# Ashalim Cave, Israel Plio-Pleistocene Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:16403 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/israel/ashalim2013.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Speleothems #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-03-28 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Ashalim Cave, Israel Plio-Pleistocene Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Vaks, A.; Woodhead, J.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Ayalon, A.; Cliff, R.A.; Zilberman, T.; Matthews, A.; Frumkin, A. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Stable isotope (d18O and d13C) data from speleothems collected in Ashalim Cave, Negev Desert, Israel. # # # Supplementary Table 1: Description of the caves # Cave Number (Fig. 1) Cave name Coordinates (N/E) Host Rock Cave Openings: natural (N) or artificial (A) Elevation a. s. l. (m) Distance from Mediterranean Sea coast (km) Length of the cave (m) Cave depth (m) Mean annual precipitation (mm) Mean annual temperature (C°) Type of speleothems Maximal length / thickness of speleothems (cm) Mineralogy of major speleothems remarks # 1 Ashalim (ASH) "30°56'36.2""N / 34°44'22.5""E" Turonean limestone N 400 67 >500 0-25 100-120 19-20 "Vadose: stalactites, flowstone, stalagmites" 30-40 calcite Located 2 km from Ashalim village.The natural opening of the cave is funnel type. Maze of passages of hundreds of meters in total length. # 2 Even-Sid-Ramon mini-caves (ESID) "30°38'22.8""N / 34°48'35.7""E" Cenomanian limestone A 800 96 <1 (mini-caves) 2-6 90-100 17 "Vadose: stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone" 8 calcite Small mini-caves exposed by quarrying 2 km to the north of the town of Mitzpe-Ramon. # 3 Ktora Cracks (KTO) "30°01'56.8""N / 35°03'49.3""E" Turonian limestone N 400 168 exposed 0 30 20-21 Vadose - flowstone 5-20 "Calcite, gypsum" Exposed wall of collapsed cave covered by flowstone. # # # # Supplementary Table 4: Sr isotopic composition of speleothems, cave host rocks and soils. # Type of the sample and location Sample Age (ka) ±2 s Sr (ppm) 87Sr/86Sr ±2 s # # Carbonate Host Rocks: # Overlying cave bearing formations MENUCHA-ROAD224 Senonian 950 0.707590 0.000009 # Ashalim host rock SHIVTA-CHALUKKIM Turonian 107 0.707500 0.000011 # Overlying cave bearing formations NEZER-CHALUKKIM Turonian 118 0.707710 0.000006 # Overlying cave bearing formations MOR-NAFCHA Eocenian 596 0.707780 0.000010 # Even-Sid host rock TAMAR MR-1 Cenomanian 78 0.707530 0.000010 # Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar TAMAR MMR Cenomanian 148 0.707640 0.000010 # Ktora Cracks host rock GROFIT-KTO Turonian 200 0.707410 0.000013 # # Average carbonate rock 0.707594 0.00025 # 3rd quartile 0.707675 # 1st quartile 0.707515 # # Bulk soils above the caves: # # Arid Zone: Loess top-soil samples: # "Tzavoa, loess on Senonian rock" TZ-MISH-LOESS 14-10* 374 0.708885 0.000008 # "Tzavoa, loess on Turonean rock" TZ-SHIV-LOESS 14-10* 314 0.709091 0.000016 # Ashalim (above the cave) ASH-LOESS 14-10* 333 0.708805 0.000010 # Even-Sid (400 m from the quarry) ESID-LOESS 14-10* 397 0.708794 0.000010 # Even-Sid (1.5 km from the quarry) RUCHOT-LOESS 14-10* 