# Jiuxian Cave, China 19KYr Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/9742 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-9742.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/csa8-2y40 # # Science_Keywords: Monsoon #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/jiuxian2010-c996-2-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core C996-2 Oxygen Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2010-10-07 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-07 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Jiuxian Cave, China 19KYr Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cai, Y.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5050); Tan, L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-7102); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458); An, Z.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9826); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Kelly, M.J.; Kong, X.; Wang, X.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8614-5627) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Oxygen isotope data and U-Th dates from two stalagmites collected in 1999 near the end of Jiuxian Cave, Shaanxi Province, central China. Stalagmite C996-1 is ~32 cm in height and 8-13 cm in diameter, and stalagmite C996-2 is ~21 cm in height and 6-9 cm in diameter. Twenty-three and fifteen 230Th dates were acquired from C996-1 and C996-2, respectively. The chronologies show that C996-1 was continuously deposited through the past 8.5 ka BP, and C996-2 grew through the past 19.0 ka BP, excluding two hiatuses between 8.3 and 5.7 ka BP, and 15.4 and 11.9 ka BP. Temporal resolutions for the d18O measurements vary from 4 to 77 years for C996-1, and from 36 to 112 years for C996-2. Jiuxian Cave: 33°34'N, 109°6'E, 1495 m elev. UPDATE 3/2025: sample depths from the SISAL Global Speleothem Isotope Database v2 (https://doi.org/10.25921/s4ze-ve52) were added to data table. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cai, Y., L. Tan, H. Cheng, Z. An, R.L. Edwards, M.J. Kelly, X. Kong, and X. Wang # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Published_Title: The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the last deglaciation # Published_Date_or_Year: 2010 # Volume: 291 # Pages: 21-31 # Issue: 1-4 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.039 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Two stalagmites (C996-1 and C996-2) collected from the Jiuxian Cave in the Shaanxi Province in central China have been studied with U-series dating and stable isotope analysis. Thirty-eight 230Th dating results showed that the stalagmite C996-1 was continuously deposited through the last 8.5 ka BP (thousand years before present, present=1950 AD), and C996-2 was deposited through the last 19 ka BP excluding two growth hiatuses between 8.3 and 5.7 ka BP, and 15.4 and 11.9 ka BP. With a relatively stable boundary condition, we interpret the d18O of speleothem calcite as most indicative of the amount of summer monsoon precipitation, although temperature and other factors might have some minor impact. The d18O records show notable changes within the last glacial maximum (LGM), resembling other East Asian monsoon records such as those from the Hulu and Sanbao Caves, suggesting that significant monsoonal climate changes occurred in eastern Asia as far north as the Qinling Mountains during the LGM interval. A comparison of our records to precisely dated contemporaneous speleothem records from other caves shows that the increasing trend of d18O during the Holocene commenced as early as ~7.5 ka BP in the low-latitude monsoonal area, i.e. the Hoti Cave, while at higher latitudes this shift occurred