# Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 8,800 Year Stalagmite d18O Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/20530 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-20530.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/htg9-m613 # # Science_Keywords: Monsoon #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-O-2016d18o-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Stalagmite KNI-51-O d18O Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-09-29 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-20 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 8,800 Year Stalagmite d18O Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Denniston, R.F.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-1221); Ummenhofer, C.C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-3967); Wanamaker, A.D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6560-6420); Lachniet, M.S.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0144); Villarini, G.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-2370); Asmerom, Y.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1294); Polyak, V.J.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2010-1066); Passaro, K.J.; Cugley, J.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-875X); Woods, D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-2218); Humphreys, W.F. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Stalagmite oxygen isotope (d18O) data for 18 calcite and aragonite stalagmites collected in Cave KNI-51, tropical Western Australia, providing a paleomonsoon record for the past 8,800 years. Note: d18O values for stalagmite KNI-51-10 have been decreased by 1 per mil. Provided Keywords: stalagmite, oxygen isotope, Australia, monsoon, tropical rain belt. # # Data file updated 7/26/2017. In the data section of the file, ages were corrected for the stable isotope data of stalagmites KNI-51-10, KNI-51-A2-side 1, and KNI-51-A2-side 2. Stalagmite labels were corrected for stalagmites KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 (previously were mistakenly labelled as KNI-51-A1-side 1 and KNI-51-A1-side 2). In the Chronology section, distances for U-Th dates in stalagmite KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 were corrected, and ages for U-Th dates in stalagmite KNI-51-A2-side 1 and KNI-51-A2-side 2 were corrected. # # Additional assigned age corrections were made to this file 7-February-2018. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Denniston, R.F., Wyrwoll, K.-H., Polyak, Brown, J. Asmerom, Y., Wanamaker, A. Jr., LaPointe, Z., Ellerbroek, R., Barthelmes, M., Cleary, D., Cugley, J., Woods, D., Humphreys, W. # Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews # Published_Title: A Stalagmite Record of Holocene Indonesian-Australian Summer Monsoon Variability from the Australian Tropics # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Volume: 78 # Pages: 155-168 # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.004 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Oxygen isotopic data from a suite of calcite and aragonite stalagmites from cave KNI-51, located in the eastern Kimberley region of tropical Western Australia, represent the first absolute-dated, high-resolution speleothem record of the Holocene Indonesian-Australian summer monsoon (IASM) from the Australian tropics. Stalagmite oxygen isotopic values track monsoon intensity via amount effects in precipitation and reveal a dynamic Holocene IASM which strengthened in the early Holocene, decreased in strength by 4 ka, with a further decrease from 2 to 1 ka, before strengthening again at 1 ka to years to levels similar to those between 4 and 2 ka. The relationships between the KNI-51 IASM reconstruction and those from published speleothem time series from Flores and Borneo, in combination with other data sets, appear largely inconsistent with changes in the position and/or organization of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Instead, we argue that the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may have played a dominant role in driving IASM variability since at least the middle Holocene. Given the muted modern monsoon rainfall responses to most El Nino events in the Kimberley, an impact of ENSO on regional monsoon precipitation over northwestern