408 0.708407 0.000008 # # Average Loess soil (bulk) 0.708796 0.00050 # 3rd quartile 0.708885 # 1st quartile 0.708794 # # Hyper-Arid Zone: Hamada top-soil samples: # Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar MMR-SOIL-1 14-10* 339 0.708781 0.000011 # Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar MMR-SOIL-2 14-10* 399 0.708586 0.000010 # Shizafon (3 km from Ktora Cracks) SHACH-HAMADA 14-10* 382 0.708963 0.000009 # # Average Hamada soil (bulk) 0.708777 0.000377 # 3rd quartile 0.708872 # 1st quartile 0.708684 # # Speleothems: # Young Member (Y) # Ashalim Cave ASH-33-C** 200.78 6.47 408 0.708277 0.000012 # ASH-33-D** 205.69 4.42 357 0.708313 0.000009 # ASH-33-E** 213.19 3.71 505 0.708243 0.000009 # # ASH-34-A** 120.66 1.79 500 0.708410 0.000011 # ASH-34-B** 129.94 1.65 395 0.708394 0.000010 # # Even-Sid-Ramon mini-caves ESID-2-A1.1 87.73 1.38 203 0.708270 0.000011 # ESID-2-A2 292.28 8.47 180 0.708273 0.000013 # # Ma'ale-Ktora Cracks KTO-1(1)-A2 319.58 8.51 193 0.707938 0.000012 # # Average Y 0.708265 0.00029 # 3rd quartile 0.708333 # 1st quartile 0.708263 # # Intermediate Member (I) # Ashalim Cave ASH-15-A 550-1271 42 0.708460 0.000012 # ASH-15-B 550-1271 58 0.708390 0.000008 # ASH-15-C 1271 18 110 0.708260 0.000010 # # Even-Sid-Ramon mini-caves ESID-2-C 550-1472 45 0.708210 0.000009 # ESID-2-J 1472 227 44 0.708100 0.000008 # # Ma'ale-Ktora Cracks KTO(1)-1-E 550-3100 41 0.708290 0.000013 # # Average I 0.708285 0.00026 # 3rd quartile 0.708365 # 1st quartile 0.708223 # # Basal Member (B) # Ashalim Cave ASH-15-D1 3085 44 260 0.707890 0.000009 # ASH-15-D2 3085 44 252 0.707900 0.000010 # ASH-15-E 3116 6 290 0.707840 0.000011 # ASH-15-F ~3100 280 0.707830 0.000008 # ASH-15-G1 ~3100 318 0.707850 0.000009 # ASH-15-G2 ~3100 320 0.707860 0.000011 # ASH-15-I ~3100 320 0.707880 0.000009 # ASH-15-J ~3100 326 0.707880 0.000008 # ASH-15-K 3081 144 # # Ma'ale-Ktora Cracks KTO(1)-1-J 3130-3383 180 0.707890 0.000009 # KTO(1)-1-K (I) 3370 383 100 0.707670 0.000008 # KTO(1)-1-K (II) 3370 383 104 0.707680 0.000007 # # Average B 0.707834 0.00016 # 3rd quartile 0.707888 # 1st quartile 0.707843 # "*The ages of the top sections of Negev Desert soils are according to Crouvi et al (2008) Quaternary Research 70, p. 275-282." # **The ages of asterisk-marked layers are average between the top and the bottom of each layer as determined by Vaks et al (2010). # # # # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: A. Vaks, J. Woodhead, M. Bar-Matthews, A. Ayalon, R.A. Cliff, T. Zilberman, A. Matthews, A. Frumkin # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-04-15 # Published_Title: Pliocene–Pleistocene climate of the northern margin of Saharan-Arabian Desert recorded in speleothems from the Negev Desert, Israel # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 368 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 88-100 # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.027 # Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13000940 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The Middle-Late Pliocene climate was 2-3°C warmer than today, but with similar levels of atmospheric CO2. This period reflects climate conditions expected in the near