# Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 8,800 Year Stalagmite d18O Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/20530 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-20530.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/htg9-m613 # # Science_Keywords: Monsoon #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-A1-2016d18o-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Stalagmite KNI-51-A1 18O Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-09-29 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-20 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 8,800 Year Stalagmite d18O Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Denniston, R.F.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-1221); Ummenhofer, C.C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-3967); Wanamaker, A.D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6560-6420); Lachniet, M.S.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0144); Villarini, G.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-2370); Asmerom, Y.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1294); Polyak, V.J.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2010-1066); Passaro, K.J.; Cugley, J.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-875X); Woods, D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-2218); Humphreys, W.F. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Stalagmite oxygen isotope (d18O) data for 18 calcite and aragonite stalagmites collected in Cave KNI-51, tropical Western Australia, providing a paleomonsoon record for the past 8,800 years. Note: d18O values for stalagmite KNI-51-10 have been decreased by 1 per mil. Provided Keywords: stalagmite, oxygen isotope, Australia, monsoon, tropical rain belt. # # Data file updated 7/26/2017. In the data section of the file, ages were corrected for the stable isotope data of stalagmites KNI-51-10, KNI-51-A2-side 1, and KNI-51-A2-side 2. Stalagmite labels were corrected for stalagmites KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 (previously were mistakenly labelled as KNI-51-A1-side 1 and KNI-51-A1-side 2). In the Chronology section, distances for U-Th dates in stalagmite KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 were corrected, and ages for U-Th dates in stalagmite KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 were corrected. # # Additional assigned age corrections were made to this file 7-February-2018. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Denniston, R.F., Wyrwoll, K.-H., Polyak, Brown, J. Asmerom, Y., Wanamaker, A. Jr., LaPointe, Z., Ellerbroek, R., Barthelmes, M., Cleary, D., Cugley, J., Woods, D., Humphreys, W. # Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews # Published_Title: A Stalagmite Record of Holocene Indonesian-Australian Summer Monsoon Variability from the Australian Tropics # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Volume: 78 # Pages: 155-168 # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.004 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Oxygen isotopic data from a suite of calcite and aragonite stalagmites from cave KNI-51, located in the eastern Kimberley region of tropical Western Australia, represent the first absolute-dated, high-resolution speleothem record of the Holocene Indonesian-Australian summer monsoon (IASM) from the Australian tropics. Stalagmite oxygen isotopic values track monsoon intensity via amount effects in precipitation and reveal a dynamic Holocene IASM which strengthened in the early Holocene, decreased in strength by 4 ka, with a further decrease from 2 to 1 ka, before strengthening again at 1 ka to years to levels similar to those between 4 and 2 ka. The relationships between the KNI-51 IASM reconstruction and those from published speleothem time series