Tianmen Cave, Tibet MIS5 Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Tianmen Cave, Tibet MIS5 Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data LAST UPDATE: 10/2010 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Cai, Y., L. Tan, H. Cheng, Z. An, R.L. Edwards, M.J. Kelly, X. Kong, and X. Wang. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-110 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Cai, Y., et al. 2010. Tianmen Cave, Tibet MIS5 Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-110. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Cai, Y., H. Cheng, Z. An, R.L. Edwards, X. Wang, L. Tan, and J. Wang. 2010. Large variations of oxygen isotopes in precipitation over south-central Tibet during Marine Isotope Stage 5. Geology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 243-246, March 2010. doi: 10.1130/G30306.1 ABSTRACT: Oxygen isotope (d18O) records of two stalagmites from Tianmen Cave, on the south-central Tibetan Plateau, grew during much of Marine Isotope Stage 5. The Tianmen record, the first cave record from the Tibetan Plateau, characterizes a precipitation d18O history larger in amplitude but similar in structure to Asian Monsoon records from the adjacent regions, providing essential evidence that the Asian Monsoon system, including the East Asian and Indian Monsoon subsystems, responds largely to changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Extremely low d18O values during Marine Isotope Stages 5a, 5c, and 5e suggest that precipitation, rather than temperature, was a major factor controlling d18O in precipitation on orbital time scales in the south-central Tibetan Plateau. The Tianmen record may help in the interpretation of regional ice core d18O records. The large range of orbital-scale shifts in meteoric d18O (>9‰) raises important considerations related to reconstructing the uplift history of the plateau. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Jaffey, A.H.K., F. Flynn, L.E. Glendenin, W.C. Bentley, and A.M. Essling. 1971. Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Physics Reviews, v. C 4, p. 1889-1906. Kaufman, A., and W.S. Broecker. 1965. Comparison of 230Th and 14C ages for carbonate materials from Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 70, p. 4039-4054. O'Neil, J.R., R.N. Clayton, and T.K. Mayeda. 1969. Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates. Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 51, 5547-5558. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Tibetan Plateau PERIOD OF RECORD: Marine Isotope Stage 5, 125 - 76 KYrBP FUNDING SOURCES: National Basic Research Program of China (2004CB720206), National Science Foundation of China (grants 40773009 and 40531003), United States National Science Foundation (grant EAR-0908792 to Edwards), Gary Comer Science and Education Foundation (CC8 and CP41 to Edwards). DESCRIPTION: Stalagmite oxygen isotope data from Tianmen Cave, Tibet, U-Th dated between 125 and 76 KYrBP (Marine Isotope Stage 5). Two stalagmites, TM-2 and TM-5, were collected ~150 m from the entrance of Tianmen Cave, Bange, Tibet, China. The Tianmen record consists of 334 stable isotope measurements, with time resolutions between 25 and 165 years. Age model was constructed based on 21 samples dated by the U-Th method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Tianmen Cave: 30°55'N, 90°4'E, ~4800 m above sea level. DATA: 1. Table DR2. 