# Sulawesi Stalagmites 380-330 ky BP and 230-170 ky BP Stable Isotope, Trace Element, and Chronological Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38025 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-38025.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/3b98-hg47 # # Science_Keywords: Interglacial, Glacial, Monsoon, Tropics, hydrology #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/indonesia/kimbrough2023/kimbrough2023-ac11-03.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; AC11-03 Stable Isotope, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-05-03 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-07-13 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Sulawesi Stalagmites 380-330 ky BP and 230-170 ky BP Stable Isotope, Trace Element, and Chronological Data #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Kimbrough, Alena (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4458-2204); Gagan, Michael; Dunbar, Gavin; Hantoro, Wahyoe; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Hu, Hsun-Ming; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Rifai, Hamdi; Suwargadi, Bambang #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Geochemical data and chronologies are provided for four southwest Sulawesi stalagmites # Provided Keywords: Tropical speleothems, multi-proxy, Mg/Ca, d18O, d13C, prior calcite precipitation, Indonesia, Indo-Pacific Warm Pool, glacial-interglacial paleoclimates #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kimbrough, Alena K., Michael K. Gagan, Gavin B. Dunbar, Wahyoe S. Hantoro, Chuan-Chou Shen, Hsun-Ming Hu, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hamdi Rifai, Bambang W. Suwargadi # Published_Date_or_Year: 2023 # Published_Title: Multi-proxy validation of glacial-interglacial rainfall variations in southwest Sulawesi # Journal_Name: Communications Earth and Environment # Volume: 4 # Edition: # Issue: 10 # Pages: 1-13 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00873-8 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Speleothem d18O is widely used as a proxy for rainfall amount in the tropics on glacial-interglacial to interannual scales. However, uncertainties in the interpretation of this renowned proxy pose a vexing problem in tropical paleoclimatology. Here, we present paired multi-proxy geochemical measurements for stalagmites from southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, and confirm changes in rainfall amount across ice age terminations. Collectively, the stalagmites span two glacial-interglacial transitions, from ~380,000 to 330,000 and 230,000 to 170,000 years ago. Mg/Ca in the slow-growing stalagmites is affected by water moving through the karst and prior calcite precipitation, making it a good proxy for changes in local rainfall. When paired, Mg/Ca and d18O corroborate prominent shifts from drier glacials to wetter interglacials in the core of the Australasian monsoon domain. These shifts in rainfall occur 4,000-7,000 years later than glacial-interglacial increases in global temperature and the associated response of Sulawesi vegetation, determined by speleothem d13C. