.7
46.2184874	584	-8.17
46.42857143	587	-8.5
46.63865546	591	-8.21
46.7	592	-8.23
46.8487395	594	-7.72
47.22689076	600	-7.07
47.43697479	604	-7.33
47.64705882	607	-7.93
47.7	608	-7.79
47.81512605	610	-8.39
48.19327731	616	-9.29
48.40336134	619	-9.24
48.61344538	622	-9.23
48.82352941	626	-9.38
49.20168067	632	-9
49.45378151	636	-9.57
49.70588235	640	-9.14
50	645	-9.48
50.22727273	648	-8.19
50.45454545	652	-7.82
50.68181818	656	-7.78
51	661	-7.48
51.22727273	664	-7.44
51.5	669	-7.44
51.6	670	-7.39
51.77272727	673	-7.84
52.22727273	681	-8.44
52.5	685	-9.37
52.72727273	689	-8.82
53	693	-8.92
53.22727273	697	-8.7
53.45454545	700	-8.75
53.72727273	705	-8.99
54	709	-8.67
54.22727273	716	-9.07
54.45454545	722	-8.87
54.72727273	730	-8.69
55	738	-9.07
55.2173913	745	-9.8
55.43478261	751	-11.11
55.65217391	757	-11.18
55.7	759	-9.66
55.82608696	762	-11.97
56.2	773	-11.14
56.2173913	774	-10.52
56.43478261	780	-10.45
56.65217391	786	-7.87
56.86956522	793	-7.81
57	797	-7.72
57.2173913	803	-7.43
57.43478261	809	-6.97
57.65217391	815	-7.22
57.7	817	-7.19
57.82608696	821	-7.52
58.2173913	832	-7.96
58.3	834	-8.44
58.43478261	838	-8.47
58.65217391	845	-8.68
58.82608696	850	-8.81
59.17391304	860	-8.8
59.39130435	866	-8.48
59.60869565	873	-8.01
59.7	875	-7.89
59.82608696	879	-7.62
60.17361111	889	-7.87
60.34722222	894	-8.08
60.52083333	899	-8.32
60.69444444	904	-8.16
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61.21527778	920	-7.94
61.42361111	925	-7.88
61.5	928	-8.07
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61.84027778	938	-8.58
62	942	-8.92
62.22222222	949	-9.32
62.43055556	955	-9.43
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62.8125	966	-9.66
63	972	-7.98
63.15972222	976	-8.01
63.33333333	981	-7.7
63.50694444	986	-7.85
63.68055556	991	-8.05
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64	1001	-7.65
64.16666667	1006	-8.13
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67	1088	-9.89
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69.3	1155	-10.21
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71.1	1208	-9.74
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71.74305556	1226	-10.17
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74.22222222	1264	-9.1
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76.3	1291	-8.84
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77.5	1307	-8.82
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78.4	1319	-8.98
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80.1	1342	-8.9
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80.8	1351	-9.25
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87.65	1494	-7.94
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91.54	1601	-9.14
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95.7	1716	-7.99
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