future, and is therefore an important target for current data-modeling studies. This study reconstructs the Pliocene-Quaternary evolution of arid conditions on the northern margin of the Saharan-Arabian desert, using radiometrically (U-Pb) dated periods of speleothem deposition from three caves of the Negev Desert, Israel. Speleothem growth started between ~3.75 and ~3 Ma, at the end of the first significant tectonic uplift of the western shoulder of the Dead Sea Rift. Major speleothem deposition, indicating wet conditions, occurred during the Pliocene around ~3.1 Ma, with subsequent aridity during the last 3 Myr, punctuated by short wet episodes - the Pleistocene Negev Humid Periods (NHP). The oldest dated NHP occurred between ~1.7 and ~1.25 Ma, and other short humid episodes continued intermittently later. Speleothem d18O values (-6.9 per mil to -11.2 per mil) show that the humid episodes were associated with periods of low global ice volume and warm temperatures. After correction for rainfall d18O changes associated with ice volume and temperature effects, the observed relative constancy of speleothem d18O values from Pliocene to Late Pleistocene indicates rainfall was from a common source, most probably the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The humid Pliocene conditions could be generated by more southerly position of the Mediterranean coast (allowing the access of Mediterranean precipitation to the Negev), as well as by warmer Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures, that weakened the Azores High Pressure Cell. Maximum amounts of precipitation were 500-600 mm/a during the Pliocene and >300 mm/a during Pleistocene NHP. The Pliocene and the earliest Pleistocene NHP are associated with formation of lakes in the Negev. Low 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ~0.7078 in the Pliocene speleothems are indicative of low dust supply, low water residence time in the vadose zone and relatively high weathering rates of the cave host rock. Increase of 87Sr/86Sr ratios to 0.7082-0.7083 in the Pleistocene suggest an increased supply of desert dust, high water residence time in the vadose zone and reduced host rock weathering. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Israel Science Foundation # Grant: 910/05 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ring Foundation # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Australian Research Council # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Ashalim Cave # Location: Asia>Western Asia>Middle East>Israel # Country: Israel # Northernmost_Latitude: 30.9434 # Southernmost_Latitude: 30.9434 # Easternmost_Longitude: 34.7396 # Westernmost_Longitude: 34.7396 # Elevation: 400 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Ashalim2013iso # Earliest_Year: 3100000 # Most_Recent_Year: 115500 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # # Supplementary Table 2: U-Th dating results (Vaks et al, 2010) and measured / initial 234U/238U values of speleothems. # Cave no. (Fig. 1C) Region Cave/Site Sample description Layer Age (ka) 2s 238U ppm (234U/238U) 2s Initial (234U/238U) (230Th/234U) ±2s # # 1 Central Negev Ashalim Cave Stalactite (Column) ASH-11 