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Australian Research Council # Grant: DP0663274,DP1095673,DP110101161,DP180103762 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Science Vanguard Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology # Grant: 110-2123-M-002-009 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, ROC # Grant: 110L901001 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Taiwan University # Grant: 110L8907 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: 1103402, 1702816 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Natural Science Foundation of China # Grant: 41731174, 4188101 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Abadi Cave, Sulawesi # Location: Indonesia # Northernmost_Latitude: -5 # Southernmost_Latitude: -5 # Easternmost_Longitude: 119.7 # Westernmost_Longitude: 119.7 # Elevation_m: 300 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: AC11-03 Kimbrough2023 # First_Year: 232270 # Last_Year: 172620 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: age control, oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes, trace metals # Notes: age control data include: U-Th results, bacon age-depth models, the final tie-point optimised age-depth models (linear interpolation between tie points), and tie-points used for optimisation #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: U-Th results for stalagmite AC11-03. Age-depth models for each stalagmite include: Bacon_mean_age_model_kyBP, Bacon_max_95%_CI_age_model_kyBP, Bacon_min_95%_CI_age_model_kyBP, Final_tie-point-aligned_age_model_kyBP. # 238U_Decay_Constant: 1.55125x10[-10] # 234U_Decay_Constant: 2.82206x10[-6] # 230Th_Decay_Constant: 9.1705x10[-6] # Initial_230Th/232Th: 16.1 ± 8.0 x 10-6 # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: estimated by sequential age-depth optimisation. Initial 230Th/232Th errors are arbitrarily set at 50%. Corrections were applied using the initial Th correction equation from Hellstrom et al. (2006). # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # samp_id depth_top_mm 238U_ppb 238U_2s_ppb 232Th_ppt 232Th_2s_ppt 230Th_232Th_atom_ppm 230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm d234U_meas_permil d234U_meas_2s_permil 230Th_238U_act 230Th_238U_act_2s age_uncorr_BM age_uncorr_2s_yr age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_2s_yr d234U_init_permil d234U_init_2s_permil meas_yr date_used # AC11-03-5d 320 84.3 0.1 26 1 44453 1406 30.5 1.5 0.8264 0.0017 173831.145308924 1158.91952862295 173725.47407765 1198.53488563198 50 2 2014 yes # AC11-03-6d 400 953.052809557984 0.725153422350616 2837.71250205445 56.8338678482812 4597.95645598548 92.2172513727421 29.0848634249294 1.22439393363765 0.830329777855365 1.0840480143382E-03 176601.841571533 846.959547868465 176232.609217717 879.289944381484 47.8640367292753 2.01820108583416 2013 yes # AC11-03-7d 600 125.6 0.1 130 3 13457 283 27.8 1.3 0.8457 0.0015 185680.997025576 1147.53926233689 185512.259817166 1180.55896689789 47 2 2014 yes # AC11-03-8d 618 66.6 0.1 1312 26 644 13 24.7 1.3 0.77 0.0016 150316.938671927 818.369531702979 148208.232607093 991.384953029279 38 2 2014 no # AC11-03-9d 665 479.983793435369 1 7039.03791045828 140.931042795589 946.386578168144 18.9846837371548 36.351884132479 1.4490068864868 0.841762616522347 1.28564334881985E-03 178889.202244177 1016.50245829007 177353.039705353 1123.86952123626 60.1561089624931 2.40449193177607 2013 no # AC11-03-10d 753 51.403139194875 6.40229302648019E-02 112.122219024885 2.4658110110028 6586.72436919293 