Kesang Cave, Western China 500KYr Speleothem d18O Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, plus the data file URL and date accessed. NAME OF DATA SET: Kesang Cave, Western China 500KYr Speleothem d18O Data LAST UPDATE: 1/2012 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Cheng, H., P.Z. Zhang, C. Spötl, R.L. Edwards, Y.J. Cai, D.Z. Zhang, W.C. Sang, M. Tan, and Z.S. An IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2012-006 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Cheng, H., et al. 2012. Kesang Cave, Western China 500KYr Speleothem d18O Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2012-006. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Cheng, H., P.Z. Zhang, C. Spötl, R.L. Edwards, Y.J. Cai, D.Z. Zhang, W.C. Sang, M. Tan, and Z.S. An. 2012. The climatic cyclicity in semiarid-arid central Asia over the past 500,000 years. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01705, doi:10.1029/2011GL050202. ABSTRACT: Central Asia is currently a semiarid-arid region, dominated by the Westerlies. It is important to understand mechanisms of climate and precipitation changes here, as water availability in the region is crucial today and in the future. High-resolution, absolutely-dated oxygen isotope (d18O) records of stalagmites from Kesang Cave characterize a dynamic precipitation history over most of the past 500,000 years. This record demonstrates, for the first time, that climate change in the region exhibits a processional rhythm with abrupt inceptions of low d18O speleothem growth at times of high Northern Hemisphere summer insolation followed by gradual d18O increases that track decreases of insolation. These observations and interpretations contrast with the interpretation of nearby, but higher elevation ice core records. The absolutely-dated cave d18O shifts can be used to correlate the regional climate variability by providing chronological marks. Combined with other paleoclimate records, the Kesang observations suggest that possible incursions of Asian summer monsoon rainfall or related moisture into the Kesang site and/or adjacent areas during the high insolation times may play an important role in changing orbital-scale hydrology of the region. Based on our record, arid climate will prevail in this region for the next several millennia, providing that anthropogenic effects do not supersede natural processes. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Central Asia PERIOD OF RECORD: 500KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: Xi'an Jiaotong University grant 93K40208000004, US National Science Foundation (NSF) grants 0502535, 0908792, and 1103403, National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grants 40631003, 40772110 and 40973007, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS (SKLLQG1001), Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation grants CC8 and CP52, Austrian Science Fund. DATA FILE URLS: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/kesang2012.txt ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/kesang2012.xls DESCRIPTION: High resolution absolutely dated oxygen isotope record from Kesang Cave, Tekesi County, Xinjiang, western China. Three stalagmites KS06-A-H, KS08-1-H and KS08-2-H were used to establish the Kesang Holocene d18O record, and five stalagmites KS06-A, KS06-B, KS08-1, KS08-2 and KS-1 were used to establish the remainder of the record over most portions of the past 500 ka. Kesang Cave: 42°52'N, 81°45'E, elevation ~2000 m a.s.l. DATA: 1. 230Th dating results Table S1. 