# Kesang Cave, Western China 500KYr Speleothem d18O Data 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. 
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/12403
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-12403.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Data_Type: Speleothems
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# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/2z5t-4658
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# Science_Keywords: Monsoon
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#   
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/kesang2012-ks08-1-h-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Stalagmite KS08-1-H Oxygen Isotope Data
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2012-01-18
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2024-02-21
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Kesang Cave, Western China 500KYr Speleothem d18O Data 
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458); Zhang, P.Z.; Spötl, C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-6890); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Cai, Y.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5050); Zhang, D.Z.; Sang, W.C.; Tan, M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-7161); An, Z.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9538-9826)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: High resolution and absolutely dated oxygen isotope record from Kesang Cave, Tekesi County, Xinjiang, western China. Three stalagmites KS06-A-H, KS08-1-H and KS08-2-H were used to establish the Kesang Holocene d18O record, and five stalagmites KS06-A, KS06-B, KS08-1, KS08-2 and KS-1 were used to establish the remainder of the record over most portions of the past 500 ka. Kesang Cave: 42°52'N, 81°45'E, elevation ~2000 m a.s.l.
#--------------------
# Publication 
#   Authors: Cheng, H., P.Z. Zhang, C. Spötl, R.L. Edwards, Y.J. Cai, D.Z. Zhang, W.C. Sang, M. Tan, and Z.S. An
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2012-01-01
#   Published_Title: The climatic cyclicity in semiarid-arid central Asia over the past 500,000 years
#   Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
#   Volume: 39
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 1
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: L01705
#   DOI: 10.1029/2011GL050202
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: Central Asia is currently a semiarid-arid region, dominated by the Westerlies. It is important to understand mechanisms of climate and precipitation changes here, as water availability in the region is crucial today and in the future. High-resolution, absolutely-dated oxygen isotope (d18O) records of stalagmites from Kesang Cave characterize a dynamic precipitation history over most of the past 500,000 years. This record demonstrates, for the first time, that climate change in the region exhibits a processional rhythm with abrupt inceptions of low d18O speleothem growth at times of high Northern Hemisphere summer insolation followed by gradual d18O increases that track decreases of insolation. These observations and interpretations contrast with the interpretation of nearby, but higher elevation ice core records. The absolutely-dated cave d18O shifts can be used to correlate the regional climate variability by providing chronological marks. Combined with other paleoclimate records, the Kesang observations suggest that possible incursions of Asian summer monsoon rainfall or related moisture into the Kesang site and/or adjacent areas during the high insolation times may play an important role in changing orbital-scale hydrology of the region. Based on our record, arid climate will prevail in this region for the next several millennia, providing that anthropogenic effects do not supersede natural processes.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: 0502535, 0908792, 1103403
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China
#   Grant: 40631003, 40772110, 40973007
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology of China
#   Grant: 
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Chinese Academy of Sciences
#   Grant: SKLLQG1001
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation
#   Grant: CC8 and CP52
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Austrian Science Fund FWF
#   Grant: 
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Xi'an Jiaotong University
#   Grant: 93K40208000004
#--------------------
# Site_Information 
#   Site_Name: Kesang Cave
#   Location: Xinjiang
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 42.8667
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 42.8667
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 81.75
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 81.75
#   Elevation_m: 2000
#--------------------
# Data_Collection  
#   Collection_Name: KS08-1-H
#   Earliest_Year: 3520
#   Most_Recent_Year: 5
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#   Notes:
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology: Uranium-Thorium
#   Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv
#     Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions.
#   Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating was performed at the Isotope Laboratory of Xi’an Jaiotong University, China on a Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (Thermo-Scientific Neptune).
#   Rejection_Rationale:
#   238U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al. 2008
#   234U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al. 2008
#   230Th_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al. 2008
#   Initial_230Th/232Th: 4.4 ± 2.2 x 10−6
#   Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Values for a material at secular equilibrium with the bulk Earth 232Th/238U weight ratio of 3.8. The errors of this initial value are arbitrarily assumed to be 25% for Holocene samples and 50% for the rest of samples.