ASH-11-A1.1 116.9 1.8 3.891 1.03981 0.00095 1.05539 0.66237 0.00275 # (Young Member) ASH-11-A1.2 123.6 1.4 4.055 1.02781 0.00078 1.03944 0.68192 0.00208 # ASH-11-A2.1 127.4 5.9 2.751 1.0434 0.00157 1.06221 0.69474 0.00837 # ASH-11-A2.2 203.4 8.7 12.56 1.02947 0.00085 1.05237 0.85177 0.00837 # ASH-11-A2.3 194.8 3.4 12.56 1.03011 0.00083 1.05221 0.83886 0.00254 # ASH-11-A2.4 214.5 5.2 12.63 1.02710 0.00060 1.04969 0.86654 0.00329 # ASH-11-A3 >550 11.92 1.01049 0.00122 not included (age >550 ka) 1.03557 0.00207 # ASH-11-A4 >550 16.17 0.99917 0.00203 not included (age >550 ka) 1.03400 0.00294 # # Flowstone ASH-33 ASH-33-A1 116.7 3.1 3.298 1.03892 0.00209 1.05412 0.66166 0.00471 # (Young Member) ASH-33-A2 124.0 3.6 3.371 1.02948 0.00191 1.04185 0.68327 0.00513 # ASH-33-B1 131.2 2.4 3.583 1.02585 0.00103 1.03746 0.70373 0.00322 # ASH-33-B2 129.1 2.3 4.156 1.02745 0.00088 1.03954 0.69807 0.00320 # ASH-33-B3 129.2 2.9 4.161 1.02453 0.00087 1.03535 0.69803 0.00406 # ASH-33-B4 127.5 3.6 3.634 1.02456 0.00138 1.03522 0.69312 0.00506 # ASH-33-C1 201.9 6.0 9.854 1.0167 0.00080 1.02955 0.84705 0.00419 # ASH-33-C2 199.7 7.0 11.73 1.01826 0.00078 1.03211 0.84413 0.00502 # ASH-33-D1 203.0 4.7 11.53 1.01834 0.00088 1.03255 0.84906 0.00323 # ASH-33-D2 208.3 4.1 11.00 1.01839 0.00117 1.03314 0.85654 0.00256 # ASH-33-E1.1 207.9 3.6 12.37 1.01819 0.00061 1.03274 0.85590 0.00238 # ASH-33-E1.2 213.6 4.7 14.27 1.01996 0.00060 1.03651 0.86394 0.00295 # ASH-33-E2.1 218.0 2.8 13.29 1.01997 0.00073 1.03698 0.86961 0.00161 # ASH-33-F-up >550 13.18 1.01930 0.00121 not included (age >550 ka) 1.01496 0.00351 # # Flowstone ASH-34 ASH-34-A1 118.4 1.7 3.805 1.04200 0.00078 1.05869 0.66737 0.00264 # (Young Member) ASH-34-A2 122.9 1.9 3.626 1.05737 0.00108 1.08121 0.68293 0.00272 # ASH-34-B1 127.2 1.6 3.093 1.04600 0.00069 1.06589 0.69434 0.00222 # ASH-34-B2 132.7 1.7 4.673 1.05782 0.00106 1.08414 0.71139 0.00229 # ASH-34-C1 199.3 3.3 12.84 1.02963 0.00093 1.05205 0.84575 0.00229 # ASH-34-C2 200.1 4.4 15.25 1.02501 0.00066 1.04403 0.84605 0.00317 # ASH-34-D >550 16.45 1.01215 0.0013 not included (age >550 ka) 0.99939 0.00431 # Average initial (234U/238U) for Ashalim spel. # (234U/238U) 1.0470 # STDEV 0.01492 # 2*STDEV mean 0.0057 # # Flowstone ASH-15 ASH-15-A+B >550 1.86 0.99939 0.00108 not included (age >550 ka) 1.03532 0.00113 # (Intermediate Member) ASH-15-C1 >550 3.41 0.99925 0.00150 not included (age >550 ka) 1.02507 0.00219 # # 2 Central Negev Even-Sid-Ramon mini-caves Stalactite (Column) ESID-2 ESID-2-A1.1 87.7 1.4 0.4282 1.09346 0.00132 1.11976 0.55917 0.00283 # (Young Member) ESID-2-A1.2 205.4 8.2 0.2079 1.06844 0.00126 1.12229 0.86183 0.00578 # ESID-2-A2 292.3 8.5 0.6746 1.06505 0.00061 1.14860 0.94957 0.00270v # ESID-2-B 516.4 50.6 2.1929 1.05601 0.00068 not included (large age error) 1.01256 0.00209 # ESID-2-C >550 0.1182 1.00633 0.00125 not included (age >550 ka) 1.42795 0.01955 # Average initial (234U/238U) for ESID-2 # (234U/238U) 1.1302 # STDEV 0.01597 # 2*STDEV mean 0.0163 # # 3 Southern Negev Ktora Cracks Flowstone KTO-1(1) KTO-1(1)-A1 138.4 6.6 0.9823 1.04300 0.00730 1.06358 0.72502 0.00773 # (Young Member) KTO-1(1)-A2 319.6 8.5 0.9264 1.02516 0.00082 1.06208 0.95465 0.00190 # KTO-1(1)-C >550 0.8018 1.00737 0.00119 not included (age >550 ka) 1.00108 0.00368 # Mean initial (234U/238U) for KTO-1(1) # (234U/238U) 1.0628 # STDEV 0.00106 # 2*STDEV mean 0.0014 # # # # # # # # # Supplementary Table 3: U-Pb age determinations. # Sample (Radiogenic + Initial Pb) Isotope Ratios # Sample name weight U Pb Pbradiogenic 238U 207Pb 204Pb 238U 206Pb Age assuming 234U/238U initial = 1 ± 0.1 Age assuming 234U/238U initial from measured disequilibrium Young Member's 234U/238U initial # (mg) ppm ppm Pbcommon 206Pb ±2s (%) 206Pb ±2s (%) 206Pb ±2s (%) 204Pb ±2s (%) 204Pb ±2s (%) age (Ma) 95% confidence age (Ma) 95% confidence MSWD ±2s% err # Melbourne data: # ASH-15-C 110 4.276338874 0.001574955 0.33 4184 2.50 0.221176892 7.8 0.0169 6.2 247427 8.7 59 6.2 1.288 0.04 1.271 0.018 2.8 1.047 0.0057 # 130 3.271235389 0.00641906 0.11 1372 0.91 0.598244247 0.5 0.0380 0.5 36086 1.4 26.3 0.5 # 70 4.081154215 0.00170472 0.19 4000 3.93 0.245143141 10.6 0.0200 7.6 199517 11.5 50 7.6 # 90 3.849827069 0.00178101 0.19 3771 3.06 0.276775987 7.0 0.0215 5.3 175410 8.3 46.5 5.3 # 70 3.29628218 0.002410301 0.10 2893 3.52 0.386277177 4.8 0.0285 3.7 101370 7.2 35.0 3.7 # # ASH-15-D 254 1.887356036 0.002431907 0.52 1389 0.81 0.316244845 1.5 0.0182 1.8 76295 2.6 54.9 1.8 3.103 0.058 3.085 0.044 11.2 1.047 0.0057 # 129 1.56953153 0.001680988 0.68 1548 2.15 0.260712878 5.3 0.0144 6.6 107318 8.7 69 6.6 # 267 1.809399272 0.001926367 0.68 1536 0.89 0.266984854 2.1 0.0149 2.6 103030 3.5 67.1 2.6 # 267 1.799332886 0.001567936 0.99 1678 0.98 0.211816291 3.2 0.0111 4.2 150973 5.2 90.0 4.2 # 278 1.606192732 0.001202097 1.33 1789 1.13 0.172226949 4.8 0.0085 6.7 211143 7.8 118 6.7 # # ASH-15-E 187 1.908064791 0.001377439 1.43 1823 1.44 0.161602185 6.6 0.0078 9.4 234643 10.8 129 9.4 3.134 0.038 3.116 0.006 1.9 1.047 0.0057 # 225 2.361587295 0.001305099 3.50 1998 1.06 0.095047605 9.0 0.0033 17.7 606205 18.7 303 17.7 # 146 1.797302429 0.001533436 1.02 1708 1.82 0.201126121 6.4 0.0104 8.4 163742 10.2 96 8.4 # 174 1.879744572 0.001193149 2.05 1915 1.65 0.127173916 10.1 0.0054 16.3 355444 17.9 186 16.3 # 204 1.893589027 0.001152499 2.32 1938 1.41 0.118726031 9.4 0.0048 15.7 401005 17.1 207 15.7 # # ASH-15-K 99 3.641303529 0.002191237 1.81 1924 1.50 0.11141245 10.7 0.0057 13.9 337505 15.4 175 13.9 3.098 0.148 3.081 0.144 21.0 1.047 0.0057 # 102 2.999819761 0.00159967 3.79 2048 1.88 0.086012899 18.0 0.0026 41.2 801564 43.1 391 41.2 # 144 2.894628944 0.001719745 2.33 1969 1.32 0.11705583 8.9 0.0048 14.8 408486 16.1 207 14.8 # 137 3.011123436 0.001377134 11.24 2119 1.45 0.052262515 23.6 0.0004 190.5 4810258 192.0 2270 190.5 # 189 2.591251457 0.001218472 7.73 2108 1.21 0.062106707 16.4 0.0011 61.8 1880566 63.0 892 61.8 # 176 3.436164956 0.001787705 5.23 2035 0.95 0.085743574 9.0 0.0022 24.8 940603 25.7 462 24.8 # # ESID-2-J 159 0.2527524 0.000487218 0.08 1511 10.51 0.564334174 6.4 0.0370 6.2 40839 16.7 27 6.2 1.519 0.231 1.472 0.227 9.7 1.1302 0.0163 # 300 0.194737701 0.000766585 0.07 777 3.73 0.683822836 1.2 0.0433 1.4 17926 5.1 23.1 1.4 # 381 0.188312157 0.001159794 0.04 513 2.00 0.738526504 0.5 0.0471 0.5 10893 2.5 21.2 0.5 # 150 0.211986902 0.000768661 0.06 874 7.70 0.676986984 2.6 0.0430 2.8 