230Th dating results. Errors are 2S. Sample Distance 238U 232Th 230Th / 232Th d234U* 230Th / 238U 230Th Age (ka) 230Th Age (ka BP) d234UInitial* Number to top (mm) ppb ppt (atomic x10-6) (measured) (activity) (uncorrected) (corrected) (corrected) KS06-A KS06A-1 0.3 3072 ± 7 3290 ± 70 10100 ± 200 647.8 ± 2.1 0.6557 ± 0.0021 53.3 ± 0.2 53.3 ± 0.4 753 ± 3 KS06A-2 1.8 1254 ± 2 900 ± 20 18000 ± 400 683.7 ± 1.8 0.7835 ± 0.0016 65.1 ± 0.2 65.0 ± 0.3 822 ± 2 KS06A-1 3.3 762 ± 1 3820 ± 40 2900 ± 40 725.8 ± 3.0 0.8913 ± 0.0023 74.7 ± 0.3 74.6 ± 0.5 896 ± 4 KS06A-3 3.5 1438 ± 3 550 ± 10 36900 ± 800 615.4 ± 2.0 0.8464 ± 0.0021 76.5 ± 0.3 76.5 ± 0.5 764 ± 3 KS06A-4 5.1 2414 ± 5 373 ± 8 89000 ± 2000 552.3 ± 2.0 0.8304 ± 0.0024 79.0 ± 0.4 79.0 ± 0.5 690 ± 3 KS06A-5 6.8 3498 ± 9 560 ± 10 87000 ± 2000 559.6 ± 2.1 0.8490 ± 0.0025 81.0 ± 0.4 80.9 ± 0.6 703 ± 3 KS06A-6 8.3 2759 ± 6 670 ± 20 61000 ± 1000 639.1 ± 2.2 0.9027 ± 0.0026 81.9 ± 0.4 81.9 ± 0.6 805 ± 3 KS06A-7 9.5 1136 ± 2 4220 ± 90 4530 ± 90 799.6 ± 1.9 1.0207 ± 0.0020 84.7 ± 0.3 84.6 ± 0.4 1015 ± 3 KS06A-1 10.5 271 ± 1 6740 ± 70 759 ± 8 875.1 ± 1.9 1.1436 ± 0.0022 93.7 ± 0.3 93.3 ± 0.6 1139 ± 3 KS06A-8 10.8 303 ± 1 22400 ± 500 260 ± 5 893.2 ± 1.9 1.1630 ± 0.0018 94.6 ± 0.3 93.6 ± 1.2 1163 ± 3 KS06A-9 12.3 318 ± 1 11300 ± 300 520 ± 20 818.2 ± 1.9 1.1253 ± 0.0015 96.1 ± 0.2 95.5 ± 0.7 1071 ± 3 KS06A-10 13.7 429 ± 1 2310 ± 50 3300 ± 70 729.5 ± 1.8 1.0767 ± 0.0013 97.4 ± 0.2 97.3 ± 0.4 960 ± 2 KS06A-11 14.2 953 ± 1 1070 ± 20 14700 ± 300 587.7 ± 1.8 0.9987 ± 0.0015 99.9 ± 0.3 99.8 ± 0.5 779 ± 2 KS06A-12 14.8 1446 ± 2 520 ± 10 43800 ± 900 522.2 ± 1.7 0.9636 ± 0.0015 101.4 ± 0.3 101.4 ± 0.5 695 ± 2 KS06A-2 15 2053 ± 3 3970 ± 40 8050 ± 90 489.0 ± 1.5 0.9427 ± 0.0022 101.7 ± 0.4 101.6 ± 0.6 652 ± 2 KS06A-26 15.2 1859 ± 3 2500 ± 50 11800 ± 300 507.3 ± 1.6 0.9605 ± 0.0019 102.6 ± 0.4 102.5 ± 0.6 678 ± 2 KS08-127-1 15.8 2451 ± 4 2210 ± 50 16900 ± 400 449.0 ± 1.8 0.9235 ± 0.0021 103.2 ± 0.4 103.1 ± 0.7 601 ± 2 KS08-1-27-3 16 2818 ± 5 3260 ± 70 13000 ± 300 429.1 ± 2.0 0.9109 ± 0.0022 103.4 ± 0.5 103.3 ± 0.7 574 ± 3 KS06A-14 16.5 1646 ± 2 3320 ± 70 7700 ± 200 461.0 ± 1.7 0.9373 ± 0.0016 104.1 ± 0.3 104.0 ± 0.5 618 ± 2 KS06A-3 23.8 640 ± 1 1820 ± 20 7300 ± 100 436.6 ± 1.4 1.2642 ± 0.0025 189.1 ± 1.0 189.0 ± 1.6 744 ± 3 KS06A-28-2 24.1 615 ± 1 830 ± 20 15400 ± 300 433.1 ± 1.7 1.2638 ± 0.0020 190.2 ± 1.0 190.1 ± 1.5 741 ± 4 KS06A-16 24.2 833 ± 1 1210 ± 30 14400 ± 300 433.4 ± 1.6 1.2691 ± 0.0020 192.0 ± 1.0 191.9 ± 1.5 745 ± 3 KS06A-29 27.5 1210 ± 2 2090 ± 40 12300 ± 300 440.5 ± 1.7 1.2941 ± 0.0023 198.6 ± 1.1 198.5 ± 1.7 771 ± 4 KS06A-18 28.9 412 ± 1 1130 ± 30 8200 ± 200 497.5 ± 1.8 1.3660 ± 0.0022 203.3 ± 1.1 203.2 ± 1.7 883 ± 4 KS08-1-30-1 29.1 510 ± 1 1740 ± 40 6700 ± 200 513.3 ± 1.7 1.3842 ± 0.0054 203.9 ± 2.1 203.8 ± 3.3 912 ± 6 KS06A-30 29.5 391 ± 1 1540 ± 30 5500 ± 100 443.3 ± 1.7 1.3220 ± 0.0020 208.4 ± 1.1 208.3 ± 1.7 798 ± 4 KS06A-19 31.1 703 ± 1 710 ± 20 19800 ± 400 327.0 ± 1.6 1.2044 ± 0.0018 211.1 ± 1.2 211.1 ± 1.9 593 ± 4 KS06A-20 32.5 2115 ± 3 2390 ± 50 18000 ± 400 346.5 ± 1.7 1.2346 ± 0.0026 215.5 ± 1.6 215.4 ± 2.4 637 ± 4 KS06A-31 32.6 2953 ± 5 6900 ± 200 8300 ± 200 290.4 ± 1.6 1.1761 ± 0.0028 216.5 ± 1.7 216.4 ± 2.7 535 ± 4 KS08-1-32-1 33.3 1297 ± 2 530 ± 20 54000 ± 1000 440.0 ± 1.6 1.3513 ± 0.0025 222.7 ± 1.4 222.7 ± 2.2 825 ± 4 KS06A-21 34.1 760 ± 1 220 ± 5 76000 ± 2000 450.0 ± 1.7 1.3675 ± 0.0020 225.1 ± 1.3 225.1 ± 2.0 849 ± 4 KS08-1-32-2 34.3 884 ± 1 300 ± 6 68000 ± 2000 459.0 ± 1.7 1.3832 ± 0.0026 227.8 ± 1.5 227.8 ± 2.4 873 ± 5 KS06A-34 36.5 605 ± 1 164 ± 4 81000 ± 2000 402.9 ± 1.6 1.3268 ± 0.0021 230.6 ± 1.4 230.6 ± 2.2 772 ± 4 KS06A-23 36.8 595 ± 1 24 ± 1 547000 ± 30000 417.3 ± 1.6 1.3437 ± 0.0020 231.1 ± 1.3 231.1 ± 2.1 801 ± 4 KS06A-35 38.5 704 ± 1 147 ± 3 107000 ± 3000 421.1 ± 1.7 1.3497 ± 0.0023 232.0 ± 1.5 231.9 ± 2.3 811 ± 5 KS06A-25 39.7 672 ± 1 550 ± 10 26900 ± 600 390.5 ± 1.5 1.3216 ± 