145.872522558074 19.3173543748439 2.13803228219946 0.871376541088084 2.51920869276717E-03 207559.73008126 2393.85523401175 207282.533968406 2401.89665529835 34.6942951709647 3.847085079167 2012 yes # AC11-03-11d 867 68.4 0.1 29 1 34167 1025 16.8 1.4 0.8776 0.0017 214089.705367129 1702.28201622631 213991.156364431 1721.01526872535 31 3 2014 yes # AC11-03-12d 1033 69.2172871658393 0.074307933087838 15.4391948638309 0.887678730789525 65062.3470672102 3743.22742832511 18.9523628987334 1.73872689072954 0.880185342733225 2.06379992980375E-03 214264.91987211 2092.72273184749 214175.588159715 2102.97775708123 34.6943830439537 3.18952022323132 2012 yes # AC11-03-13d 1135 78.1145744226753 0.071659289079616 86.9083181369579 2.17947377482671 13066.6769746643 329.522246586406 18.6493889149166 1.7436479035601 0.881716079445302 2.48067572938118E-03 215670.147978025 2371.00722824148 215505.098554682 2373.19749832677 34.2729883424886 3.21258983442111 2012 yes # AC11-03-14d 1193 71.2356273884451 6.61381741287604E-02 20.483296566329 1.37880575256518 50459.4821499523 3398.80788100543 16.8360912513577 1.7107067414339 0.879994018310887 2.2811258393909E-03 215846.980528151 2245.70437952769 215756.74875134 2272.56513652608 30.9580634566089 3.15174706361666 2012 yes # AC11-03-15d 1306 108.692236597278 0.123098654008739 104.506354483086 2.33347391086167 15213.2833804023 341.387684245411 16.0106830772198 1.6335060006257 0.887158993438443 2.22259545061267E-03 222202.893531954 2315.42877414299 222038.241709379 2337.34356239834 29.9715231860846 3.06413888619704 2012 yes # AC11-03-16d 1410 92.8 0.1 35 1 38986 988 15.6 1.2 0.8897 0.0018 224649.058779554 1861.41990522057 224541.219105654 1886.5970220164 29 2 2014 yes # AC11-03-17d 1573 67.7176509327396 0.089335600116131 51.181976164149 2.97755489737149 19751.0784202748 1149.61936506033 11.0434824282624 1.80889403244328 0.90539757427459 2.06044984278293E-03 243549.228304447 2899.09858408734 243398.898854514 2929.95427243556 21.9574279613522 3.60119040338105 2013 no # #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N, ## age_kyBP age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,speleothems,,,N,present defined as 1950 CE ## d18O delta 18O,calcite,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,precision: ±0.05 ## d18O_iv_corr delta 18O,calcite,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Corrected for the effect of ice volume using a modelled ice sheet contribution to the marine oxygen-isotope signal where 120 m sea-level-rise equates to a -1‰ change in the d18O of seawater (Schrag et al. 1996; Bintanja et al. 2005); precision: ±0.05 ## d13C delta 13C,calcite,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,precision: ±0.02 ## d13C_atm_CO2_corr delta 13C,calcite,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Corrected for the effect of atmospheric CO2 (Breecker 2017). A correction of -1.6‰/100 ppmv was made on d13C relative to pre-industrial Holocene pCO2 = 280 ppmv (Bereiter et al. 2015); precision: ±0.02 ## Mg/Ca magnesium/calcium,calcite,,millimole per mole,,speleothems,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,precision: ±1.0% (RSD) ## Sr/Ca strontium/calcium,calcite,,millimole per mole,,speleothems,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,precision: ±1.7% (RSD) #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: nan depth_mm