from Flores and Borneo, in combination with other data sets, appear largely inconsistent with changes in the position and/or organization of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Instead, we argue that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may have played a dominant role in driving IASM variability since at least the middle Holocene. Given the muted modern monsoon rainfall responses to most El Nino events in the Kimberley, an impact of ENSO on regional monsoon precipitation over northwestern Australia would suggest non-stationarity in the long-term relationship between ENSO forcing and IASM rainfall, possibly due to changes in the mean state of the tropical Pacific over the Holocene. #-------------------- # Authors: Rhawn F. Denniston, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Alan D. Wanamaker, Matthew S. Lachniet, Gabriele Villarini, Yemane Asmerom, Victor J. Polyak, Kristian J. Passaro, John Cugley, David Woods, and William F. Humphreys # Journal_Name: Scientific Reports # Published_Title: Expansion and Contraction of the Indo-Pacific Tropical Rain Belt over the Last Three Millennia # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Volume: 6 # Pages: # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/srep34485 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The seasonal north-south migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) defines the tropical rain belt (TRB), a region of enormous terrestrial and marine biodiversity and home to 40% of people on Earth. The TRB is dynamic and has been shown to shift south as a coherent system during periods of Northern Hemisphere cooling. However, recent studies of Indo-Pacific hydroclimate suggest that during the Little Ice Age (LIA; AD 1400-1850), the TRB in this region contracted rather than being displaced uniformly southward. This behaviour is not well understood, particularly during climatic fluctuations less pronounced than those of the LIA, the largest centennial-scale cool period of the last millennium. Here we show that the Indo-Pacific TRB expanded and contracted numerous times over multi-decadal to centennial scales during the last 3,000 yr. By integrating precisely-dated stalagmite records of tropical hydroclimate from southern China with a newly enhanced stalagmite time series from northern Australia, our study reveals a previously unidentified coherence between the austral and boreal summer monsoon. State-of-the-art climate model simulations of the last millennium suggest these are linked to changes in the structure of the regional manifestation of the atmosphere's meridional circulation. #-------------------- # Authors: Rhawn F. Denniston, Gabriele Villarini, Angelique N. Gonzales, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, Victor J. Polyak, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Matthew S. Lachniet, Alan D. Wanamaker, Jr, William F. Humphreys, David Woods, and John Cugley # Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences # Published_Title: Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015 # Volume: 112 # Pages: 4576-4581 # Issue: 15 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422270112 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Assessing temporal variability in extreme rainfall events before the historical era is complicated by the sparsity of long-term "direct" storm proxies. Here we present a 2,200-y-long, accurate, and precisely dated record of cave flooding events from the northwest Australian tropics that we interpret, based on an integrated analysis of meteorological data and sediment layers within stalagmites, as representing a proxy for extreme rainfall events derived primarily from tropical cyclones (TCs) and secondarily from the regional summer monsoon. This time series reveals substantial