0.0019 235.2 ± 1.3 235.1 ± 2.1 758 ± 4 KS06-B KS06B-2 8 3702 ± 5 3700 ± 80 19700 ± 400 246.7 ± 1.5 1.1953 ± 0.0023 259.6 ± 2.2 259.5 ± 2.8 513 ± 4 KS06B-2 8.5 2583 ± 5 5200 ± 100 10000 ± 200 259.1 ± 1.7 1.2110 ± 0.0029 260.6 ± 2.7 260.5 ± 3.4 540 ± 6 KS06B-3 9 2037 ± 6 29407 ± 60 14200 ± 300 283.7 ± 1.6 1.2449 ± 0.0053 264.4 ± 4.4 264.4 ± 5.4 598 ± 8 KS06B-3 10.5 600 ± 1 300 ± 6 40700 ± 900 261.0 ± 1.5 1.2362 ± 0.0021 279.7 ± 2.5 279.6 ± 3.1 575 ± 5 KS06B-4 14 1535 ± 3 500 ± 10 61900 ± 1300 239.5 ± 1.5 1.2153 ± 0.0034 284.3 ± 3.7 284.2 ± 4.6 534 ± 6 KS06B-3 16.5 1421 ± 2 620 ± 6 48300 ± 500 288.2 ± 1.3 1.2841 ± 0.0027 293.6 ± 3.0 293.6 ± 3.8 660 ± 6 KS06B-5 17 1999 ± 5 360 ± 7 117000 ± 3000 286.6 ± 1.7 1.2823 ± 0.0044 293.8 ± 4.8 293.7 ± 6.0 657 ± 10 KS06B-6 17.5 659 ± 1 2530 ± 50 5500 ± 100 269.2 ± 1.6 1.2734 ± 0.0020 306.8 ± 3.1 306.7 ± 3.9 640 ± 7 KS06B-7 20 2013 ± 3 2250 ± 50 19000 ± 400 274.5 ± 1.6 1.2843 ± 0.0022 311.6 ± 3.4 311.6 ± 4.2 661 ± 7 KS06B-6 21.5 1937 ± 3 1340 ± 30 30200 ± 600 257.9 ± 1.6 1.2664 ± 0.0031 315.0 ± 4.5 314.9 ± 5.6 627 ± 9 KS06B-8 22.5 488 ± 1 388 ± 8 26600 ± 600 270.2 ± 1.6 1.2832 ± 0.0023 316.6 ± 3.6 316.5 ± 4.6 660 ± 8 KS06B-9 26 674 ± 1 373 ± 8 37500 ± 800 248.9 ± 1.7 1.2568 ± 0.0020 316.9 ± 3.6 316.8 ± 4.5 609 ± 7 KS06B-11 29 1074 ± 1 520 ± 10 41700 ± 900 230.3 ± 1.8 1.2357 ± 0.0021 319.7 ± 4.1 319.7 ± 5.1 568 ± 8 KS06B-12 31 1607 ± 2 490 ± 10 65700 ± 1300 217.6 ± 1.4 1.2231 ± 0.0020 324.2 ± 3.7 324.2 ± 4.7 543 ± 7 KS06B-13 34 2404 ± 3 2520 ± 50 18900 ± 400 195.4 ± 1.6 1.2008 ± 0.0022 332.7 ± 4.6 332.6 ± 5.8 500 ± 8 KS06B-5 36.8 2456 ± 4 3670 ± 40 14800 ± 200 284.6 ± 1.4 1.3354 ± 0.0030 365.1 ± 6.0 365.0 ± 7.5 797 ± 14 KS06B-15 39 2104 ± 3 3090 ± 60 14400 ± 300 241.8 ± 1.5 1.2860 ± 0.0022 377.3 ± 6.0 377.2 ± 7.5 701 ± 13 KS06B-19 41 1984 ± 2 3000 ± 60 14100 ± 300 240.7 ± 1.5 1.2880 ± 0.0018 384.5 ± 5.8 384.4 ± 7.3 712 ± 13 KS06B-20 43 1830 ± 2 1880 ± 40 19700 ± 400 188.3 ± 1.5 1.2221 ± 0.0017 392.5 ± 6.7 392.5 ± 8.4 570 ± 12 KS06B-6 46.6 2456 ± 4 10300 ± 100 4800 ± 50 180.6 ± 1.3 1.2204 ± 0.0028 416 ± 10 416 ± 13 585 ± 18 KS06B-18 49 1468 ± 2 1430 ± 30 20900 ± 400 183.9 ± 1.4 1.2317 ± 0.0024 440 ± 12 440 ± 15 637 ± 21 KS06B-22 50 760 ± 1 670 ± 20 23100 ± 500 189.0 ± 1.4 1.2428 ± 0.0016 457 ± 11 456 ± 13 686 ± 21 KS08-1 KS08-1-I 1 704 ± 2 3600 ± 70 2470 ± 50 485.4 ± 1.7 0.7668 ± 0.0029 75.5 ± 0.4 75.4 ± 0.5 601 ± 2 KS08-1-1-2 1.5 1837 ± 5 2500 ± 50 9600 ± 200 492.5 ± 2.1 0.7993 ± 0.0024 79.5 ± 0.4 79.4 ± 0.5 616 ± 3 KS08-1-II 3 3521 ± 10 3880 ± 80 12100.0 ± 300 476.3 ± 1.7 0.8074 ± 0.0033 81.9 ± 0.5 81.9 ± 0.6 600 ± 2 KS08-1-IV 4 43800 ± 20 6100 ± 100 9700 ± 200 480.9 ± 1.8 0.8157 ± 0.0036 82.8 ± 0.5 82.7 ± 0.7 607 ± 2 KS08-1-III 5 2889 ± 8 44700 ± 900 980 ± 20 646.9 ± 1.8 0.9184 ± 0.0037 83.4 ± 0.5 83.1 ± 0.6 818 ± 3 KS08-1-1 5.3 228.3 ± 0.3 30800 ± 600 142 ± 3 907.1 ± 1.9 1.1578 ± 0.0030 93.0 ± 0.4 91.1 ± 1.7 1173 ± 5 KS08-1-T 8.5 202.6 ± 0.3 5410 ± 60 763 ± 8 999.1 ± 2.8 1.2355 ± 0.0032 95.0 ± 0.4 94.6 ± 0.6 1305 ± 4 KS08-1-2 12.2 485.9 ± 0.6 4620 ± 90 2050 ± 40 889.9 ± 1.7 1.1832 ± 0.0022 97.4 ± 0.3 97.2 ± 0.4 1171 ± 2 KS08-1-3 18 363.4 ± 0.5 2000 ± 40 2970 ± 60 585.5 ± 1.5 0.9926 ± 0.0019 99.2 ± 0.3 99.1 ± 0.4 775 ± 2 KS08-1-4-1 23.5 649.4 ± 0.9 2870 ± 60 3460 ± 70 470.2 ± 1.8 0.9285 ± 0.0017 101.5 ± 0.3 101.4 ± 0.4 626 ± 2 KS08-1-4 30.5 2440 ± 3 6600 ± 200 5100 ± 100 333.8 ± 1.3 0.8397 ± 0.0018 102.4 ± 0.4 102.3 ± 0.5 446 ± 2 KS08-1-5-1 32.5 2241 ± 5 4090 ± 80 7700 ± 200 347.7 ± 1.8 0.8539 ± 0.0021 103.3 ± 0.5 103.2 ± 0.6 465 ± 2 KS08-1-51A 33.8 2839 ± 7 16900 ± 400 2450 ± 50 388.1 ± 1.6 0.8862 ± 0.0030 104.1 ± 0.6 103.9 ± 0.8 520 ± 2 KS08-1-51C 35.6 856 ± 3 10000 ± 200 1460 ± 30 470.1 ± 3.0 1.0357 ± 0.0044 121.3 ± 1.0 121.0 ± 1.3 662 ± 5 