#   Age_Model_Method:
#   Missing_Values: na
# Chronology_Table:
# samp_id	depth_top_mm	238U_ppb	238U_2s_ppb	232Th_ppt	232Th_2s_ppt	230Th_232Th_atom_ppm	230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm	d234U_meas_permil	d234U_meas_2s_permil	230Th_238U_act	230Th_238U_act_2s	age_uncorr_kaBM	age_uncorr_2s_ka	age_corr_kaBP1950	age_corr_2s_ka	d234U_init_permil	d234U_init_2s_permil	date_used
# KS08-1--HS1(i)	0.0	623	5	1910000	40000	4.5	0.1											no
# KS08-1-H-S2(i)	0.0	462	4	820000	20000	5.2	0.1											no
# KS08-1-H1	1.2	183	0.4	3620	70	11	1	1049.0	2.7	0.0134	0.0011	0.71	0.06	0.4	0.1	1050	3	yes
# KS08-1-H4	7.1	159.7	0.2	1260	30	64	4	1047.7	3.4	0.0306	0.0017	1.64	0.09	1.47	0.10	1052	3	yes
# KS08-1-H7(i)	11.0	190.4	0.4	57000	1000	6.8	0.2	1062.1	2.9	0.1220	0.0037	6.62	0.20	2.3	1.5	1069	5	yes
# KS08-1-H2	14.4	427.6	0.9	16400	300	30	1	1052.6	3.2	0.0700	0.0006	3.77	0.03	3.2	0.2	1062	3	yes
#--------------------
# Variables  
#
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/PaST-thesaurus/SKOS/past-thesaurus-v1.0.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_calkaBP	age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,speleothems,,,N,
## d18Ovpdb	delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
age_calkaBP	d18Ovpdb
0.005	-6.67
0.036	-6.92
0.066	-6.86
0.097	-7.07
0.128	-6.98
0.158	-7.02
0.189	-7.07
0.219	-7.20
0.250	-7.38
0.281	-7.60
0.311	-7.87
0.342	-7.62
0.373	-7.87
0.391	-7.85
0.410	-7.67
0.428	-8.17
0.447	-8.34
0.466	-8.53
0.484	-8.87
0.503	-9.21
0.521	-9.29
0.540	-9.44
0.559	-9.19
0.577	-8.87
0.596	-8.45
0.614	-8.09
0.633	-7.63
0.652	-7.46
0.670	-6.97
0.689	-6.90
0.707	-6.82
0.726	-6.58
0.745	-6.36
0.763	-6.10
0.782	-6.10
0.800	-6.42
0.819	-7.03
0.838	-7.47
0.856	-8.05
0.875	-7.91
0.893	-7.91
0.912	-7.55
0.931	-7.16
0.949	-6.63
0.968	-6.25
0.986	-6.46
1.005	-6.76
1.024	-7.05
1.042	-7.36
1.061	-7.19
1.079	-7.05
1.098	-6.78
1.117	-6.93
1.135	-6.57
1.154	-6.73
1.172	-6.78
1.191	-6.78
1.210	-6.77
1.228	-6.93
1.247	-7.51
1.265	-7.82
1.284	-7.94
1.303	-7.82
1.321	-7.85
1.340	-8.09
1.358	-8.12
1.377	-8.22
1.396	-8.33
1.414	-8.54
1.433	-9.01
1.451	-9.20
1.470	-9.39
1.493	-9.33
1.517	-8.92
1.540	-8.14
1.563	-7.39
1.586	-6.97
1.610	-6.87
1.633	-7.01
1.656	-7.32
1.680	-7.26
1.703	-7.43
1.726	-7.53
1.750	-7.72
1.773	-8.15
1.796	-8.79
1.819	-9.23
1.843	-9.04
1.866	-8.76
1.889	-7.69
1.913	-7.14
1.936	-7.44
1.959	-7.43
1.983	-6.99
2.006	-6.83
2.029	-7.27
2.052	-8.20
2.076	-9.25
2.099	-9.48
2.122	-9.92
2.146	-10.07
2.169	-9.60
2.192	-8.71
2.216	-7.70
2.239	-8.09
2.262	-8.52
	8.31
2.309	-8.96
2.332	-9.49
2.355	-9.61
2.379	-9.47
2.402	-9.07
2.425	-9.57
2.449	-9.88
2.472	-10.17
2.495	-10.08
2.518	-9.87
2.542	-10.12
2.565	-10.07
2.588	-9.54
2.612	-9.12
2.635	-9.06
2.658	-8.96
2.682	-9.21
2.705	-9.34
2.728	-9.58
2.751	-9.19
2.775	-8.92
2.798	-9.16
2.821	-8.89
2.845	-8.96
2.868	-8.63
2.891	-8.68
2.915	-9.21
2.938	-9.98
2.961	-10.96
2.984	-11.28
3.008	-11.53
3.031	-11.78
3.054	-11.94
3.078	-11.87
3.101	-11.35
3.124	-11.39
3.148	-12.03
3.171	-11.05
3.194	-11.44
3.217	-11.37
3.241	-11.28
3.264	-11.04
3.287	-11.01
3.311	-10.83
3.334	-10.47
3.357	-10.60
3.381	-10.88
3.404	-10.61
3.427	-10.37
3.450	-10.15
3.474	-9.90
3.497	-9.91
3.520	-9.84