20302 10.5 23.2 2.8 # 99 0.256973275 0.000761064 0.08 1091 11.99 0.649494994 4.8 0.0408 5.3 26718 17.2 24 5.3 # # KTO-1(1)-I top 156 0.31 0.0034 0.09 274 1.55 0.6809 0.52 0.0424 0.72 6445 2.2 23.6 0.7 3.297 0.147 3.273 0.143 1.3 1.0628 0.0004 # 90 0.23 0.0033 0.06 215 2.92 0.7044 0.84 0.0445 1.11 4833 3.9 22.5 1.1 # 103 0.38 0.0021 0.12 508 3.64 0.5970 1.90 0.0372 2.55 13669 5.9 26.9 2.6 # # KTO-1(1)-I bottom 314 0.42 0.0007 0.45 1188 2.54 0.3475 4.10 0.0197 5.05 60219 7.6 50.7 5.0 3.381 0.378 3.358 0.376 21.0 1.0628 0.0004 # 148 0.45 0.0023 0.11 547 2.28 0.6017 1.17 0.0377 1.29 14517 3.6 26.5 1.3 # 100 0.45 0.0016 0.18 725 4.53 0.5183 3.41 0.0319 3.86 22746 8.4 31.4 3.9 # 118 0.39 0.0009 0.21 1006 6.14 0.4202 7.15 0.0264 7.67 38061 13.7 37.8 7.7 # 121 0.37 0.0011 0.20 853 5.27 0.4965 4.38 0.0301 5.12 28380 10.3 33.3 5.1 # # KTO-1(1)-J 276 0.57 0.0033 0.13 461 0.88 0.6041 0.42 0.0375 0.47 12291 1.3 26.7 0.5 2.936 0.472 2.912 0.471 108.0 1.0628 0.0004 # 362 0.68 0.0017 0.26 885 1.02 0.4694 0.94 0.0282 1.09 31335 2.1 35.4 1.1 # 313 0.60 0.0030 0.15 514 0.78 0.5722 0.43 0.0356 0.48 14440 1.3 28.1 0.5 # 153 0.61 0.0034 0.14 483 1.45 0.5784 0.83 0.0362 0.90 13351 2.4 27.6 0.9 # 280 0.52 0.0019 0.19 659 1.27 0.5185 0.96 0.0322 1.05 20488 2.3 31.1 1.0 # 270 0.53 0.0024 0.11 573 1.13 0.5572 0.71 0.0360 0.71 15898 1.8 27.8 0.7 # 280 0.58 0.0020 0.11 707 1.21 0.5215 0.90 0.0343 0.86 20601 2.1 29.1 0.9 # # KTO-1(1)- K 146 0.33 0.0016 0.18 536 3.13 0.5255 2.28 0.0326 2.50 16423 5.6 30.6 2.5 3.394 0.385 3.370 0.383 21.0 1.0628 0.0004 # 380 0.34 0.0012 0.23 659 1.42 0.4985 1.16 0.0302 1.34 21849 2.8 33.2 1.3 # 356 0.33 0.0012 0.23 646 1.53 0.4840 1.34 0.0295 1.51 21873 3.0 33.9 1.5 # 186 0.54 0.0065 0.10 232 0.65 0.6338 0.28 0.0400 0.30 5806 1.0 25.0 0.3 # 224 0.37 0.0032 0.13 316 1.08 0.6044 0.54 0.0379 0.59 8353 1.7 26.4 0.6 # 230 0.34 0.0023 0.12 399 1.41 0.5800 0.80 0.0368 0.83 10828 2.2 27.1 0.8 # # Leeds data: # # ASH-15-D 231 2.20 0.0029 0.45 1388.00 0.64 0.3418 0.22 0.020461 0.08 67756 0.60 48.87 0.16 3.022 0.045 3.005 0.026 0.0 1.0470 0.0057 # 367 1.70 0.0059 0.13 735.00 2.00 0.5757 0.17 0.03721 0.15 19750 0.30 26.87 0.15 # # # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##SampleID SampleID,,,,,,,,C ##age_calkaBP age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N ##d18OcarbPDB delta18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil PDB, ,speleothem, , ,N ##d13CcarbPDB delta13C, calcium carbonate, , per mil PDB, ,speleothem, , ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # # Supplementary Table 5: Oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of speleothems in Ashalim Cave # Isotopic values of the speleothems younger than 221 ka are taken from Vaks et al. (2010). SampleID age_calkaBP d18OcarbPDB d13CcarbPDB ASH-11-A1,1-1 115.5 -8.26 -7.43 ASH-11-A1,1-2 116 -9.81 -7.65 ASH-11-A1,1-3 116.5 -9.92 -6.94 ASH-34-A-1 116.6 -9 -7.49 ASH-34-A-2 117 -8.4 -3.47 ASH-34-A-3 118.2 -7.54 -1.66 ASH-34-A-4 119.5 -8.16 -2.79 ASH-34-A-5 121 -7.45 -1.69 ASH-34-A-6 121.75 -7.75 -2.11 ASH-34-A-7 122.5 -7.88 -2.44 ASH-34-A-8 123.25 -7.81 -2.33 ASH-33-B1 125.8 -8.33 -2.46 ASH-33-B2 126.5 -8.87 -3.47 ASH-33-B3 127.2 -8.52 -3.6 ASH-33-B4 128.7 -8.65 -3.55 