230Th dating results. The error is 2s. Sample Distance 238U 232Th d234U [230Th/238U] [230Th/232Th] Age Age d234U initial 230Th Age ID mm ppb ppt Measured*a activity*c atomic x10-6*d Uncorrected Corrected*c*e Corrected*b yrBP *f TM2-5 5 355.3 ± 0.8 2886 ± 8 402.1 ± 2.4 0.738 ± 0.003 1497 ± 7 78,000 ± 500 77,800 ± 500 501 ± 3.1 77,700 ± 500 TM2-14 14 390.2 ± 0.5 5870 ± 60 408.2 ± 1.6 0.7619 ± 0.0033 840 ± 10 81,100 ± 500 80,800 ± 600 512.8 ± 2.1 80,700 ± 600 TM2-22 22 351.8 ± 0.7 1189 ± 7 420.2 ± 2.7 0.7743 ± 0.0024 3780 ± 20 82,000 ± 400 81,900 ± 400 529.7 ± 3.4 81,900 ± 400 TM2-28 28 487.2 ± 0.6 2500 ± 30 415.6 ± 1.7 0.7811 ± 0.0062 2510 ± 40 83,000 ± 1000 83,300 ± 1000 525.7 ± 2.6 83,200 ± 1000 TM2-34 34 399.1 ± 0.4 1290 ± 20 391 ± 1.4 0.8568 ± 0.0014 4360 ± 50 98,400 ± 300 98,300 ± 300 516.1 ± 1.9 98,300 ± 300 TM2-40 40 333.4 ± 0.8 130 ± 6 392.4 ± 2.9 0.8794 ± 0.0027 37300 ± 1700 102,400 ± 600 102,400 ± 600 524.2 ± 3.9 102,400 ± 600 TM2-45 45 513.2 ± 1.2 193 ± 8 403.7 ± 2.8 0.9011 ± 0.0028 39600 ± 1600 105,000 ± 600 105,000 ± 600 543.1 ± 3.8 104,900 ± 600 TM2-52 52 651.3 ± 1.8 341 ± 6 411.9 ± 3 0.9165 ± 0.0033 28900 ± 500 106,700 ± 700 106,700 ± 700 557 ± 4.2 106,700 ± 700 TM2-54 54 625.5 ± 0.7 1720 ± 20 415.1 ± 1.5 0.931 ± 0.0018 5580 ± 60 108,900 ± 400 108,900 ± 400 564.4 ± 2.1 108,800 ± 400 TM2-61 61 617 ± 1.3 457 ± 7 370.9 ± 2.3 0.9595 ± 0.0028 21400 ± 300 121,600 ± 700 121,600 ± 700 522.9 ± 3.4 121,500 ± 700 TM2-64 64 784.6 ± 1 670 ± 10 369.4 ± 1.5 0.9595 ± 0.002 18600 ± 400 121,700 ± 500 121,700 ± 500 520.7 ± 2.2 121,600 ± 500 TM2-70 70 680.5 ± 0.9 3530 ± 40 361 ± 1.6 0.9551 ± 0.0046 3040 ± 40 122,000 ± 1100 122,000 ± 1000 509.4 ± 2.8 122,000 ± 1000 TM2-72 72 560.4 ± 0.6 1080 ± 10 361.1 ± 1.4 0.9579 ± 0.0017 8200 ± 100 122,800 ± 500 122,700 ± 500 510.5 ± 2.1 122,700 ± 500 TM2-78 78 248.1 ± 0.5 723 ± 8 362 ± 2.9 0.9585 ± 0.003 5430 ± 60 122,900 ± 800 122,800 ± 800 512.2 ± 4.2 122,800 ± 800 TM2-93 93 302.2 ± 0.3 870 ± 10 352.2 ± 1.6 0.9518 ± 0.0016 5440 ± 80 122,900 ± 500 122,900 ± 500 498.1 ± 2.3 122,800 ± 500 TM2-116 116 354.8 ± 0.4 1280 ± 20 361.4 ± 1.4 0.9651 ± 0.0017 4410 ± 50 124,300 ± 500 124,300 ± 500 513.2 ± 2.1 124,200 ± 500 TM2-134 134 345.4 ± 0.4 160 ± 10 361.8 ± 1.6 0.969 ± 0.0017 34000 ± 2000 125,100 ± 500 125,100 ± 500 514.9 ± 2.4 125,100 ± 500 TM2-153 153 376.3 ± 0.7 766 ± 3 358.2 ± 2 0.967 ± 0.0034 7830 ± 40 125,200 ± 900 125,200 ± 900 510.2 ± 3 125,100 ± 900 TM5-4 4 164.3 ± 0.3 2312 ± 9 323.9 ± 2.6 0.9325 ± 0.0034 1094 ± 6 123,800 ± 900 123,500 ± 900 459.1 ± 3.9 123,400 ± 900 TM5-23 23 176 ± 0.4 2393 ± 8 336.2 ± 3.3 0.9469 ± 0.0044 1150 ± 6 124,800 ± 1200 124,600 ± 1200 478.1 ± 5 124,500 ± 1200 TM5-61 61 269.5 ± 0.5 1214 ± 7 335.9 ± 3.1 0.9527 ± 0.0029 3490 ± 20 126,300 ± 900 126,200 ± 900 479.7 ± 4.6 126,100 ± 900 TM5-94 94 445.4 ± 1 1691 ± 5 331 ± 2.1 0.9539 ± 0.0035 4140 ± 20 127,200 ± 900 127,100 ± 900 474.1 ± 3.3 127,000 ± 