multicentennial variability in extreme rainfall, with elevated occurrence rates characterizing the twentieth century, 850-1450 CE (Common Era), and 50-400 CE; reduced activity marks 1450-1650 CE and 500-850 CE. These trends are similar to reconstructed numbers of TCs in the North Atlantic and Caribbean basins, and they form temporal and spatial patterns best explained by secular changes in the dominant mode of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the primary driver of modern TC variability. We thus attribute long-term shifts in cyclogenesis in both the central Australian and North Atlantic sectors over the past two millennia to entrenched El Niño or La Niña states of the tropical Pacific. The influence of ENSO on monsoon precipitation in this region of northwest Australia is muted, but ENSO-driven changes to the monsoon may have complemented changes to TC activity. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: AGS-1103413 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Cave KNI-51 # Location: Western Australia # Northernmost_Latitude: -15.18 # Southernmost_Latitude: -15.18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 128.37 # Westernmost_Longitude: 128.37 # Elevation_m: 100 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KNI-51-A1-2016d18O # First_Year: 3662 # Last_Year: 3556 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Samples with asterisks were published in Denniston et al. (2015); all others reported in Denniston et al. (2013) # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # 234U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # 230Th_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # Initial_230Th/232Th: 4.4 × 10−6 ± 4.4 × 10−6 # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Average crustal silicate ratio # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # core_id material_dated depth_bot_mm 238U_ppm 232Th_ppb d234U_init_permil d234U_init_2s_permil 230Th_238U_act 230Th_238U_act_2s 230Th_232Th_atom_ppm 230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm age_uncorr_BM age_uncorr_2s_yr age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_2s_yr # KNI-51-A1 aragonite 530 3688 26213 1012.8 2.0 0.066 0.00014 154 0.8 3662 9 3499 103 # KNI-51-A1 aragonite 304 8154 2875 900.8 1.9 0.062 0.00008 2894 93.4 3619 6 3553 8 # KNI-51-A1 aragonite 24 4646 649 1098.0 2.1 0.070 0.00012 8283 801.9 3721 7 3659 8 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## sampleID sample identification,,,,,speleothems,,,C,Stalagmite ID ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N,distance from base ## mineral notes,,,,,speleothems,,,C,calcite or aragonite ## age_calBP age,,,calendar year before present,,speleothems,,,N, ## d18OcarbVPDB delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: sampleID depth_mm mineral age_calBP d18OcarbVPDB KNI-51-A1 0.0 aragonite 3662 -7.32 KNI-51-A1 5.0 aragonite 3660 -7.59 KNI-51-A1 7.5 aragonite 3659 -7.32 KNI-51-A1 10.0 aragonite 3658 -7.39 KNI-51-A1 12.5 aragonite 3658 -7.73 KNI-51-A1 15.0 aragonite 3657 -7.96 KNI-51-A1 17.5 aragonite 3656 -7.50 KNI-51-A1 20.0 aragonite 3655 -7.41 KNI-51-A1 22.5 aragonite 3654 -7.45 KNI-51-A1 25.0 aragonite 3654 -7.25 KNI-51-A1 27.5 aragonite 3653 -7.39 KNI-51-A1 30.0 aragonite 3652 -7.34 KNI-51-A1 32.5 aragonite 3651 -7.27 KNI-51-A1 35.0 aragonite 3650 -7.01 KNI-51-A1 37.5 aragonite 3650 -7.04 KNI-51-A1 40.0 aragonite 3649 -6.73 KNI-51-A1 42.5 aragonite 3648 -7.06 KNI-51-A1 45.0 aragonite 3647 -7.18 KNI-51-A1 47.5 aragonite 3646 -7.27 KNI-51-A1 50.0 aragonite 3646 -7.26 KNI-51-A1 52.5 aragonite 3645 -7.05 KNI-51-A1 55.0 aragonite 3644 -6.94 KNI-51-A1 57.5 aragonite 3643 -7.21 KNI-51-A1 60.0 aragonite 3642 -6.75 KNI-51-A1 62.5 aragonite 3642 -7.05 KNI-51-A1 65.0 aragonite 3641 -6.78 KNI-51-A1 67.5 aragonite 3640 -6.66 KNI-51-A1 70.0 aragonite 