age_kyBP d18O d18O_iv_corr d13C d13C_atm_CO2_corr Mg/Ca Sr/Ca 315 172.62 -5.87 -6.48 -5.50 -6.81 nan nan 325 172.98 -6.38 -6.99 -6.44 -7.75 nan nan 335 173.33 -5.97 -6.57 -5.95 -7.27 nan nan 345 173.68 -5.80 -6.40 -5.71 -7.02 nan nan 355 174.03 -4.94 -5.55 -5.18 -6.50 nan nan 365 174.38 -5.35 -5.96 -5.60 -6.92 nan nan 375 174.73 -5.43 -6.04 -5.75 -7.08 nan nan 385 175.08 -5.44 -6.06 -5.35 -6.68 nan nan 395 175.43 -5.43 -6.06 -5.55 -6.89 nan nan 405 175.79 -5.20 -5.84 -4.92 -6.26 nan nan 415 176.14 -5.17 -5.82 -4.65 -6.03 nan nan 425 176.49 -5.21 -5.87 -5.06 -6.47 nan nan 435 176.84 -5.06 -5.73 -5.12 -6.56 nan nan 445 177.19 -5.38 -6.05 -5.31 -6.75 nan nan 455 177.54 -5.61 -6.28 -6.12 -7.57 nan nan 465 177.87 -5.98 -6.66 -7.78 -9.20 nan nan 475 178.53 -5.40 -6.09 -5.93 -7.26 nan nan 485 179.20 -5.68 -6.39 -6.38 -7.62 nan nan 495 179.87 -5.89 -6.61 -6.68 -7.84 nan nan 505 180.53 -5.91 -6.64 -5.70 -6.82 nan nan 515 181.20 -6.13 -6.86 -5.47 -6.55 nan nan 525 181.88 -6.17 -6.92 -5.84 -6.86 nan nan 532.5 182.26 -6.15 -6.91 -5.31 -6.32 nan nan 545 182.88 -6.36 -7.13 -5.46 -6.66 nan nan 550 183.13 -6.62 -7.39 -5.60 -6.87 nan nan 560 183.63 -6.73 -7.51 -5.51 -6.81 nan nan 567.5 184.00 -6.78 -7.56 -5.10 -6.39 nan nan 580 184.62 -7.26 -8.04 -6.12 -7.39 nan nan 585 184.87 -7.27 -8.05 -6.17 -7.44 nan nan 595 185.36 -7.02 -7.79 -5.61 -6.87 nan nan 605 nan nan nan nan nan nan nan 615 nan nan nan nan nan nan nan 625 nan nan nan nan nan nan nan 635 204.99 -7.55 -7.75 -8.21 -8.77 nan nan 645 205.25 -8.08 -8.27 -7.87 -8.47 nan nan 655 205.52 -7.95 -8.15 -7.30 -8.03 nan nan 665 205.78 -8.51 -8.70 -8.61 -9.37 nan nan 675 206.04 -8.69 -8.89 -8.33 -9.11 nan nan 685 206.31 -8.32 -8.51 -7.97 -8.78 nan nan 695 206.58 -8.63 -8.81 -8.85 -9.69 nan nan 705 206.85 -8.14 -8.32 -9.06 -9.92 nan nan 714 207.09 -8.27 -8.45 -7.66 -8.49 0.29461744 0.010464 725 207.38 -8.74 -8.92 -8.72 -9.52 0.32494233 0.01341 733 207.59 -8.32 -8.49 -8.15 -8.93 0.33075736 0.011582 743 207.84 -8.66 -8.83 -8.73 -9.46 0.36527404 0.013517 753 208.10 -8.85 -9.02 -9.13 -9.81 0.36168602 0.01618 763 208.50 -8.92 -9.09 -9.01 -9.74 0.33763383 0.016013 773 208.94 -8.80 -8.96 -8.93 -9.65 0.33741281 0.015873 783 209.37 -8.45 -8.60 -8.26 -8.87 0.35294189 0.012594 793 209.80 -8.76 -8.91 -8.12 -8.70 0.39104669 0.016281 803 210.26 -8.42 -8.57 -8.40 -8.97 0.41616207 0.013325 813 210.73 -8.57 -8.72 -8.68 -9.21 0.35372178 0.015688 823 211.19 -8.81 -8.96 -8.90 -9.37 0.35051147 0.015795 833 211.66 -8.23 -8.37 -8.10 -8.65 0.32982679 0.011275 843 212.00 -8.13 -8.28 -8.30 -8.93 0.30198031 0.010167 853 212.32 -8.83 -8.98 -9.91 -10.40 0.28147851 0.012431 863 212.64 -8.87 -9.01 -9.60 -9.99 0.31557421 0.013237 873 212.95 -8.65 -8.79 -9.33 -9.81 0.34490518 0.011777 883 213.10 -8.59 -8.74 -9.61 -10.13 0.32309467 0.011563 893 213.20 -8.22 -8.36 -9.21 -9.76 0.26105695 0.010188 903 213.31 -8.39 -8.54 -9.22 -9.80 0.31549058 0.012257 913 213.41 -8.35 -8.50 -9.15 -9.72 0.29778718 0.01084 923 213.51 -8.20 -8.35 -8.76 -9.32 0.27459284 0.010095 933 213.62 -8.16 -8.31 -9.02 -9.56 0.31767662 0.011213 943 213.72 -8.21 -8.36 -8.71 -9.23 0.41457835 0.012743 953 213.82 -7.89 -8.04 -9.18 -9.69 0.29425663 0.010296 963 213.92 -7.98 -8.13 -9.70 -10.20 0.26773098 0.010612 973 214.02 -7.93 -8.08 -9.31 -9.79 0.33772691 0.011859 983 214.12 -8.37 -8.52 -10.33 -10.80 0.30754388 0.012201 990.5 214.20 -7.89 -8.04 -8.54 -9.01 0.28626046 0.009733 1003 214.33 -8.06 -8.21 -9.24 -9.73 0.40406618 0.011792 1008 214.38 -7.79 -7.94 -9.33 -9.83 0.32292814 0.011919 1018 214.49 -7.76 -7.91 -9.21 -9.73 0.30951592 0.011495 1028 214.60 -7.96 -8.12 -9.56 -10.09 0.31151177 0.012759 1038 214.71 -8.03 -8.18 -9.46 -10.02 0.32638422 0.016132 1048 214.84 -8.15 -8.30 -9.74 -10.31 0.35862861 0.018365 1058 214.96 -8.02 -8.17 -9.97 -10.57 0.33335392 0.021817 1068 215.08 -7.59 -7.75 -9.10 -9.72 0.47147256 0.019716 1078 215.20 -7.35 -7.51 -9.69 -10.31 0.36369699 0.020036 1088 215.33 -7.15 -7.31 -9.31 -9.93 0.38823517 0.020203 1098 215.45 -6.63 -6.79 -9.02 -9.64 0.3706866 0.018469 1108 215.57 -6.42 -6.58 -8.15 -8.77 0.41722185 0.01965 1118 215.70 -6.26 -6.43 -7.92 -8.55 0.43170404 0.021879 1128 215.84 -6.02 -6.19 -8.11 -8.75 0.41276675 0.021238 1138 215.98 -6.00 -6.17 -8.19 -8.82 0.436883 0.019249 1148 216.13 -5.66 -5.84 -7.68 -8.29 0.40863499 0.017901 1158 216.27 -5.52 -5.70 -7.75 -8.35 0.3681705 0.014497 1168 216.43 -5.49 -5.67 -8.07 -8.65 0.31936877 0.012079 1178 216.58 -5.55 -5.74 -8.19 -8.75 0.40472485 0.017572 1188 216.74 -6.14 -6.33 -8.15 -8.68 0.41421095 0.022946 1198 216.97 -6.08 -6.29 -7.52 -8.02 0.4812612 0.019585 1208 217.40 -5.97 -6.20 -7.92 -8.37 0.48411646 0.021367 1218 217.82 -6.23 -6.48 -8.78 -9.26 0.47281602 0.024887 1228 218.25 -5.82 -6.10 -8.14 -8.69 0.53003971 0.024474 1238 218.67 -5.62 -5.94 -6.77 -7.37 0.55396925 0.022879 1248 219.12 -5.42 -5.78 -7.78 -8.43 0.49474994 0.022105 1258 219.56 -5.46 -5.86 -7.99 -8.73 0.52700864 0.020885 1268 220.00 -5.82 -6.27 -7.99 -8.83 0.55590454 0.020728 1278 220.43 -5.48 -5.96 -6.74 -7.68 0.59067105 0.020201 1288 220.83 -5.13 -5.65 -6.83 -7.86 0.5771064 0.01972 1295.5 221.14 -5.56 -6.10 -7.19 -8.23 0.64030498 0.018485 1308 221.64 -5.30 -5.88 -7.14 -8.17 0.56249501 0.021048 1313 221.84 -5.26 -5.86 -6.31 -7.36 0.62715814 0.018655 1323 222.13 -5.61 -6.22 -6.45 -7.55 0.60581572 0.018906 1333 222.39 -5.70 -6.32 -6.84 -7.98 0.60569939 0.020066 1343 222.65 -5.72 -6.35 -5.72 -6.88 0.74093213 0.019095 1353 222.91 -6.04 -6.67 -7.15 -8.30 0.7055867 0.018424 1363 223.16 -6.08 -6.72 -6.78 -7.92 0.62699446 0.018764 1373 223.40 -6.24 -6.88 -7.52 -8.67 0.50682952 0.017911 1383 223.64 -6.07 -6.71 -6.86 -8.02 0.5156031 0.017172 1393 223.88 -6.31 -6.95 -7.07 -8.24 0.505062 0.01674 1403 224.14 -6.42 -7.07 -7.23 -8.42 0.4757995 0.017827 1413 224.64 -6.63 -7.27 -7.75 -8.95 0.42726048 0.017176 1423 225.09 -6.81 -7.45 -8.23 -9.43 0.4217736 0.01778 1433 225.55 -6.76 -7.39 -8.04 -9.25 0.48143937 0.016165 1443 226.01 -6.95 -7.57 -8.44 -9.66 0.45828632 0.013996 1453 226.47 -7.22 -7.84 -9.06 -10.21 0.39757157 0.013656 1463 226.93 -7.23 -7.84 -7.86 -8.86 0.42952007 0.016143 1473 227.38 -7.30 -7.90 -7.85 -8.68 0.43407368 0.01692 1483 227.84 -7.64 -8.23 -8.03 -8.75 0.43513875 0.018341 1493 228.30 -7.67 -8.25 -8.56 -9.28 0.44775202 0.017608 1503 228.76 -7.77 -8.34 -9.58 -10.33 0.45985787 0.018231 1513 229.22 -7.83 -8.39 -8.53 -9.35 0.43339674 0.018672 1523 229.67 -7.72 -8.26 -7.93 -8.80 0.47365229 0.017156 1533 230.13 -7.78 -8.31 -8.33 -9.17 0.3809662 0.017478 1543 230.59 -7.97 -8.47 -8.34 -9.14 0.35182865 0.015543 1553 231.05 -8.00 -8.47 -8.31 -9.08 0.39355522 0.017036 1563 231.51 -8.27 -8.71 -8.32 -9.07 0.43561492 0.016962 1573 231.96 -8.18 -8.58 -8.16 -8.91 0.4693346 0.015783 1583 232.37 -7.99 -8.35 -8.23 -8.94 0.34734429 0.015649