ASH-33-B5 129.6 -8.11 -3.37 ASH-33-B6 130.4 -8.23 -3.01 ASH-33-B7 131.2 -8.59 -1.94 ASH-33-C1 199 -7.86 -0.86 ASH-33-C2 199.75 -7.75 -1.51 ASH-33-C3 200.5 -7.67 -1.46 ASH-33-C4 201.25 -7.66 -1.18 ASH-34-C1.1 201.5 -7.54 -1.4 ASH-34-C1.2 202 -7.22 -0.82 ASH-34-C1.3 202.5 -7.32 -0.42 ASH-33-D1 202.8 -7.57 -0.59 ASH-33-D2 203.8 -8.34 -0.92 ASH-33-D3 204.8 -8.55 -1.08 ASH-33-D4 205.8 -8.35 -0.84 ASH-33-D5 207 -8.32 -0.56 ASH-33-D6 208 -7.86 -0.3 ASH-33-D7 209 -7.49 -0.18 ASH-33-E11 210 -7.62 -0.67 ASH-33-E12 211.5 -7.45 -0.64 ASH-33-E13 213 -6.88 -0.54 ASH-33-E21 219 -7.16 1.5 ASH-33-E22 219.6 -7.82 0.78 ASH-33-E23 220.2 -7.69 0.97 ASH-33-E24 220.8 -7.68 1.01 ASH-34-D1-1 550-1271 -8.15 -3.78 ASH-34-D1-2 550-1271 -7.89 -3.66 ASH-34-D1-3 550-1271 -7.14 -3.37 ASH-34-D1-4 550-1271 -7.6 -5.22 ASH-34-D2-1 550-1271 -8.68 -6.77 ASH-34-D2-2 550-1271 -8.33 -7.11 ASH-34-D2-3 550-1271 -8.2 -7.1 ASH-34-D3-1 550-1271 -8.92 -7.85 ASH-34-D3-2 550-1271 -10.39 -8.49 ASH-34-D3-3 550-1271 -9.1 -6.37 ASH-34-E-1 550-1271 -9.47 -6.37 ASH-34-E2-1 550-1271 -8.08 -1.42 ASH-34-E2-2 550-1271 -7.95 -1.33 ASH-34-E2-3 550-1271 -8.03 -2.29 ASH-34-E2-4 550-1271 -8.22 -2.43 ASH-34-E2-5 550-1271 -8.21 -1.46 ASH-34-E2-6 550-1271 -8.03 -0.94 ASH-34-E2-7 550-1271 -8.05 -1.38 ASH-34-E2-8 550-1271 -8.41 -1.36 ASH-34-E2-9 550-1271 -8.09 -1.56 ASH-15-A-1-1 550-1271 -9.55 -4.8 ASH-15-A-1-2 550-1271 -9.61 -4.91 ASH-15-A-2-1 550-1271 -9.97 -6.3 ASH-15-A-2-2 550-1271 -9.74 -5.13 ASH-15-B-1-1 550-1271 -9.73 -3.21 ASH-15-B-1-2 550-1271 -9.68 -1.04 ASH-15-B-2-1 550-1271 -10 -1.95 ASH-15-B-2-2 550-1271 -9.72 -2.05 ASH-15-C-1-1 1271±0.018 -9.5 -3.15 ASH-15-C-1-2 1271±0.018 -9.37 -0.63 ASH-15-C-2-1 1271±0.018 -9.33 1.3 ASH-15-C-2-2 1271±0.018 -9.46 1.46 ASH-15-C-3-1 1271±0.018 -9.31 1.88 ASH-15-C-3-2 1271±0.018 -9.41 2.1 ASH-15-D1 3.085±0.044 -10.29 -1.82 ASH-15-D3 3.085±0.044 -10.98 -2.49 ASH-15-D7 3.085±0.044 -10.45 -2.31 ASH-15-D9 3.085±0.044 -10.42 -2.64 ASH-15 D-10 3.085±0.044 -10.92 -2.74 ASH-15-D12 3.085±0.044 -10.63 -3.15 ASH-15-D13 3.085±0.044 -10.38 -3.35 ASH-15-D15 3.085±0.044 -10.47 -3.23 ASH-15-E1 3.116±0.006 -10.84 -3.02 ASH-15-E2 3.116±0.006 -10.97 -3.12 ASH-15-E3 3.116±0.006 -10.62 -3.02 ASH-15-E4 3.116±0.006 -10.79 -3.08 ASH-15-E5 3.116±0.006 -10.71 -3.24 ASH-15-E6 3.116±0.006 -10.42 -3.20 ASH-15-E7 3.116±0.006 -10.31 -3.02 ASH-15-E8 3.116±0.006 -10.82 -3.06 ASH-15-E9 3.116±0.006 -10.64 -2.86 ASH-15 E-10 3.116±0.006 -10.86 -2.99 ASH-15 E-11 3.116±0.006 -10.95 -3.01 ASH-15 E-12 3.116±0.006 -10.80 -3.18 ASH-15 E-13 3.116±0.006 -10.77 -3.19 ASH-15 E-14 3.116±0.006 -10.64 -2.82 ASH-15 E-15 3.116±0.006 -10.75 -2.98 ASH-15 E-16 3.116±0.006 -10.98 -3.11 ASH-15 E-17 3.116±0.006 -10.76 -3.05 ASH-15-F1 ~3100 -10.71 -2.78 ASH-15-F2 ~3100 -10.71 -2.44 ASH-15-F3 ~3100 -10.49 -2.18 ASH-15-F4 ~3100 -10.69 -2.47 ASH-15-F5 ~3100 -11.01 -2.79 ASH-15-F6 ~3100 -11.17 -3.06 ASH-15-F7 ~3100 -11.01 -2.92 ASH-15-F8 ~3100 -10.84 -2.96 ASH-15-F9 ~3100 -10.71 -2.79 ASH-15-G1 ~3100 -10.87 -3.14 ASH-15-G2 ~3100 -11.11 -3.29 ASH-15-G3 ~3100 -10.98 -3.19 ASH-15-G4 ~3100 -10.63 -3.20 ASH-15-G5 ~3100 -10.70 -3.30 ASH-15-G6 ~3100 -10.85 -3.24 ASH-15-H1 ~3100 -10.87 -3.63 ASH-15-H2 ~3100 -10.81 -3.21 ASH-15-H3 ~3100 -10.92 -3.37 ASH-15-H4 ~3100 -10.84 -3.06 ASH-15-H5 ~3100 -10.58 -3.05 ASH-15-H6 ~3100 -10.76 -3.11 ASH-15-H7 ~3100 -10.86 -3.27 ASH-15-H8 ~3100 -10.93 -3.18 ASH-15-H9 ~3100 -10.85 -3.01 ASH-15-H10 ~3100 -10.70 -3.06 ASH-15-H11 ~3100 -10.90 -3.46 ASH-15-H12 ~3100 -10.55 -3.13 ASH-15-H13 ~3100 -10.64 -2.97 ASH-15-H14 ~3100 -10.82 -2.98 ASH-15-H15 ~3100 -10.79 -3.17 ASH-15-H16 ~3100 -10.99 -3.33 ASH-15-H17 ~3100 -11.20 -3.57 ASH-15-H18 ~3100 -10.64 -3.11 ASH-15-I1 ~3100 -11.24 -3.56 ASH-15-I2 ~3100 -10.99 -3.72 ASH-15-I3 ~3100 -11.09 -3.86 ASH-15-I4 ~3100 -10.96 -3.96 ASH-15-I5 ~3100 -11.08 -3.96 ASH-15-I6 ~3100 -11.17 -3.59 ASH-15-I7 ~3100 -11.14 -3.66 ASH-15-I8 ~3100 -11.01 -3.74 ASH-15-I9 ~3100 -11.19 -4.07 ASH-15-I10 ~3100 -11.13 -3.92 ASH-15-I11 ~3100 -11.02 -3.92 ASH-15-I12 ~3100 -10.96 -3.89 ASH-15-I13 ~3100 -10.91 -3.82 ASH-15-I14 ~3100 -10.79 -3.86 ASH-15-I15 ~3100 -11.11 -3.99 ASH-15-I16 ~3100 -10.87 -3.99 ASH-15-I17 ~3100 -11.01 -3.91 ASH-15-I18 ~3100 -10.34 -3.82 ASH-15-I19 ~3100 -10.12 -3.92 ASH-15-I20 ~3100 -10.61 -3.85 ASH-15-I21 ~3100 -10.99 -3.87 ASH-15-I22 ~3100 -10.87 -3.87 ASH-15-I23 ~3100 -10.33 -3.82 ASH-15-I24 ~3100 -10.50 -4.01 ASH-15-I25 ~3100 -10.64 -4.18 ASH-15-I26 ~3100 -10.64 -4.11 ASH-15-I27 ~3100 -10.92 -4.13 ASH-15-I28 ~3100 -10.74 -3.91 ASH-15-J1 ~3100 -10.76 -4.18 ASH-15-J2 ~3100 -10.57 -4.20 ASH-15-J3 ~3100 -10.55 -3.98 ASH-15-J4 ~3100 -10.60 -4.11 ASH-15-J5 ~3100 -10.70 -4.17 ASH-15-J6 ~3100 -10.27 -3.94 ASH-15-J7 ~3100 -9.95 -3.41 ASH-15-J8 ~3100 -9.98 -3.29 ASH-15-J9 ~3100 -9.87 -3.34 ASH-15 J-10 ~3100 -10.07 -3.30 ASH-15 J-11 ~3100 -10.35 -3.43 ASH-15 J-12 ~3100 -10.39 -3.30 ASH-15 J-13 ~3100 -9.86 -3.45 ASH-15 J-14 ~3100 -9.89 -3.39 ASH-15 J-15 ~3100 -10.10 -3.34 ASH-15 K-1 3.081±0.144 -10.46 -3.11 ASH-15-K2 3.081±0.144 -9.87 -3.00 ASH-15 K-3 3.081±0.144 -10.10 -2.96 ASH-15 K-4 3.081±0.144 -9.83 -2.99 ASH-15 K-5 3.081±0.144 -10.22 -3.01 ASH-15 K-6 3.081±0.144 -9.88 -2.68 ASH-15 K-7 3.081±0.144 -9.70 -2.90 ASH-15 K-8 3.081±0.144 -10.00 -3.01 ASH-15 K-9 3.081±0.144 -10.34 -3.04 ASH-15 K-10 3.081±0.144 -10.18 -2.87 ASH-15 K-11 3.081±0.144 -10.35 -2.57 ASH-15-K12 3.081±0.144 -10.19 -2.31 ASH-15-K13 3.081±0.144 -9.95 -2.21 ASH-15 K-14 3.081±0.144 -10.04 -2.60 ASH-15 K-15 3.081±0.144 -10.01 -3.56 HEN-1.1 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -10.79 -2.99 HEN-1.2 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -11.00 -2.95 HEN-1.3 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -10.91 -3.04 HEN-1.4 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -10.78 -2.93 HEN-1.5 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -10.89 -3.17 HEN-1.6 (ASH-15-D2) 3.085±0.044 -10.95 -3.24 HEN-2.1 (ASH-15-Htop) ~3100 -10.60 -3.06 HEN-2.2 (ASH-15-Htop) ~3100 -10.68 -3.08 HEN-2.3 (ASH-15-Htop) ~3100 -10.67 -3.00 HEN-2.4 (ASH-15-Htop) ~3100 -10.70 -3.11 HEN-2.5 (ASH-15-Htop) ~3100 -10.86 -3.31 Host rock formations TAMAR-MR-1(I) Cenomanean -9.23 -0.8 TAMAR-MR-1(II) Cenomanean -8.84 -0.45 TAMAR-MMR(I) Cenomanean -3.74 -0.08 TAMAR-MMR(II) Cenomanean -2.02 0.67 SHIVTA-CHALUKKIM(I) Turonean -6.11 1.03 SHIVTA-CHALUKKIM(II) Turonean -5.77 0.35 GROFIT-KTO(I) Turonean -8.23 -0.56 GROFIT-KTO(II) Turonean -8.63 -0.36 SHIVTA-HZ(I) Turonean -6.57 0.51