later, such as ~7.0 ka BP in the Dongge Cave, ~5.3 ka BP in the Heshang Cave, ~4.7 ka BP in the Sanbao Cave and ~4.5 ka BP in the Jiuxian Cave. These results imply an asynchronous change of the summer monsoon precipitation occurred in East Asia during the Holocene. The asynchrony may be related to the responses of a coupled tropical and subtropical monsoon system to changes of the insolation and the differences in thermal forcing, which result from the complex geographical configuration. The variation of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western tropical Pacific may also have important impacts on the summer monsoon precipitation changes in central and northern China because it affects the Northwestern Pacific Subtropical High, a monsoon-front regulator. More robust tests are needed to confirm this phenomenon and to evaluate the contribution of different factors in detail. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 0502535 #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Basic Research Program of China # Grant: 2004CB720206 #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China # Grant: 40403001, 40531003 #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation # Grant: CC8 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Jiuxian Cave # Location: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 33.5667 # Southernmost_Latitude: 33.5667 # Easternmost_Longitude: 109.1 # Westernmost_Longitude: 109.1 # Elevation_m: 1495 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: C996-2 # First_Year: 18958 # Last_Year: -8 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating results of two stalagmites from Jiuxian cave by ICP-MS. Hiatuses were identified for Stalagmite C996-2 between C996-2-6 & C996-2-7 and between C996-2-1A & C996-2-2A. # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: 1.55125 × 10[−10] year−1 # 234U_Decay_Constant: 2.8263 × 10[−6] year−1 # 230Th_Decay_Constant: 9.1577 × 10[−6] year−1 # Initial_230Th/232Th: 4.4 ± 2.2 × 10[−6] # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk earth 232Th/238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assumed to be 50%. # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # samp_id date_type depth_top_mm thick_mm 238U_ppb 238U_2s_ppb 232Th_ppt 232Th_2s_ppt d234U_meas_permil d234U_meas_2s_permil 230Th_238U_act 230Th_238U_act_2s age_uncorr_kaBP1950 age_uncorr_2s_ka age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_2s_yr d234U_init_permil d234U_init_2s_permil # MC-43 ICP-MS 7.25 2.5 313.3 0.6 1334 7 316 2 0.0053 0.0002 0.42 0.02 270 50 316 2 # C996-2-2 ICP-MS 32 2 585.4 1.5 3028 27 314 3 0.0102 0.0002 0.85 0.02 680 60 315 3 # C996-2-6A ICP-MS 41 2 276.0 0.7 29864 211 323 5 0.0433 0.0052 3.63 0.44 1170 1290 324 5 # C996-2-1 ICP-MS 54 2 264.6 0.6 2312 28 326 3 0.0235 0.0006 1.95 0.05 1710 110 328 3 # C996-2-4A ICP-MS 83 2 292.7 0.9 28929 85 298 6 0.0657 0.0023 5.66 0.20 3380 1150 301 6 # C996-2-3 ICP-MS 98 3 220.8 0.6 13535 77 293 4 0.0664 0.0021 5.75 0.18 4310 720 296 4 # C996-2-3A ICP-MS 102.5 1 190.7 0.6 7840 31 281 6 0.0679 0.0018 5.93 0.16 4410 400 284 6 # C996-2-4 ICP-MS 116.5 3 214.7 0.5 5549 28 292 4 0.0600 0.0012 5.18 0.11 4540 310 296 4 # C996-2-2A ICP-MS 132 2 189.6 0.7 20129 74 290 8 0.0935 0.0036 8.19 0.33 5280 790 294 8 # Hiatus-1 hiatus 140.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA # C996-2-1A ICP-MS 151 2 147.5 0.2 26424 124 336 3 0.1440 0.0039 12.40 0.36 8400 2040 344 4 # C996-2-5 ICP-MS 157.5 2 358.1 0.9 5300 33 327 3 0.1215 0.0012 10.45 0.11 10070 190 336 3 # C996-2-6 ICP-MS 173.5 3 595.5 1.6 10,791 49 255 3 0.1343 0.0012 12.31 0.12 11840 240 263 3 # Hiatus-2 hiatus 174.