KS08-1-5-2 36.5 1023 ± 2 8200 ± 200 2090 ± 40 438.4 ± 1.7 1.0161 ± 0.0020 122.3 ± 0.5 122.1 ± 0.6 619 ± 3 KS08-1-52A 37.5 1569 ± 3 3190 ± 70 8100 ± 200 399.8 ± 1.6 0.9941 ± 0.0027 124.0 ± 0.6 123.9 ± 0.8 567 ± 3 KS08-1-52B 38.5 2730 ± 5 25400 ± 500 1730 ± 40 332.9 ± 1.5 0.9752 ± 0.0023 132.1 ± 0.6 131.9 ± 0.8 483 ± 2 KS08-1-5-3 39.5 4850 ± 20 16900 ± 400 4900 ± 100 286.0 ± 2.3 1.0382 ± 0.0040 161.7 ± 1.5 161.6 ± 1.9 451 ± 4 KS08-1-53A 40 219 ± 0.3 2590 ± 50 1820 ± 40 488.0 ± 1.6 1.3020 ± 0.0027 184.4 ± 1.0 184.2 ± 1.3 821 ± 4 KS08-1-5 40.5 309.1 ± 0.4 1420 ± 30 4800 ± 100 498.9 ± 1.5 1.3276 ± 0.0025 189.2 ± 1.0 189.1 ± 1.2 851 ± 3 KS08-1-6-1 41.5 392.9 ± 0.4 3090 ± 60 2640 ± 50 424.4 ± 1.6 1.2577 ± 0.0017 191.2 ± 0.9 191.0 ± 1.1 728 ± 3 KS08-1-6-2 44.2 1020 ± 1 3410 ± 70 5800 ± 100 335.3 ± 1.7 1.1760 ± 0.0020 194.7 ± 1.1 194.6 ± 1.4 581 ± 3 KS08-1-62A 45.5 401.0 ± 0.5 10100 ± 200 790 ± 20 330.2 ± 1.5 1.2066 ± 0.0024 210.5 ± 1.4 210.0 ± 1.7 597 ± 4 KS08-1-6 47 765 ± 1 2470 ± 50 6100 ± 200 320.0 ± 1.3 1.1953 ± 0.0022 210.3 ± 1.2 210.2 ± 1.5 579 ± 3 KS08-1-62B 47.2 363.9 ± 0.5 3370 ± 70 2110 ± 40 308.6 ± 1.6 1.1857 ± 0.0028 211.6 ± 1.6 211.3 ± 2.0 560 ± 4 KS08-1-7-II 49.5 2062 ± 2 20500 ± 400 1850 ± 40 240.1 ± 1.5 1.1139 ± 0.0014 212.2 ± 1.2 212.0 ± 1.4 437 ± 3 KS08-1-7-II 51 950 ± 1 580 ± 20 40700 ± 900 576.5 ± 1.8 1.5039 ± 0.0021 224.1 ± 1.2 224.0 ± 1.4 1085 ± 5 KS08-1-7 53 1792 ± 2 2090 ± 40 20700 ± 400 538.3 ± 1.5 1.4657 ± 0.0026 225.6 ± 1.3 225.6 ± 1.6 1018 ± 5 KS08-1-8-1 61.2 489 ± 1 11200 ± 200 980 ± 20 433.3 ± 1.7 1.3621 ± 0.0022 231.4 ± 1.4 231.0 ± 1.8 832 ± 5 KS08-1-8-2 66.5 811 ± 1 1280 ± 30 13500 ± 300 375.1 ± 1.6 1.2980 ± 0.0023 231.7 ± 1.6 231.7 ± 1.9 721 ± 4 KS08-1-8 74.5 805 ± 1 7500 ± 200 2390 ± 50 427.7 ± 1.4 1.3587 ± 0.0029 232.9 ± 1.6 232.7 ± 2.1 825 ± 5 KS08-1-9-1 75 315 ± 0 8700 ± 200 810 ± 20 422.2 ± 1.7 1.3567 ± 0.0020 235.0 ± 1.4 234.5 ± 1.8 818 ± 5 KS08-1-9-2 77 665 ± 1 20000 ± 400 690 ± 20 335.9 ± 1.7 1.2613 ± 0.0021 235.7 ± 1.6 235.1 ± 2.1 652 ± 5 KS08-1-94-0 82.1 1008 ± 1 12300 ± 300 1800 ± 40 308.1 ± 1.6 1.3370 ± 0.0028 324.1 ± 4.2 323.8 ± 5.2 770 ± 10 KS08-1-101A 88.9 1666 ± 3 35500 ± 700 1010 ± 20 278.0 ± 1.6 1.3018 ± 0.0035 327.6 ± 5.2 327.1 ± 6.5 700 ± 10 KS08-1-101B 90.2 1796 ± 3 54000 ± 1000 710 ± 20 261.5 ± 1.6 1.2852 ± 0.0033 333.3 ± 5.4 332.8 ± 6.8 770 ± 10 KS08-1-10-I 91.2 2319 ± 3 17500 ± 400 2700 ± 50 221.8 ± 1.5 1.2359 ± 0.0020 335.2 ± 4.2 335.0 ± 5.3 571 ± 8 KS08-1-102A 92.2 1929 ± 4 1020 ± 20 42900 ± 900 312.9 ± 1.6 1.3735 ± 0.0036 367.0 ± 6.9 366.9 ± 8.7 880 ± 20 KS08-1-102B 92.8 1431 ± 3 4050 ± 80 8000 ± 200 316.0 ± 1.6 1.3791 ± 0.0037 369.8 ± 7.2 369.7 ± 9.0 900 ± 20 KS08-1-10 94 3986 ± 6 15900 ± 300 5700 ± 100 315.2 ± 1.4 1.3853 ± 0.0039 382.7 ± 8.3 383 ± 10 930 ± 20 KS08-1-11 98.8 2248 ± 2 3900 ± 80 11800 ± 300 198.8 ± 1.5 1.2470 ± 0.0018 423.3 ± 8.6 423 ± 11 660 ± 20 KS08-1-13 113.5 1019 ± 1 1440 ± 30 15500 ± 300 249.7 ± 1.8 1.3263 ± 0.0020 459 ± 12 459 ± 15 910 ± 30 KS08-1-14 118.5 1740 ± 2 3000 ± 60 12200 ± 300 207.1 ± 1.5 1.2711 ± 0.0018 472 ± 13 472 ± 16 790 ± 30 KS08-1-15 121.5 1716 ± 2 1240 ± 30 31200 ± 600 276.3 ± 1.6 1.3675 ± 0.0017 478 ± 12 478 ± 15 1070 ± 40 KS08-1-16 126.5 1703 ± 2 8600 ± 200 4400 ± 100 269.4 ± 1.6 1.3624 ± 0.0017 499 ± 14 499 ± 18 1100 ± 50 KS08-2 KS08-2-9-O 6.4 203.1 ± 0.2 164 ± 4 15800 ± 400 561.0 ± 1.7 0.7750 ± 0.0015 71.3 ± 0.2 71.2 ± 0.3 686 ± 2 KS08-2-8 32.6 690 ± 1 750 ± 20 11600 ± 300 449.2 ± 1.7 0.7649 ± 0.0016 78.1 ± 0.3 78.0 ± 0.3 560 ± 2 KS08-2-9 35.6 1820 ± 3 940 ± 20 25300 ± 600 455.1 ± 1.6 0.7869 ± 0.0046 80.8 ± 0.7 80.7 ± 0.8 572 ± 2 KS08-2-10 39.6 2202 ± 4 320 ± 7 85000 ± 2000 372.2 ± 1.8 0.7444 ± 0.0021 81.6 ± 0.4 81.6 ± 0.5 469 ± 2 KS08-2-11 45 4940 ± 10 161 ± 4 410000 ± 10000 454.0 ± 2.2 0.8051 ± 0.0027 83.5 ± 0.5 83.5 ± 0.6 575 ± 3 KS08-2-12 47.8 109.1 ± 0.2 1420 ± 30 1270 ± 30 615.0 ± 2.6 1.0001 ± 0.0027 97.4 ± 0.5 97.1 ± 0.6 809 ± 4 KS08-2-13 49.6 247.2 ± 0.3 890 ± 20 4240 ± 90 472.8 ± 1.7 0.9242 ± 0.0020 100.5 ± 0.4 100.4 ± 0.5 628 ± 2 KS08-2-14 53.6 344.5 ± 0.4 285 ± 6 17600 ± 400 403.6 ± 1.8 0.8799 ± 0.0019 101.0 ± 0.4 100.9 ± 0.5 537 ± 2 KS08-2-15 56.8 941 ± 1 600 ± 20 23600 ± 500 439.8 ± 1.9 0.9105 ± 0.0020 102.0 ± 0.4 101.9 ± 0.5 587 ± 2 KS08-2-16 65.8 2601 ± 5 1840 ± 40 19900 ± 400 337.0 ± 1.7 0.8516 ± 0.0021 104.3 ± 0.5 104.2 ± 0.6 452 ± 2 KS08-2-17 69 804 ± 1 440 ± 9 30000 ± 600 422.9 ± 1.8 0.9995 ± 0.0020 121.3 ± 0.5 121.3 ± 0.6 596 ± 3 KS08-2-17-2 72 1276 ± 1 222 ± 5 92200 ± 2000 377.6 ± 1.6 0.9717 ± 0.0014 122.9 ± 0.4 122.9 ± 0.5 534 ± 2 KS08-2-19 77.8 121.7 ± 0.1 820 ± 20 3140 ± 60 458.8 ± 1.7 1.2807 ± 0.0028 187.0 ± 1.1 186.9 ± 1.4 778 ± 4 KS08-2-20 95.4 1249 ± 2 1100 ± 20 22800 ± 500 375.9 ± 1.7 1.2208 ± 0.0026 196.0 ± 1.2 195.9 ± 1.5 654 ± 4 KS08-2-21 98.4 1964 ± 3 750 ± 20 52000 ± 1000 333.7 ± 1.8 1.1902 ± 0.0028 201.4 ± 1.5 201.3 ± 1.8 589 ± 4 KS08-2-21-2 99.6 1708 ± 1 117 ± 4 292000 ± 11000 358.1 ± 1.6 1.2160 ± 0.0016 201.6 ± 1.0 201.5 ± 1.2 632 ± 3 KS08-2-21-3 101 517.3 ± 0.5 147 ± 4 79000 ± 2000 481.8 ± 1.6 1.3631 ± 0.0029 208.6 ± 1.3 208.5 ± 1.7 868 ± 4 KS08-2-22 108.4 280.6 ± 0.3 32700 ± 700 159 ± 3 248.4 ± 1.5 1.1232 ± 0.0022 212.4 ± 1.4 210.0 ± 2.7 449 ± 4 KS08-2-22-2 111.2 1874 ± 3 36900 ± 800 910 ± 20 209.1 ± 1.6 1.0855 ± 0.0025 214.9 ± 1.7 214.4 ± 2.2 383 ± 4 KS08-2-23 112 857 ± 1 136 ± 4 141000 ± 4000 431.4 ± 1.6 1.3508 ± 0.0028 226.9 ± 1.6 226.8 ± 2.0 818 ± 5 KS08-2-23-2 114.6 579.8 ± 0.5 165 ± 4 80000 ± 2000 462.4 ± 1.6 1.3830 ± 0.0022 226.0 ± 1.3 225.9 ± 1.6 875 ± 4 KS08-2-24 116 208.5 ± 0.2 235 ± 5 18100 ± 400 322.4 ± 1.9 1.2356 ± 0.0025 229.7 ± 1.8 229.6 ± 2.2 616 ± 5 KS08-2-24-2 125.8 511.3 ± 0.5 98 ± 3 103000 ± 3000 294.2 ± 1.6 1.2052 ± 0.0019 230.2 ± 1.5 230.1 ± 1.8 563 ± 4 KS-1 KS-1-1 11.4 2615 ± 4 182 ± 4 130000 ± 3000 416.4 ± 1.7 0.5507 ± 0.0011 52.3 ± 0.2 52.2 ± 0.2 483 ± 2 KS-1-2 15.9 4066 ± 7 199 ± 5 189000 ± 5000 419.4 ± 1.8 0.5610 ± 0.0013 53.4 ± 0.2 53.3 ± 0.2 488 ± 2 KS06-A-H-A KS06A-H1 1.5 930 ± 2 10500 ± 200 110 ± 2 1083.2 ± 3.1 0.0755 ± 0.0004 4.01 ± 0.02 3.80 ± 0.06 1095 ± 3 KS06A-H2 12.8 1135 ± 3 2660 ± 60 710 ± 20 1003.4 ± 2.8 0.1004 ± 0.0004 5.58 ± 0.02 5.49 ± 0.03 1019 ± 3 KS06A-H5 23.3 2190 ± 4 9900 ± 200 464 ± 9 908.6 ± 3.0 0.1267 ± 0.0004 7.45 ± 0.03 7.32 ± 0.04 928 ± 3 KS06A-H6 25.8 2596 ± 5 9700 ± 200 600 ± 10 879.0 ± 2.7 0.1348 ± 0.0005 8.07 ± 0.03 7.96 ± 0.04 899 ± 3 KS06A-H7 26.5 3035 ± 4 8500 ± 200 820 ± 20 866.8 ± 2.4 0.1394 ± 0.0004 8.41 ± 0.03 8.31 ± 0.03 887 ± 3 KS06A-H8 27.3 3871 ± 6 960 ± 20 9500 ± 200 857.3 ± 2.5 0.1422 ± 0.0004 8.64 ± 0.03 8.57 ± 0.03 878 ± 3 KS06A-H3 31.8 3530 ± 10 11200 ± 200 920 ± 20 1093.6 ± 3.5 0.1768 ± 0.0008 9.55 ± 0.05 9.45 ± 0.06 1123 ± 4 KS06-A-H-B KS06A-H4 0 3094 ± 8 72000 ± 2000 151 ± 3 1303.3 ± 3.7 0.2129 ± 0.0009 10.48 ± 0.05 10.1 ± 0.2 1341 ± 4 KS06A-H11 1.9 2573 ± 6 50000 ± 1000 216 ± 4 1535.0 ± 3.1 0.2540 ± 0.0009 11.40 ± 0.05 11.12 ± 0.09 1584 ± 3 KS06A-H9 3.4 3108 ± 6 39800 ± 800 364 ± 7 1453.1 ± 3.6 0.2823 ± 0.0008 13.18 ± 0.04 12.97 ± 0.07 1507 ± 4 KS08-1-H KS08-1--HS1 0 623 ± 5 1910000 ± 400 4.5 ± 0.1 KS08-1-H-S2 0 462 ± 4 820000 ± 2000 5.2 ± 0.1 KS08-1-H1 1.2 183.0 ± 0.4 3620 ± 70 11 ± 1 1049.0 ± 2.7 0.0134 ± 0.0011 0.71 ± 0.06 0.4 ± 0.1 1050 ± 3 KS08-1-H4 7.1 159.7 ± 0.2 1260 ± 30 64 ± 4 1047.7 ± 3.4 0.0306 ± 0.0017 1.64 ± 0.09 1.47 ± 0.10 1052 ± 3 KS08-1-H7(i 11 190.4 ± 0.4 57000 ± 1000 6.8 ± 0.2 1062.1 ± 2.9 0.1220 ± 0.0037 6.62 ± 0.20 2.3 ± 1.5 1069 ± 5 KS08-1-H2 14.4 427.6 ± 0.9 16400 ± 300 30 ± 1 1052.6 ± 3.2 0.0700 ± 0.0006 3.77 ± 0.03 