Mawmluh Cave, India Holocene Stalagmite d18O Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, plus the data file URL and date accessed. NAME OF DATA SET: Mawmluh Cave, India Holocene Stalagmite d18O Data LAST UPDATE: 5/2012 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Berkelhammer, M., A. Sinha, L. Stott, H. Cheng, F. Pausata, and K. Yoshimura. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2012-059 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Berkelhammer, M., et al. 2012. Mawmluh Cave, India Holocene Stalagmite d18O Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2012-059. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Berkelhammer, M., A. Sinha, L. Stott, H. Cheng, F. Pausata, and K. Yoshimura. In press 2012. An Abrupt shift in the Indian Monsoon 4,000 years ago. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union. doi: 10.1029/2012GM001207. ABSTRACT: The emergence of high-resolution proxy records from the Asian Monsoon region suggest that the monsoon system is bistable and can abruptly transition between a suppressed and active state. This observation is critical in considering how the monsoon system may have influenced the development of societies across South and East Asia during the Holocene. Using a new high-resolution (~5 years/sample) speleothem stable isotope record from Northeast India that spans the early and mid- Holocene, a number of abrupt changes in the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (d18O) are documented. The most dramatic of these events occurred ~4,000 years ago when, over the course of approximately a decade, isotopic values abruptly rose above any seen during the early to mid Holocene and remained at this anomalous state for almost two centuries. This event occurs nearly synchronously with climatic changes documented in a number of proxy records across North Africa, the Middle East, the Tibetan Plateau, Southern Europe and perhaps as far as North America. The changes in d18O were likely driven by a dynamic response of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) to changes in surface heating on the Tibetan Plateau and/or to large-scale ocean dynamics in the Indian Ocean Basin. At this point, a quantitative characterization of the change in the ISM is hindered by unconstrained aspects of the regional response of d18O to climate, but we hypothesize the excursion could represent a shift towards an earlier monsoon withdrawal, a more northerly vapor source region or a general decline in the total amount of monsoon precipitation. The new record provides a very significant advance with respect to age control and sample resolution of terrestrial climate change over South Asian during this period when a number of major societal changes occurred. While evidence of a causal relationship between climate and the re-organization of the Indus Valley and Old Kingdom Nile civilizations is beyond the scope of this study, the tight age constraints of the record show with a high degree of certainty that much of the documented de-urbanization of the Indus Valley at 3.9k yr BP occurred after multiple decades of a shift in the monsoon's character but before the monsoon returned to its previous mid-Holocene state. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Southern Asia PERIOD OF RECORD: 3650 - 12400 Years BP FUNDING SOURCES: DATA FILE URLS: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/india/mawmluh2012.txt ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/india/mawmluh2012.xls DESCRIPTION: d18O from a calcitic stalagmite (KM-A) from Mawmluh Cave, located in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya in northeast India. Dating is based on 8 U/Th series dates (Table 1). Note that the age uncertainty is substantially larger during the early part of the record (prior to ~7KYrBP). Mawmluh Cave, India: 25°15'44"N, 91°52'54"E, 1290m elevation. DATA: Table 1: U/Th Dates used to develop the KM-A age model following the analytical methods of Cheng et al. [2009]. Depth(mm) Age(BP) Error 0 3654 20 6 4112 30 29 5084 32 48 5725 115 83 6058 31 115 6518 59 128 7285 21 139 7946 21 167 9706 284 178 10551 480 193 11216 86 The first 3 dates bracket the 4.2k event. A supplementary table includes raw U and Th measurements and some additional dates that were excluded from the age model because of extraordinarily large errors. 2. Berkelhammer et al. 2012 Mawmluh Cave d18O Data YearBP d18O Calcite (per mil VPDB) 3653 -5.98978 3659 -6.34279 3665 -6.371348 3671 -6.156792 3677 -6.107148 3683 -6.138709 3689 -6.265227 3695 -6.420271 3701 -6.45645 3707 -6.474284 3713 -6.600483 3719 -6.737324 3725 -6.996647 3731 -7.168338 3737 -6.738413 3743 -6.388649 3749 -6.366517 3755 -6.401711 3761 -6.605557 3767 -6.723481 3773 -6.637361 3779 -6.626879 3785 -6.775418 3791 -6.808547 3797 -6.606922 3803 -6.506546 3809 -6.625383 3815 -6.782594 3821 -7.038703 3827 -7.190117 3833 -6.974262 3839 -6.781875 3845 -6.726361 3851 -6.672892 3857 -6.653369 3863 -6.633846 3869 -6.663875 3875 -6.696148 3881 -6.680064 3887 -6.655423 3893 -6.168229 3899 -5.517952 3905 -4.867675 3911 -4.627194 3917 -4.593027 3923 -4.704356 3929 -4.723486 3935 -5.45048 3941 -5.786952 3947 -4.835108 3953 -4.558823 3959 -4.756806 3965 -5.083706 3971 -4.68298 3977 -4.614502 3983 -4.710526 3989 -4.850247 3995 -4.693171 4001 -4.707682 4007 -4.70741 4013 -4.707863 4019 -4.842658 4025 -4.886334 4031 -4.65784 4037 -4.456344 4043 -4.484125 4049 -4.511906 4055 -4.897943 4061 -5.302656 4067 -5.692039 4073 -5.890646 4079 -5.67964 4085 -5.468633 4091 -5.669297 4097 -5.867621 4103 -5.775672 4109 -5.428576 4115 -5.333582 4121 -5.709503 4127 -6.113525 4133 -6.010202 4139 -5.441222 4145 -5.495727 4151 -5.702946 4157 -6.183804 4163 -6.113916 4169 -5.838163 4175 -5.725463 4181 -5.909567 4187 -5.849016 4193 -5.712925 4199 -5.68069 4205 -5.706087 4211 -5.178929 4217 -5.584249 4223 -5.599146 4229 -5.747592 4235 -5.871376 4241 -5.728776 4247 -5.649844 4253 -5.571714 4259 -5.586808 4265 -5.73337 4271 -5.879932 4277 -5.786213 4283 -5.685634 4289 -5.663336 4295 -5.755051 4301 -5.603889 4307 -5.346635 4313 -6.236417 4319 -6.443348 4325 -6.402271 4331 -6.588203 4337 -6.548169 4343 -6.212441 4349 -6.397603 4355 -6.566164 4361 -6.400625 4367 -6.235085 4373 -6.069546 4379 -5.849665 4385 -5.676389 4391 -5.625474 4397 -5.585594 4403 -5.59135 4409 -5.999782 4415 -6.345828 4421 -6.087477 4427 -6.321611 4433 -6.693523 4457 -6.084769 4463 -5.862424 4469 -6.151079 4475 -6.288189 4481 -5.901097 4487 -6.217606 4493 -6.610922 4499 -6.212485 4505 -6.182529 4511 -6.457327 4517 -6.230024 4523 -5.87855 4529 -6.051808 4535 -6.20363 4541 -6.304158 4547 -6.476492 4553 -6.650916 4559 -6.188114 4565 -6.071992 4571 -6.133534 4577 -6.089352 4583 -6.076641 4589 -6.205328 4595 -6.259337 4601 -6.203297 4607 -6.32494 4613 -6.419404 4619 -6.196042 4625 -6.208202 4631 -6.295533 4637 -6.162588 4643 -6.055539 4649 -6.054529 4655 -6.034176 4661 -6.003399 4667 -6.031678 4673 -6.063232 4679 -6.110199 4685 -6.139028 4691 -6.164786 4697 -6.220385 4703 -6.343478 4709 -6.517215 4715 -6.618019 4721 -6.647461 4727 -6.625751 4733 -6.544949 4739 -6.307968 4745 -6.490452 4751 -6.693291 4757 -6.490922 4763 -6.439269 4769 -6.475062 4775 -6.193778 4781 -5.940315 4787 -6.043092 4793 -6.082708 4799 -6.022292 4805 -6.314423 4811 -6.575816 4817 -6.250944 4823 -6.120847 4829 -6.085377 4835 -6.081346 4841 -6.102373 4847 -6.091847 4853 -5.713229 4859 -5.691056 4865 -5.745519 4871 -5.764898 4877 -5.545685 4883 -5.796263 4889 -6.159449 4895 -6.057446 4901 -6.033148 4907 -6.182127 4913 -6.11871 4919 -5.962177 4925 -6.192643 4931 -6.327621 4937 -6.135763 4943 -6.20747 4949 -6.30607 4955 -6.157153 4961 -6.218426 4967 -6.425232 4973 -6.359254 4979 -6.26346 4985 -6.445912 4991 -6.497421 4997 -6.296103 5003 -6.421837 5009 -6.538651 5015 -6.419034 5021 -6.485339 5027 -6.625582 5033 -6.418442 5039 -6.275659 5045 -6.406198 5051 -6.469707 5057 -6.457224 5063 -6.565493 5069 -6.634655 5075 -6.411158 5081 -6.469597 5087 -6.601419 5093 -6.258041 5099 -6.096678 5105 -6.256414 5111 -6.196615 5117 -5.955768 5123 -5.96679 5129 -5.971192 5135 -5.941936 5141 -5.932436 5147 -5.926946 5153 -5.862318 5159 -5.960468 5165 -6.241605 5171 -6.278396 5177 -6.129029 5183 -6.538585 5189 -6.871033 5195 -6.531195 5201 -6.499404 5207 -6.572295 5213 -6.629378 5219 -6.620496 5225 -6.492705 5231 -6.354723 5237 -6.188722 5243 -6.194277 5249 -6.222963 5255 -6.008493 5261 -5.905656 5267 -6.083538 5273 -6.122916 5279 -5.781247 5285 -5.832133 5291 -5.955491 5297 -5.977074 5303 -5.92107 5309 -5.767733 5315 -5.622326 5321 -5.573776 5327 -5.584969 5333 -5.633839 5339 -5.612246 5345 -5.486393 5351 -5.536326 5357 -5.602083 5363 -5.558515 5369 -5.502437 5375 -5.685658 5381 -5.868879 5387 -5.694057 5393 -5.593611 5399 -5.833105 5405 -6.072599 5411 -5.895147 5417 -5.820019 5423 -6.035329 5429 -6.250639 5435 -6.07086 5441 -5.948651 5447 -6.168799 5453 -6.388948 5459 -6.245541 5465 -6.061081 5471 -6.180543 5477 -6.300004 5483 -6.124826 5489 -5.940713 5495 -6.116222 5501 -6.291731 5507 -5.956068 5513 -5.831796 5519 -6.00368 5525 -5.972162 5531 -5.647492 5537 -5.713111 5543 -5.739297 5549 -5.584331 5555 -5.634167 5561 -5.638171 5567 -5.502028 5573 -5.619204 5579 -5.695445 5585 -5.788559 5591 -5.965246 5597 -5.522727 5603 -5.862218 5609 -5.980135 5615 -5.631964 5621 -5.786183 5627 -5.789681 5633 -5.97177 5639 -5.996148 5645 -5.951955 5651 -6.065285 5657 -5.891844 5663 -6.050089 5669 -5.995793 5675 -6.202836 5681 -6.466851 5687 -6.444409 5693 -6.418824 5699 -6.241109 5705 -6.224959 5711 -6.263197 5717 -6.392296 5723 -6.503352 5729 -6.590882 5735 -6.427455 5741 -6.452196 5747 -6.586269 5753 -6.703691 5759 -6.543627 5765 -6.705918 5771 -6.401523 5777 -6.822883 5783 -6.778688 5789 -6.676459 5795 -6.664409 5801 -6.635606 5807 -6.668569 5813 -6.939656 5819 -6.940951 5825 -6.679145 5831 -6.582716 5837 -7.056278 5843 -6.773647 5849 -6.45643 5855 -6.725315 5861 -6.781391 5867 -6.837052 5873 -6.816494 5879 -6.522498 5885 -6.680864 5891 -6.814225 5897 -6.913466 5903 -7.032144 5909 -6.779398 5915 -6.822504 5921 -6.703792 5927 -6.74655 5933 -6.522931 5939 -6.976798 5945 -7.211513 5951 -6.84907 5957 -6.771404 5963 -6.999017 5969 -6.854662 5975 -6.94094 5981 -7.099732 5987 -6.943299 5993 -6.891454 5999 -6.84867 6005 -6.895557 6011 -6.997714 6017 -7.074665 6023 -6.829109 6029 -6.714691 6035 -6.851367 6041 -6.849455 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