900 The chemical procedures were similar to those described in Jaffey et al. 1971 and accomplished in the clean lab of Minnesota Isotope Laboratory. The measurements were run on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Thermo-Finnigan ELEMENT) using procedures described in Kaufman and Broecker 1965 and O'Neil et al. 1969. Analytical errors are 2s of the mean. *a d234U = ([234U/238U]activity - 1) x 1000. *b d234Uinitial corrected was calculated based on 230Th age (T), i.e., d234Uinitial = d234Umeasured x eLambda234*T, and T is corrected age. *c [230Th/238U]activity = 1 - e-Lambda230T + (d234Umeasured/1000)[Lambda230/(Lambda230 - Lambda234)](1 - e-(Lambda230 - Lambda234) T), where T is the age (Kaufman and Broecker, 1965). Decay constants are 9.1788 x 10-6 yr-1 for 230Th, 2.8263 x 10-6 yr-1 for 234U (Cheng et al., 2000), and 1.55125 x 10-10 yr-1 for 238U (Jaffey et al., 1971). *d The degree of detrital 230Th contamination is indicated by the [230Th/232Th] atomic ratio instead of the activity ratio. *e Age corrections were calculated using an average crustal 230Th/232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 x 10-6 ± 2.2 x 10-6. Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the crustal 232Th/238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assumed to be 50%. *f B.P. stands for “Before Present” where the “Present” is defined as the year 1950 A.D. 2. Tianmen Cave Stalagmite TM-2 d18O Age d18O ky, BP VPDB 76.398 -19.18 76.565 -19.62 76.732 -20.06 76.899 -20.34 77.065 -21.1 77.232 -21.11 77.399 -21.09 77.566 -21.2 77.733 -20.39 77.9 -20.71 78.067 -21.04 78.234 -20.92 78.401 -21.94 78.567 -21.91 78.734 -21.45 78.901 -21.59 79.068 -21.37 79.235 -21.05 79.402 -20.72 79.569 -21.43 79.736 -22.1 79.903 -22.13 80.069 -22.31 80.236 -21.49 80.403 -21.47 80.57 -21.24 80.737 -21.97 80.809 -21.63 80.881 -21.69 80.952 -21.21 81.024 -21.36 81.096 -21.16 81.168 -21.26 81.239 -21.02 81.311 -21.04 81.383 -21.75 81.455 -21.41 81.526 -21.39 81.598 -21.5 81.67 -21.23 81.742 -21.23 81.813 -21.18 81.885 -21.11 81.995 -21.04 82.106 -21.63 82.216 -21.88 82.326 -21.83 82.437 -21.79 82.547 -20.76 82.657 -20.92 82.768 -20.78 82.878 -20.55 82.988 -20.41 83.099 -19.69 83.209 -19.47 83.319 -19.64 83.43 -19.7 96.646 -20.07 96.918 -19.77 97.19 -20.81 97.463 -20.95 97.735 -20.99 98.007 -20.7 98.279 -21.61 98.551 -21.01 98.823 -20.92 99.095 -21.09 99.368 -21.52 99.64 -21.15 99.912 -21.52 100.184 -21.6 100.456 -21.45 100.728 -21.08 101 -22.13 101.272 -22.1 101.545 -21.76 101.817 -21.52 102.089 -21.43 102.361 -21.15 102.633 -21.9 102.905 -21.88 103.177 -21.69 103.45 -21.03 103.722 -21.04 103.994 -20.91 104.527 -22.02 104.653 -22.37 104.78 -22.17 104.906 -21.89 105.032 -21.89 105.159 -21.93 105.285 -21.98 105.411 -22.5 105.537 -22.49 105.664 -22.22 105.79 -22.16 105.916 -21.78 106.043 -21.41 106.169 -21.9 106.295 -21.7 106.421 -20.65 106.548 -21.36 106.674 -21.68 106.942 -21.15 107.209 -21.14 107.477 -20.78 107.745 -20.05 108.012 -17.17 108.28 -17.4 108.547 -19.68 108.815 -19.59 109.083 -19.41 109.35 -19.37 109.618 -18.82 109.886 -16.95 121.411 -17.95 121.429 -17.84 121.466 -18.9 121.502 -19.04 121.538 -18.55 121.575 -19.67 121.611 -19.83 121.675 -20.48 121.74 -20.33 121.804 -20.92 121.868 -20.12 121.933 -21.42 121.997 -20.87 122.33 -20.83 122.662 -21.16 122.68 -21.62 122.697 -22.49 122.715 -21.78 122.732 -21.6 122.75 -21.7 122.767 -21.81 122.771 -21.93 122.775 -21.02 122.78 -21.34 122.784 -21.96 122.788 -22.32 122.792 -21.99 122.796 -21.62 122.801 -21.8 122.805 -21.39 122.809 -21.68 122.813 -21.27 122.817 -22.13 122.822 -21.91 122.826 -23.13 122.83 -21.82 122.889 -21.77 122.949 -22.11 123.008 -21.34 123.067 -22.42 123.127 -21.75 123.186 -22.02 123.245 -21.54 123.305 -22.26 123.364 -21.66 123.423 -22.55 123.483 -22.05 123.542 -21.79 123.602 -21.24 123.661 -22.18 123.72 -22.24 123.78 -22.15 123.839 -22.58 123.898 -22.81 123.958 -21.75 124.017 -21.64 124.076 -21.92 124.136 -22.56 124.195 -22.44 124.244 -22.25 124.292 -21.89 124.341 -20.79 124.389 -21.81 124.438 -21.06 124.486 -21.35 124.535 -21.14 124.583 -21.72 124.632 -21.84 124.68 -22.32 124.729 -21.44 124.777 -21.98 124.826 -22.69 124.874 -22.23 124.923 -21.81 124.971 -21.81 125.02 -22.05 125.068 -22.4 125.07 -22.35 125.072 -21.93 125.074 -21.28 125.076 -21.93 125.078 -22.57 125.08 -22.81 125.082 -21.76 125.084 -22.35 125.086 -21.99 125.087 -22.57 125.089 -22.36 125.091 -22.71 125.093 -21.37 125.095 -22.59 125.097 -21.46 125.099 -21.75 125.101 -23 125.103 -22.41 125.105 -21.59 125.107 -22.43 125.109 -23.23 125.111 -21.56 125.113 -22.24 125.115 -22.57 125.117 -20.78 125.119 -21.67 125.121 -22.16 125.123 -22.19 125.124 -21.95 125.126 -21.84 125.128 -22 125.13 -21.88 125.132 -22.55 125.134 -21.51 125.136 -21.91 125.138 -21.93 125.14 -22.03 125.142 -21.58 125.144 -21.45 125.146 -21.07 3. Tianmen Cave Stalagmite TM-5 d18O Age d18O ky, BP VPDB 123.227 -21.65 123.284 -21.04 123.342 -21.73 123.399 -21.76 123.457 -21.65 123.516 -20.98 123.574 -21.71 123.632 -21.41 123.69 -23.11 123.749 -21.7 123.807 -21.69 123.865 -21.34 123.923 -21.62 123.982 -21.66 124.04 -22.65 124.098 -22.34 124.156 -21.79 124.215 -22.75 124.273 -22.82 124.331 -23.77 124.389 -21.21 124.448 -21.66 124.506 -22.19 124.548 -22.54 124.59 -21.93 124.632 -22.78 124.675 -23.06 124.717 -21.82 124.759 -22.9 124.801 -22.68 124.843 -22.49 124.885 -23.24 124.928 -23.37 124.97 -22.55 125.012 -22.12 125.054 -22.19 125.096 -21.72 125.138 -23.14 125.181 -21.03 125.223 -23.04 125.265 -22.3 125.307 -23.83 125.349 -22.69 125.391 -22.88 125.433 -21.82 125.476 -23.07 125.518 -21.09 125.56 -21.91 125.602 -22.17 125.644 -21.78 125.686 -22.48 125.729 -22.78 125.771 -22.96 125.813 -22.26 125.855 -22.42 125.897 -22.32 125.939 -22.06 125.982 -22.97 126.024 -22.59 126.066 -22.48 126.108 -22.06 126.136 -20.78 126.165 -21.86 126.193 -22.4 126.222 -22.84 126.25 -22.1 126.278 -22.29 126.307 -22.11 126.335 -21.56 126.364 -21.82 126.392 -21.41 126.42 -20.9 126.449 -22.35 126.477 -22.57 126.506 -21.83 126.534 -22.26 126.562 -23.24 126.591 -22.68 126.619 -22.98 126.647 -22.35 126.676 -22.52 126.704 -22.64 126.733 -21.89 126.761 -21.82 126.789 -21.75 126.818 -21.16 126.846 -22.45 126.875 -21.82 126.903 -22.26 126.931 -22.38 126.96 -22.45 126.988 -21.71 127.017 -22.16 127.045 -21.97 127.073 -21.61 127.102 -21.61 127.13 -23.02 127.159 -22.42 127.187 -21.33 127.215 -21.98