3639 -7.65 KNI-51-A1 72.5 aragonite 3638 -7.43 KNI-51-A1 75.0 aragonite 3638 -7.30 KNI-51-A1 77.5 aragonite 3637 -6.36 KNI-51-A1 80.0 aragonite 3636 -6.88 KNI-51-A1 82.5 aragonite 3635 -7.04 KNI-51-A1 85.0 aragonite 3634 -6.85 KNI-51-A1 87.5 aragonite 3634 -6.95 KNI-51-A1 90.0 aragonite 3633 -8.09 KNI-51-A1 92.5 aragonite 3632 -7.71 KNI-51-A1 95.0 aragonite 3631 -7.89 KNI-51-A1 97.5 aragonite 3630 -8.16 KNI-51-A1 100.0 aragonite 3630 -7.70 KNI-51-A1 102.5 aragonite 3629 -7.27 KNI-51-A1 105.0 aragonite 3628 -6.85 KNI-51-A1 107.5 aragonite 3627 -7.62 KNI-51-A1 110.0 aragonite 3626 -6.02 KNI-51-A1 112.5 aragonite 3626 -5.65 KNI-51-A1 115.0 aragonite 3625 -6.01 KNI-51-A1 117.5 aragonite 3624 -6.12 KNI-51-A1 120.0 aragonite 3623 -6.52 KNI-51-A1 122.5 aragonite 3622 -7.55 KNI-51-A1 125.0 aragonite 3622 -7.75 KNI-51-A1 127.5 aragonite 3621 -6.69 KNI-51-A1 130.0 aragonite 3620 -8.02 KNI-51-A1 132.5 aragonite 3619 -8.05 KNI-51-A1 135.0 aragonite 3618 -7.54 KNI-51-A1 137.5 aragonite 3618 -7.73 KNI-51-A1 140.0 aragonite 3617 -8.02 KNI-51-A1 142.5 aragonite 3616 -7.48 KNI-51-A1 145.0 aragonite 3615 -7.16 KNI-51-A1 147.5 aragonite 3614 -8.31 KNI-51-A1 150.0 aragonite 3614 -7.85 KNI-51-A1 152.5 aragonite 3613 -7.45 KNI-51-A1 155.0 aragonite 3612 -7.92 KNI-51-A1 157.5 aragonite 3611 -7.42 KNI-51-A1 160.0 aragonite 3611 -7.31 KNI-51-A1 162.5 aragonite 3610 -8.02 KNI-51-A1 165.0 aragonite 3609 -7.48 KNI-51-A1 167.5 aragonite 3608 -8.61 KNI-51-A1 170.0 aragonite 3607 -7.70 KNI-51-A1 172.5 aragonite 3607 -7.26 KNI-51-A1 175.0 aragonite 3606 -7.56 KNI-51-A1 177.5 aragonite 3605 -8.35 KNI-51-A1 180.0 aragonite 3604 -8.10 KNI-51-A1 182.5 aragonite 3603 -7.29 KNI-51-A1 185.0 aragonite 3603 -8.14 KNI-51-A1 187.5 aragonite 3602 -7.14 KNI-51-A1 190.0 aragonite 3601 -7.89 KNI-51-A1 192.5 aragonite 3600 -7.40 KNI-51-A1 195.0 aragonite 3599 -7.24 KNI-51-A1 197.5 aragonite 3599 -8.16 KNI-51-A1 200.0 aragonite 3598 -8.22 KNI-51-A1 202.5 aragonite 3597 -9.01 KNI-51-A1 205.0 aragonite 3596 -7.25 KNI-51-A1 207.5 aragonite 3595 -7.09 KNI-51-A1 210.0 aragonite 3595 -6.29 KNI-51-A1 212.5 aragonite 3594 -7.83 KNI-51-A1 215.0 aragonite 3593 -7.58 KNI-51-A1 217.5 aragonite 3592 -8.64 KNI-51-A1 220.0 aragonite 3591 -7.65 KNI-51-A1 222.5 aragonite 3591 -8.56 KNI-51-A1 225.0 aragonite 3590 -8.48 KNI-51-A1 227.5 aragonite 3589 -8.35 KNI-51-A1 230.0 aragonite 3588 -7.69 KNI-51-A1 232.5 aragonite 3587 -8.39 KNI-51-A1 235.0 aragonite 3587 -8.15 KNI-51-A1 237.5 aragonite 3586 -7.16 KNI-51-A1 240.0 aragonite 3585 -8.03 KNI-51-A1 242.5 aragonite 3584 -8.49 KNI-51-A1 245.0 aragonite 3583 -7.51 KNI-51-A1 247.5 aragonite 3583 -7.95 KNI-51-A1 250.0 aragonite 3582 -7.40 KNI-51-A1 252.5 aragonite 3581 -7.33 KNI-51-A1 255.0 aragonite 3580 -7.54 KNI-51-A1 257.5 aragonite 3579 -8.07 KNI-51-A1 260.0 aragonite 3579 -7.64 KNI-51-A1 262.5 aragonite 3578 -8.01 KNI-51-A1 265.0 aragonite 3577 -7.68 KNI-51-A1 267.5 aragonite 3576 -6.93 KNI-51-A1 270.0 aragonite 3575 -6.97 KNI-51-A1 272.5 aragonite 3575 -7.96 KNI-51-A1 275.0 aragonite 3574 -6.87 KNI-51-A1 277.5 aragonite 3573 -6.37 KNI-51-A1 280.0 aragonite 3572 -7.30 KNI-51-A1 282.5 aragonite 3571 -7.99 KNI-51-A1 285.0 aragonite 3571 -7.29 KNI-51-A1 287.5 aragonite 3570 -8.02 KNI-51-A1 290.0 aragonite 3569 -7.98 KNI-51-A1 292.5 aragonite 3568 -7.67 KNI-51-A1 295.0 aragonite 3567 -7.52 KNI-51-A1 297.5 aragonite 3567 -8.17 KNI-51-A1 300.0 aragonite 3566 -8.11 KNI-51-A1 302.5 aragonite 3565 -8.13 KNI-51-A1 305.0 aragonite 3564 -7.42 KNI-51-A1 307.5 aragonite 3563 -7.29 KNI-51-A1 310.0 aragonite 3563 -6.32 KNI-51-A1 312.5 aragonite 3562 -6.54 KNI-51-A1 315.0 aragonite 3561 -7.27 KNI-51-A1 317.5 aragonite 3560 -7.09 KNI-51-A1 320.0 aragonite 3560 -6.48 KNI-51-A1 322.5 aragonite 3559 -7.02 KNI-51-A1 325.0 aragonite 3558 -6.32 KNI-51-A1 327.5 aragonite 3557 -6.79 KNI-51-A1 330.0 aragonite 3556 -7.11