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA # C996-2-7 ICP-MS 178.25 2.5 1316.2 3.6 671 28 261 3 0.1683 0.0009 15.56 0.09 15500 100 273 3 # MC-44 ICP-MS 193.25 2.5 1268.4 2.5 219 6 247 2 0.1811 0.0008 17.05 0.09 16990 90 259 2 # C996-2-8 ICP-MS 214.25 2.5 855.4 2.3 7592 38 205 3 0.1954 0.0012 19.23 0.14 18960 180 216 3 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N, ## age_calBP age,,,calendar year before present,,speleothems,,,N, ## d18Ovpdb delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: depth_mm age_calBP d18Ovpdb 1 -8 -7.96 2 38 -8.37 3 85 -8.51 4 131 -9.2 5 178 -10.24 6 224 -9.41 7 271 -8.46 8 287 -9.41 9 304 -8.81 10 320 -9.05 10.90909091 334 -8.73 11.81818182 349 -6.88 12.72727273 364 -7.47 13.63636364 378 -8.75 14.54545455 393 -8.67 15.45454545 409 -9.18 16.36363636 424 -9.67 17.27272727 439 -8.75 18.18181818 453 -7.74 19.09090909 468 -8.51 20 483 -9.36 21 499 -9.44 22 515 -9.29 23 531 -9.83 24 548 -8.98 25 564 -8.43 26 580 -8.76 27 597 -9.25 28 613 -8.83 29 629 -9.63 30 645 -9.03 31 662 -7 32 678 -7.86 33 733 -9.04 34 788 -9.54 35 843 -8.31 36 898 -8.5 37 952 -7.88 38 1007 -8.82 39 1062 -8.76 40 1117 -9.58 41 1172 -9.28 42 1213 -7.9 43 1255 -8.34 44 1296 -8.45 45 1337 -10.23 46 1378 -9.95 47 1419 -10.36 48 1461 -10.34 49 1502 -10.15 50 1543 -8.56 51 1584 -8.82 52 1626 -9.55 53 1667 -9.95 54 1708 -8.38 55 1766 -9.03 56 1823 -10.25 57 1881 -10 58 1938 -8.7 59 1996 -8.74 60 2053 -10.11 61 2111 -8.82 62 2168 -8.57 63 2226 -9.63 64 2284 -8.95 65 2341 -8.94 66 2399 -8.38 67 2456 -9.05 68 2514 -8.58 69 2571 -7.78 70 2629 -8.42 71 2686 -9.42 72 2744 -7.46 73 2802 -7.34 74 2859 -8.65 75 2917 -9.29 76 2974 -8.36 77 3032 -9.68 78 3089 -9.07 79 3147 -8.62 80 3204 -8.73 81 3262 -9.28 82 3319 -10.43 83 3377 -9.33 84 3439 -9.72 85 3502 -9.39 86 3564 -9.37 87 3626 -9.71 88 3688 -10.4 89 3751 -8.97 90 3813 -8.21 91 3875 -9.34 92 3937 -8.88 93 4000 -9.3 94 4062 -10 95 4124 -9.91 96 4187 -10.17 97 4249 -9.89 98 4311 -10.71 99 4333 -11.08 100 4354 -10.25 101 4376 -10.3 102 4397 -9.6 103 4413 -10.1 104 4423 -11.43 105 4433 -10.58 106 4443 -10.57 107 4453 -10.08 108 4463 -8.67 109 4474 -8.63 110 4484 -9.31 111 4494 -10 112 4504 -10.47 113 4514 -8.24 114 4524 -9.37 115 4534 -9.72 116 4544 -10.15 117 4590 -9.43 118 4636 -9.51 119 4682 -10.13 120 4729 -9.91 121 4775 -9.94 122 4821 -10.96 123 4867 -10.36 124 4913 -8.69 125 4959 -8.35 126 5005 -8.09 127 5051 -8.86 128 5098 -9.15 129 5144 -9.63 130 5190 -10.58 131 5236 -9.05 132 5282 -9.94 133 5328 -10.75 134 5374 -10.89 135 5420 -9.76 136 5466 -10.54 137 5513 -9.58 138 5559 -9.39 139 5605 -10.01 140 5651 -9.95 141 8295 -9.91 142 8406 -9.8 143 8517 -9.49 144 8628 -10.18 145 8739 -9.78 146 8850 -10.02 147 8961 -11.28 148 9072 -10.34 149 9183 -11.36 150 9294 -11.49 151 9405 -10.95 152 9516 -10.37 153 9627 -10.11 154 9738 -10.15 155 9849 -9.64 156 9960 -10.7 157 10071 -10.33 158 10182 -9.73 159 10292 -10.27 160 10403 -9.37 161 10514 -9.11 162 10624 -8.89 163 10735 -9.31 164 10845 -9.08 165 10956 -10.77 166 11067 -11.09 167 11177 -11.73 168 11288 -10.07 169 11399 -9.9 170 11509 -9.81 171 11620 -12.17 172 11730 -9.83 173 11841 -9.08 174 11952 -8.4 175 15199 -6.58 176 15298 -6.42 177 15397 -6.39 178 15496 -5.4 179 15595 -5.75 180 15695 -5.89 181 15794 -5.7 182 15894 -4.52 183 15993 -5.68 184 16093 -5.79 185 16192 -5.89 186 16292 -5.97 187 16391 -5.51 188 16491 -6.23 189 16590 -6.57 190 16690 -7.39 191 16789 -7.67 192 16889 -7.55 193 16988 -7.58 194 17082 -8.11 195 17176 -8.98 196 17269 -8.67 197 17363 -9.46 198 17457 -9.53 199 17551 -9.54 200 17645 -9.64 201 17738 -9.76 202 17832 -8.94 203 17926 -9.66 204 18020 -9.13 205 18114 -9.97 206 18208 -9.11 207 18301 -9.31 208 18395 -8.74 209 18489 -9.41 210 18583 -9.68 211 18677 -9.71 212 18770 -9.86 213 18864 -10.33 214 18958 -9.67