3.2 ± 0.2 1062 ± 3 KS08-2-H KS08-2-H7(i 0 178.3 ± 0.4 19500 ± 430 5.0 ± 0.2 KS08-2-H5 3.6 2257 ± 5 94000 ± 2000 57 ± 1 651.2 ± 2.7 0.1425 ± 0.0006 9.78 ± 0.05 9.0 ± 0.3 668 ± 3 KS08-2-H11 5 1625 ± 3 9600 ± 200 418 ± 9 769.9 ± 2.3 0.1498 ± 0.0006 9.59 ± 0.04 9.43 ± 0.05 791 ± 2 KS08-2-H12 6.6 2816 ± 4 42000 ± 800 194 ± 4 949.3 ± 2.3 0.1756 ± 0.0005 10.22 ± 0.03 9.94 ± 0.08 977 ± 2 KS08-2-H13 7 2291 ± 3 111000 ± 2000 73 ± 1 1119.9 ± 2.8 0.2141 ± 0.0006 11.51 ± 0.04 10.8 ± 0.2 1155 ± 3 KS08-2-H14 7.9 1914 ± 3 84000 ± 2000 111 ± 2 1191.3 ± 3.0 0.2962 ± 0.0010 15.64 ± 0.06 15.0 ± 0.2 1243 ± 3 KS08A-H18 8.2 1983 ± 3 13300 ± 3000 91 ± 2 1045.0 ± 3.1 0.3686 ± 0.0013 21.32 ± 0.09 20.3 ± 0.4 1107 ± 3 KS08A-H19 8.4 1458 ± 2 167000 ± 3000 58 ± 1 958.6 ± 3.0 0.4008 ± 0.0021 24.51 ± 0.15 22.8 ± 0.7 1022 ± 4 Decay Constants are described in Cheng et al ., 2008, 2009a and 2009b. *d234U = ([234U/238U]activity – 1)x1000. d234Uinitial was calculated based on 230Th age (T), i.e., d234Uinitial = d234Umeasured x eL234xT. **Corrected 230Th ages assume the initial 230Th/232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 x10-6. Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk earth 232Th/238U value of 3.8. The errors of this initial value are arbitrarily assumed to be 25% for Holocene samples and 50% for the rest of samples. Table S2. 230Th dating results of stalagmite SB-14. The error is 2S error. Sample Distance 238U 232Th 230Th / 232Th d234U* 230Th / 238U 230Th Age (ka) 230Th Age (ka) d234UInitial** Number (mm) ppb ppt (atomic x10-6) (measured) (activity) (uncorrected) (corrected) (corrected) SB14-21 6 373.2 ± 0.1 1370 ± 1 5563 ± 6 237.6 ± 0.3 1.2382 ± 0.0008 311 ± 1 311 ± 1 572.1 ± 1.8 SB14-20 11 345.3 ± 0.1 965 ± 1 7321 ± 8 226.3 ± 0.3 1.2415 ± 0.0003 335 ± 1 335 ± 1 582.1 ± 1.4 SB14-19 17 306.4 ± 0.1 721 ± 1 8670 ± 20 213.3 ± 0.3 1.2383 ± 0.0006 357 ± 1 357 ± 1 584.0 ± 2.2 SB14-18 23 401.6 ± 0.1 328 ± 1 24990 ± 80 208.3 ± 0.2 1.2386 ± 0.0004 370 ± 1 370 ± 1 591.9 ± 1.7 SB14-17 29 325.5 ± 0.1 721 ± 1 9120 ± 10 192.7 ± 0.3 1.2253 ± 0.0003 386 ± 1 386 ± 1 572.4 ± 2.1 SB14-16 37 326.4 ± 0.1 263 ± 2 24900 ± 200 179.1 ± 0.3 1.2137 ± 0.0007 403 ± 2 403 ± 2 557.9 ± 3.8 SB14-15 43 454.0 ± 0.1 100 ± 2 92000 ± 2000 183.9 ± 0.4 1.2217 ± 0.0016 407 ± 5 407 ± 5 579.9 ± 8.3 SB14-13 53 637.4 ± 0.1 283 ± 1 44900 ± 200 172.3 ± 0.3 1.2097 ± 0.0005 418 ± 2 418 ± 2 560.3 ± 3.4 SB14-12-5 60 548.8 ± 0.1 332 ± 2 33100 ± 200 173.1 ± 0.3 1.2122 ± 0.0004 423 ± 2 423 ± 2 570.5 ± 3.4 SB14-12-4 66 423.0 ± 0.1 527 ± 2 15910 ± 50 163.7 ± 0.3 1.2023 ± 0.0004 432 ± 2 432 ± 2 554.4 ± 3.4 SB14-12-3 71 516.4 ± 0.1 539 ± 1 18730 ± 50 149.3 ± 0.2 1.1860 ± 0.0003 445 ± 2 445 ± 2 524.5 ± 2.8 SB14-12-2 79 445.7 ± 0.1 716 ± 2 12180 ± 40 146.4 ± 0.4 1.1860 ± 0.0004 463 ± 3 463 ± 3 540.8 ± 5.3 SB14-12 87 453.9 ± 0.1 73 ± 1 122000 ± 2000 153.4 ± 0.3 1.1976 ± 0.0003 473 ± 2 473 ± 2 583.0 ± 4.0 SB14-11-6 93 643.4 ± 0.1 101 ± 2 126000 ± 2000 149.4 ± 0.3 1.1940 ± 0.0007 484 ± 4 484 ± 4 585.3 ± 7.5 SB14-11-5 98 365.7 ± 0.1 134 ± 2 52200 ± 800 123.9 ± 0.4 1.1626 ± 0.0008 510 ± 7 509 ± 7 522 ± 11 Notations are as same as in Table S1. 2. Kesang Cave Holocene d18O samples KS08-1-H KS06-A-H-I KS06-A-H-II KS08-2-H Age(KaBP) d18O Age(KaBP) d18O Age(KaBP) d18O Age(KaBP) d18O 0.005 -6.67 3.57 -10.19 9.45 -11.51 8.43 -10.64 0.036 -6.92 3.61 -10.65 9.49 -11.61 8.60 -10.33 0.066 -6.86 3.65 -10.90 9.52 -11.60 8.77 -10.62 0.097 -7.07 3.68 -11.18 9.56 -11.55 8.82 -10.86 0.128 -6.98 3.72 -11.16 9.59 -11.42 8.86 -10.98 0.158 -7.02 3.76 -10.88 9.63 -11.22 8.91 -11.04 0.189 -7.07 3.80 -10.99 9.67 -11.03 8.96 -11.40 0.219 -7.20 3.84 -10.85 9.70 -11.32 9.00 -11.54 0.250 -7.38 3.87 -10.73 9.74 -11.22 9.03 -11.59 0.281 -7.60 3.91 -10.56 9.78 -11.13 9.06 -11.00 0.311 -7.87 3.95 -11.01 9.81 -11.12 9.09 -11.00 0.342 -7.62 3.99 -10.92 9.85 -10.96 9.12 -10.83 0.373 -7.87 4.02 -10.96 9.88 -11.03 9.15 -10.50 0.391 -7.85 4.06 -10.73 9.92 -11.27 9.18 -10.33 0.410 -7.67 4.10 -10.25 9.96 -11.29 9.22 -10.47 0.428 -8.17 4.14 -10.16 9.99 -11.05 9.25 -10.65 0.447 -8.34 4.17 -10.35 10.03 -11.09 9.28 -10.59 0.466 -8.53 4.21 -10.26 10.06 -11.02 9.31 -10.75 0.484 -8.87 4.25 -10.39 10.10 -10.88 9.34 -11.15 0.503 -9.21 4.29 -10.44 10.14 -10.80 9.37 -11.25 0.521 -9.29 4.32 -9.90 10.20 -10.72 9.40 -11.22 0.540 -9.44 4.36 -10.48 10.27 -10.90 9.43 -10.81 0.559 -9.19 4.40 -10.92 10.33 -10.82 9.46 -10.69 0.577 -8.87 4.44 -11.07 10.40 -10.40 9.49 -10.80 0.596 -8.45 4.47 -10.54 10.46 -10.40 9.53 -10.91 0.614 -8.09 4.51 -10.63 10.53 -10.22 9.56 -10.83 0.633 -7.63 4.55 -10.73 10.59 -10.69 9.59 -10.64 0.652 -7.46 4.59 -10.63 10.66 -10.90 9.62 -10.27 0.670 -6.97 4.63 -10.98 10.73 -10.87 9.65 -10.36 0.689 -6.90 4.66 -10.30 10.79 -10.68 9.69 -10.34 0.707 -6.82 4.70 -9.86 10.86 -10.84 9.72 -10.64 0.726 -6.58 4.74 -9.66 10.92 -10.57 9.75 -10.86 0.745 -6.36 4.78 -10.05 10.99 -10.73 9.78 -10.85 0.763 -6.10 4.81 -10.15 11.05 -10.76 9.81 -10.65 0.782 -6.10 4.85 -10.09 11.12 -10.57 9.84 -10.34 0.800 -6.42 4.89 -9.99 11.30 -10.21 9.88 -10.31 0.819 -7.03 4.93 -10.60 11.49 -9.77 9.91 -10.32 0.838 -7.47 4.96 -10.75 11.68 -9.41 9.94 -10.19 0.856 -8.05 5.00 -10.43 11.86 -9.06 10.15 -10.09 0.875 -7.91 5.04 -10.28 12.05 -8.98 10.37 -10.38 0.893 -7.91 5.08 -10.29 12.23 -8.97 10.58 -10.51 0.912 -7.55 5.11 -10.37 12.42 -8.93 10.79 -10.27 0.931 -7.16 5.15 -10.41 12.60 -8.77 11.26 -10.06 0.949 -6.63 5.19 -10.31 12.79 -8.20 11.73 -9.70 0.968 -6.25 5.23 -10.01 12.97 -8.01 12.20 -9.37 0.986 -6.46 5.27 -10.26 -8.11 12.67 -8.15 1.005 -6.76 5.30 -10.77 -8.20 13.13 -7.25 1.024 -7.05 5.34 -11.01 -8.26 13.60 -6.55 1.042 -7.36 5.38 -11.04 -8.21 14.07 -6.14 1.061 -7.19 5.42 -11.04 -7.87 14.54 1.079 -7.05 5.45 -10.64 -7.51 15.01 -4.87 1.098 -6.78 5.49 -10.52 -7.19 16.78 -6.24 1.117 -6.93 5.53 -10.37 -7.52 18.56 -5.30 1.135 -6.57 5.58 -11.41 -7.95 20.33 -5.64 1.154 -6.73 -7.74 21.56 -5.72 1.172 -6.78 5.67 -10.65 -7.55 22.79 -5.98 1.191 -6.78 5.71 -10.43 -7.45 1.210 -6.77 5.75 -10.84 -7.78 1.228 -6.93 5.80 -10.84 -7.93 1.247 -7.51 5.84 -10.84 -8.26 1.265 -7.82 5.88 -10.76 -8.44 1.284 -7.94 5.93 -11.20 -8.93 1.303 -7.82 5.97 -10.94 -9.26 1.321 -7.85 6.02 -11.36 -9.23 1.340 -8.09 6.06 -11.25 -9.09 1.358 -8.12 6.10 -11.45 -9.06 1.377 -8.22 6.15 -10.90 -8.79 1.396 -8.33 6.19 -10.92 -8.68 1.414 -8.54 6.23 -11.39 -8.91 1.433 -9.01 6.28 -11.66 -8.67 1.451 -9.20 6.32 -10.92 1.470 -9.39 6.36 -11.65 1.493 -9.33 6.41 -12.06 1.517 -8.92 6.45 -11.81 1.540 -8.14 6.50 -11.65 1.563 -7.39 6.54 -11.30 1.586 -6.97 6.58 -11.09 1.610 -6.87 6.63 -11.02 1.633 -7.01 6.67 -11.37 1.656 -7.32 6.71 -11.47 1.680 -7.26 6.76 -11.80 1.703 -7.43 6.80 -11.13 1.726 -7.53 6.84 -11.37 1.750 -7.72 6.89 -11.12 1.773 -8.15 6.93 -11.63 1.796 -8.79 6.98 -11.74 1.819 -9.23 7.02 -11.24 1.843 -9.04 7.06 -11.13 1.866 -8.76 7.11 -10.97 1.889 -7.69 7.15 -11.51 1.913 -7.14 7.19 -11.60 1.936 -7.44 7.24 -11.16 1.959 -7.43 7.28 -11.86 1.983 -6.99 7.32 -11.56 2.006 -6.83 7.39 -10.98 2.029 -7.27 7.45 -11.24 2.052 -8.20 7.51 -11.29 2.076 -9.25 7.58 -11.53 2.099 -9.48 7.64 -11.59 2.122 -9.92 7.70 -11.32 2.146 -10.07 7.77 -11.71 2.169 -9.60 7.83 -11.33 2.192 -8.71 7.89 -10.77 2.216 -7.70 7.96 -11.16 2.239 -8.09 8.08 -10.83 2.262 -8.52 8.19 -10.80 8.31 -11.45 2.309 -8.96 2.332 -9.49 8.49 -10.59 2.355 -9.61 8.57 -11.56 2.379 -9.47 8.62 -12.54 2.402 -9.07 8.67 -12.05 2.425 -9.57 8.72 -11.91 2.449 -9.88 8.77 -11.47 2.472 -10.17 8.82 -11.55 2.495 -10.08 8.87 -11.98 2.518 -9.87 8.92 -11.90 2.542 -10.12 8.96 -11.98 2.565 -10.07 9.01 -11.82 2.588 -9.54 9.06 -11.46 2.612 -9.12 9.11 -11.64 2.635 -9.06 9.16 -11.71 2.658 -8.96 2.682 -9.21 9.26 -12.03 2.705 -9.34 9.30 -11.95 2.728 -9.58 9.35 -11.99 2.751 -9.19 9.40 -11.69 2.775 -8.92 9.45 -11.86 2.798 -9.16 9.50 -11.60 2.821 -8.89 9.55 -11.97 2.845 -8.96 9.60 -11.46 2.868 -8.63 9.64 -11.53 2.891 -8.68 9.69 -11.59 2.915 -9.21 9.74 -11.25 2.938 -9.98 9.79 -11.53 2.961 -10.96 9.84 -11.68 2.984 -11.28 9.89 -11.62 3.008 -11.53 3.031 -11.78 3.054 -11.94 3.078 -11.87 3.101 -11.35 3.124 -11.39 3.148 -12.03 3.171 -11.05 3.194 -11.44 3.217 -11.37 3.241 -11.28 3.264 -11.04 3.287 -11.01 3.311 -10.83 3.334 -10.47 3.357 -10.60 3.381 -10.88 3.404 -10.61 3.427 -10.37 3.450 -10.15 3.474 -9.90 3.497 -9.91 3.520 -9.84 3. Kesang Cave d18O record, composited from five stalagmite records (KS06-A, KS06-B, KS08-1, KS08-2 and KS-1) Age(KaBP) d18O 51.61 -7.82 51.63 -8.33 51.66 -8.59 51.68 -8.64 51.70 -8.59 51.73 -8.80 51.75 -8.84 51.78 -8.57 51.80 -8.42 51.82 -8.09 51.85 -7.75 51.87 -8.01 51.90 -8.43 51.92 -9.10 51.95 -8.96 51.97 -9.04 51.99 -8.67 52.02 -8.48 52.04 -8.03 52.07 -8.61 52.09 -8.99 52.11 -8.96 52.14 -9.24 52.16 -9.49 52.19 -9.30 52.21 -9.49 52.23 -9.53 52.26 -9.19 52.28 -8.72 52.31 -9.07 52.33 -9.24 52.35 -9.34 52.38 -9.97 52.40 -10.04 52.43 -10.37 52.45 -10.27 52.48 -9.70 52.50 -8.83 52.52 -8.66 52.55 -8.78 52.57 -9.09 52.60 -9.31 52.62 -9.26 52.64 -9.08 52.67 -8.57 52.69 -8.89 52.72 -8.64 52.74 -8.95 52.76 -9.15 52.79 -9.25 52.81 -9.45 52.84 -9.92 52.86 -10.08 52.88 -10.19 52.91 -10.29 52.93 -10.26 52.96 -10.15 52.98 -10.00 53.01 -10.02 53.03 -9.88 53.05 -9.82 53.08 -9.79 53.10 -9.72 53.13 -9.53 53.15 -9.50 53.17 -9.74 53.20 -9.63 53.22 -9.88 53.25 -9.71 53.27 -9.75 53.29 -9.51 53.32 -9.36 53.34 -9.15 53.37 -8.97 53.39 -8.74 53.41 -8.89 53.44 -8.44 53.46 -8.33 53.49 -8.48 53.51 -8.49 53.54 -8.56 53.56 -8.73 53.58 -8.80 53.61 -8.56 53.63 -8.32 53.66 -7.59 53.68 -7.32 53.70 -7.12 53.73 -6.83 70.87 -7.44 70.92 -7.85 70.98 -7.48 71.03 -7.31 71.08 -7.80 71.13 -7.40 71.18 -7.52 71.23 -7.70 71.29 -7.97 71.34 -7.96 71.39 -8.08 71.44 -8.25 71.49 -8.75 71.54 -8.93 71.59 -8.91 71.65 -8.62 71.70 -8.88 71.75 -9.07 71.80 -8.39 71.85 -7.24 71.90 -7.09 71.96 -7.61 72.01 -7.57 72.06 -7.63 72.11 -7.82 72.16 -7.70 72.21 -7.44 72.27 -7.73 72.32 -8.06 72.37 -8.29 72.42 -7.97 72.47 -7.56 72.52 -7.56 72.57 -8.17 72.63 -8.45 72.68 -8.00 72.73 -8.40 72.78 -8.85 72.83 -8.72 72.88 -8.38 72.94 -8.29 72.99 -8.75 73.04 -9.23 73.09 -8.89 73.14 -8.61 73.19 -8.37 73.24 -8.40 73.30 -8.97 73.35 -8.98 73.40 -8.87 73.45 -8.68 73.50 -8.69 73.55 -8.95 73.61 -9.11 73.66 -8.78 73.71 -9.14 73.76 -8.61 73.81 -8.76 73.86 -8.84 73.92 -8.96 73.97 -8.85 74.02 -9.14 74.12 -9.29 74.17 -9.30 74.22 -9.20 74.28 -9.33 74.33 -9.56 74.38 -9.18 74.43 -9.58 74.48 -9.70 74.53 -9.74 74.59 -9.42 74.64 -9.67 74.69 -9.70 74.74 -9.40 74.79 -9.08 74.84 -9.09 74.90 -9.69 74.95 -9.59 75.00 -9.71 75.05 -10.16 75.10 -9.77 75.15 -9.54 75.20 -9.84 75.26 -9.70 75.31 -9.31 75.36 -9.61 75.41 -9.36 75.46 -9.35 75.51 -9.55 75.57 -9.74 75.62 -10.08 75.67 -9.53 75.72 -9.19 75.77 -9.28 75.82 -9.66 75.87 -9.50 75.93 -9.24 75.98 -8.85 76.03 -9.21 76.08 -9.53 76.13 -9.42 76.18 -9.21 76.24 -9.24 76.29 -8.85 76.34 -9.05 76.39 -9.02 76.44 -9.13 76.49 -8.77 76.55 -8.48 76.60 -8.26 76.65 -8.20 76.70 -8.26 76.75 -8.54 76.80 -8.68 76.85 -8.10 76.91 -8.16 76.96 -8.14 77.01 -8.17 77.06 -8.25 77.11 -8.24 77.16 -8.36 77.22 -8.92 77.27 -8.88 77.32 -9.15 77.37 -9.55 77.42 -10.15 77.47 -9.99 77.53 -9.94 77.58 -10.09 77.63 -9.95 77.68 -9.83 77.73 -9.30 77.78 -9.34 77.83 -9.48 77.89 -9.44 77.94 -9.27 77.99 -9.54 78.17 -9.54 78.35 -9.37 78.53 -9.73 78.71 -10.21 78.89 -10.34 79.07 -10.22 79.25 -9.98 79.43 -10.40 79.61 -10.91 79.79 -11.45 79.97 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