Australia would suggest non-stationarity in the long-term relationship between ENSO forcing and IASM rainfall, possibly due to changes in the mean state of the tropical Pacific over the Holocene. #-------------------- # Authors: Rhawn F. Denniston, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Alan D. Wanamaker, Matthew S. Lachniet, Gabriele Villarini, Yemane Asmerom, Victor J. Polyak, Kristian J. Passaro, John Cugley, David Woods, and William F. Humphreys # Journal_Name: Scientific Reports # Published_Title: Expansion and Contraction of the Indo-Pacific Tropical Rain Belt over the Last Three Millennia # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Volume: 6 # Pages: # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/srep34485 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The seasonal north-south migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) defines the tropical rain belt (TRB), a region of enormous terrestrial and marine biodiversity and home to 40% of people on Earth. The TRB is dynamic and has been shown to shift south as a coherent system during periods of Northern Hemisphere cooling. However, recent studies of Indo-Pacific hydroclimate suggest that during the Little Ice Age (LIA; AD 1400-1850), the TRB in this region contracted rather than being displaced uniformly southward. This behaviour is not well understood, particularly during climatic fluctuations less pronounced than those of the LIA, the largest centennial-scale cool period of the last millennium. Here we show that the Indo-Pacific TRB expanded and contracted numerous times over multi-decadal to centennial scales during the last 3,000 yr. By integrating precisely-dated stalagmite records of tropical hydroclimate from southern China with a newly enhanced stalagmite time series from northern Australia, our study reveals a previously unidentified coherence between the austral and boreal summer monsoon. State-of-the-art climate model simulations of the last millennium suggest these are linked to changes in the structure of the regional manifestation of the atmosphere's meridional circulation. #-------------------- # Authors: Rhawn F. Denniston, Gabriele Villarini, Angelique N. Gonzales, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, Victor J. Polyak, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Matthew S. Lachniet, Alan D. Wanamaker, Jr, William F. Humphreys, David Woods, and John Cugley # Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences # Published_Title: Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015 # Volume: 112 # Pages: 4576-4581 # Issue: 15 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422270112 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Assessing temporal variability in extreme rainfall events before the historical era is complicated by the sparsity of long-term "direct" storm proxies. Here we present a 2,200-y-long, accurate, and precisely dated record of cave flooding events from the northwest Australian tropics that we interpret, based on an integrated analysis of meteorological data and sediment layers within stalagmites, as representing a proxy for extreme rainfall events derived primarily from tropical cyclones (TCs) and secondarily from the regional summer monsoon. This time series reveals substantial multicentennial variability in extreme rainfall, with elevated occurrence rates characterizing the twentieth century, 850-1450 CE (Common Era), and 50-400 CE; reduced activity marks 1450-1650 CE and 500-850 CE. These trends are similar to reconstructed numbers of TCs in the North Atlantic and Caribbean basins, and they form temporal and spatial patterns best explained by secular changes in the dominant mode of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the primary driver of modern TC variability. We thus attribute long-term shifts in cyclogenesis in both the central Australian and North Atlantic sectors over the past two millennia to entrenched El Niño or La Niña states of the tropical Pacific. The influence of ENSO on monsoon precipitation in this region of northwest Australia is muted, but ENSO-driven changes to the monsoon may have complemented changes to TC activity. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: AGS-1103413 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Cave KNI-51 # Location: Western Australia # Northernmost_Latitude: -15.18 # Southernmost_Latitude: -15.18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 128.37 # Westernmost_Longitude: 128.37 # Elevation_m: 100 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KNI-51-O-2016d18O # First_Year: 1713 # Last_Year: 1428 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Samples with asterisks were published in Denniston et al. (2015); all others reported in Denniston et al. (2013) # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # 234U_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # 230Th_Decay_Constant: Cheng et al., 2000 # Initial_230Th/232Th: 4.4 × 10−6 ± 4.4 × 10−6 # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Average crustal silicate ratio # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # core_id material_dated depth_bot_mm 238U_ppm 232Th_ppb d234U_init_permil d234U_init_2s_permil 230Th_238U_act 230Th_238U_act_2s 230Th_232Th_atom_ppm 230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm age_uncorr_BM age_uncorr_2s_yr age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_2s_yr # KNI-51-O aragonite 435 7616 10988 858.1 1.9 0.026 0.00005 293 2.3 1518 3 1435 23 # KNI-51-O aragonite 160 11156 2925 860.5 1.9 0.028 0.00004 1795 37.5 1688 3 1623 5 # KNI-51-O aragonite 39 7809 4611 863.7 1.9 0.030 0.00005 833 10.3 1762 3 1693 10 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## sampleID sample identification,,,,,speleothems,,,C,Stalagmite ID ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N,distance from base ## mineral notes,,,,,speleothems,,,C,calcite or aragonite ## age_calBP age,,,calendar year before present,,speleothems,,,N, ## d18OcarbVPDB delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil VPDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: sampleID depth_mm mineral age_calBP d18OcarbVPDB KNI-51-O 1 aragonite 1713 -5.56 KNI-51-O 5 aragonite 1711 -6.02 KNI-51-O 10 aragonite 1709 -6.46 KNI-51-O 15 aragonite 1706 -5.50 KNI-51-O 20 aragonite 1703 -6.40 KNI-51-O 25 aragonite 1701 -6.11 KNI-51-O 30 aragonite 1698 -6.39 KNI-51-O 35 aragonite 1695 -5.59 KNI-51-O 40 aragonite 1692 -4.84 KNI-51-O 45 aragonite 1690 -4.96 KNI-51-O 50 aragonite 1687 -6.16 KNI-51-O 55 aragonite 1684 -6.27 KNI-51-O 60 aragonite 1681 -6.52 KNI-51-O 65 aragonite 1679 -5.82 KNI-51-O 70 aragonite 1676 -6.18 KNI-51-O 75 aragonite 1673 -5.95 KNI-51-O 80 aragonite 1670 -7.22 KNI-51-O 85 aragonite 1667 -5.32 KNI-51-O 90 aragonite 1664 -7.25 KNI-51-O 95 aragonite 1662 -6.35 KNI-51-O 100 aragonite 1659 -6.04 KNI-51-O 105 aragonite 1656 -6.75 KNI-51-O 110 aragonite 1653 -6.07 KNI-51-O 115 aragonite 1650 -6.23 KNI-51-O 120 aragonite 1647 -5.93 KNI-51-O 125 aragonite 1644 -5.79 KNI-51-O 130 aragonite 1641 -5.64 KNI-51-O 135 aragonite 1638 -5.90 KNI-51-O 140 aragonite 1635 -6.81 KNI-51-O 145 aragonite 1632 -7.05 KNI-51-O 150 aragonite 1629 -6.22 KNI-51-O 155 aragonite 1626 -7.23 KNI-51-O 160 aragonite 1623 -6.66 KNI-51-O 165 aragonite 1620 -6.36 KNI-51-O 170 aragonite 1616 -6.21 KNI-51-O 175 aragonite 1613 -6.02 KNI-51-O 180 aragonite 1610 -6.31 KNI-51-O 185 aragonite 1607 -5.92 KNI-51-O 190 aragonite 1604 -5.22 KNI-51-O 195 aragonite 1601 -6.50 KNI-51-O 200 aragonite 1597 -5.97 KNI-51-O 205 aragonite 1594 -6.67 KNI-51-O 210 aragonite 1591 -6.18 KNI-51-O 215 aragonite 1588 -6.07 KNI-51-O 220 aragonite 1584 -6.84 KNI-51-O 225 aragonite 1581 -5.68 KNI-51-O 230 aragonite 1578 -6.01 KNI-51-O 235 aragonite 1575 -6.74 KNI-51-O 240 aragonite 1571 -6.57 KNI-51-O 245 aragonite 1568 -5.81 KNI-51-O 250 aragonite 1565 -6.99 KNI-51-O 255 aragonite 1561 -5.96 KNI-51-O 260 aragonite 1558 -5.52 KNI-51-O 265 aragonite 1554 -5.94 KNI-51-O 270 aragonite 1551 -6.32 KNI-51-O 275 aragonite 1548 -5.45 KNI-51-O 280 aragonite 1544 -6.23 KNI-51-O 285 aragonite 1541 -5.48 KNI-51-O 290 aragonite 1537 -4.98 KNI-51-O 295 aragonite 1534 -5.45 KNI-51-O 300 aragonite 1530 -5.30 KNI-51-O 305 aragonite 1527 -4.94 KNI-51-O 310 aragonite 1523 -6.06 KNI-51-O 315 aragonite 1520 -5.46 KNI-51-O 320 aragonite 1516 -6.63 KNI-51-O 325 aragonite 1512 -6.10 KNI-51-O 380 aragonite 1472 -6.51 KNI-51-O 405 aragonite 1453 -6.41 KNI-51-O 415 aragonite 1446 -6.52 KNI-51-O 420 aragonite 1442 -6.52 KNI-51-O 425 aragonite 1438 -6.88 KNI-51-O 430 aragonite 1434 -6.68 KNI-51-O 435 aragonite 1430 -6.86 KNI-51-O 437 aragonite 1428 -6.46