# Wanxiang Cave, China 310,000 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19924 
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/china/wanxiang2006wxsm52.txt
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2016-03-23
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Wanxiang Cave, China 310,000 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data 
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Johnson, K.R.; Ingram, B.L.; Sharp, W.D; Zhang, P.
#---------------------------------------
# Description and Notes
#        Description: 
#         Provided Keywords: Asian monsoon, speleothem, MIS 5, Oxygen isotopes
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Kathleen R. Johnson, B. Lynn Ingram, Warren D. Sharp, Pingzhong Zhang 
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2006-06-23
# Published_Title: East Asian summer monsoon variability during Marine Isotope Stage 5 based on speleothem d18O records from Wanxiang Cave, central China
# Journal_Name: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
# Volume: 236
# Edition: 
# Issue: 1-2
# Pages: 5-19
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.041
# Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018206001295
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Speleothems from Wanxiang Cave, China (33deg19'N, 105deg00'E), located near the northern limit of the East Asian summer monsoon, provide high-resolution records of paleomonsoon variability. We present a simple model for interpreting d18O shifts in speleothems from this region in which the d18O of speleothem calcite is inversely related to monsoon intensity. In contrast to observations at higher latitudes, atmospheric temperature has little effect on d18O of precipitation near Wanxiang Cave. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of calcite-water d18O fractionation acts in the opposite sense, most likely canceling out the effect of local temperature variations on speleothem d18O. Given this, the maximum d18O shift that could occur due only to changes in the composition of the oceanic source region, the amount of rainfall, and the amount of evaporation between full glacial conditions with a weak summer monsoon and full interglacial conditions with a strong summer monsoon is 5.5per mil. Accordingly, it is necessary to invoke changes in past atmospheric circulation patterns and in the ratio of summer to winter precipitation to explain the nearly 7per mil range observed in fossil Wanxiang Cave speleothems. Two stalagmites, WXSM 51 and WXSM 52, exhibit more positive d18O during stadial periods (marine isotope stages [MIS] 8, 6, 5d, 5b, and 2) than during interstadial periods (MIS 9, 5a, 5c, 5e). Thus, East Asian summer monsoon intensity is generally decreased during globally cooler periods and increased during globally warmer periods.
# We present detailed d18O records from MIS 5a-5b and 5c-5d. During the MIS 5d-5c transition, summer monsoon intensity increased steadily from 117.6 ka, with a peak in intensity occurring at 106.8 ka, concurrent with Greenland Interstadial 24. During the MIS 5b-5a transition, monsoon intensity increased abruptly at about 85.7 ka, when d18O decreased by approximately 4 per mil in 200 years. Monsoon variability, inferred from the MIS 5c-5d and MIS 5a-5b records, closely coincides with global climate changes observed in the GISP2, Vostok, and SPECMAP records, and with the Northern Hemisphere insolation curve. This suggests that East Asian summer monsoon intensity varies in phase with global climate fluctuations and is largely controlled by variations in Northern Hemisphere incident solar radiation. The MIS 5a-5b and 5c-5d paleomonsoon records from Wanxiang Cave also agree well with other records of Asian monsoon variability indicating that d18O of speleothems from Wanxiang Cave is a valid proxy for past changes in monsoon intensity.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Geographic Society
#    Grant: 7206-02
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China
#    Grant: 40173010
#---------------------------------------
# Site Information
# Site_Name: Wanxiang Cave
# Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China
# Country: China
# Northernmost_Latitude: 33.316
# Southernmost_Latitude: 33.316
# Easternmost_Longitude: 105.0
# Westernmost_Longitude: 105.0
# Elevation: 1194
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: WXSM-52
#   First_Year: 149800
#   Last_Year: 105340
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length: 355 mm
#   Notes: Growth was not continuous.  Hiatuses are marked by age model jumps.
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
# U-Th dates measured by TIMS
#						Measured							Detritus-corrected
# Sample Name	Distance (mm)	Wt.    (mg)	U (ppm)	232Th (ppm)	[230Th /232Th]	[230Th/238U]			[234U/238U]				[230Th/238U]			[234U/238U]			 Age
# (ka)		Initial [234U/238U]
# U-52-2	10	157.2	0.3	0.023	35.6	0.844	+/-	1.219	1.302	+/-	0.350		0.841	+/-	1.284	1.308	+/-	0.453	106.3	+/-	2.4	1.416	+/-	0.007
# U-52-3	18	119.8	0.3	0.034	25.3	0.865	+/-	0.890	1.321	+/-	0.360		0.861	+/-	1.007	1.330	+/-	0.559	107.3	+/-	2.1	1.447	+/-	0.009
# U-52-4	36	126.4	0.7	0.001	2644.3	0.854	+/-	0.357	1.309	+/-	0.190		0.854	+/-	0.357	1.309	+/-	0.190	109.0	+/-	0.7	1.421	+/-	0.003
# U-52-6	60	125.9	0.3	0.007	107.0	0.867	+/-	1.623	1.358	+/-	4.960		0.866	+/-	1.638	1.360	+/-	4.986	104.0	+/-	9.4	1.484	+/-	0.079
# U-52-7	78	147.2	1.0	0.008	750.8	0.871	+/-	0.528	1.310	+/-	0.400		0.870	+/-	0.530	1.311	+/-	0.402	112.1	+/-	1.3	1.427	+/-	0.006
# U-52-9	121	139.9	0.4	0.003	382.0	0.864	+/-	0.843	1.290	+/-	0.550		0.863	+/-	0.845	1.290	+/-	0.551	113.9	+/-	2.0	1.401	+/-	0.009
# U-52-10	152	159.0	0.8	0.001	2027.6	0.878	+/-	2.226	1.312	+/-	0.640		0.878	+/-	2.227	1.313	+/-	0.640	113.6	+/-	4.4	1.431	+/-	0.011
# U-52-11	173	177.2	0.8	0.002	1192.9	0.896	+/-	3.071	1.312	+/-	0.320		0.896	+/-	3.073	1.312	+/-	0.320	117.5	+/-	6.2	1.435	+/-	0.009
# U-52-12	178	191.0	1.2	0.004	771.3	0.878	+/-	0.701	1.183	+/-	0.290		0.877	+/-	0.702	1.183	+/-	0.290	139.7	+/-	2.1	1.272	+/-	0.005
# U-52-13	196	188.8	1.0	0.002	1347.0	0.887	+/-	1.326	1.155	+/-	0.740		0.887	+/-	1.327	1.155	+/-	0.740	150.9	+/-	4.9	1.237	+/-	0.012
# U-52-14	228	178.9	1.0	0.002	1674.5	0.893	+/-	1.750	1.171	+/-	0.930		0.893	+/-	1.751	1.171	+/-	0.930	148.1	+/-	6.2	1.261	+/-	0.015
# U-52-17	356	158.8	0.7	0.002	859.2	0.872	+/-	4.007	1.178	+/-	0.330		0.872	+/-	4.011	1.178	+/-	0.330	139.3	+/-	10.9	1.264	+/-	0.009
# All isotopic ratios are activity ratios, unless otherwise specified.  All errors are given as 95% confidence intervals. 
# Measured and detritus corrected activity ratio errors are reported in percent.  Age and initial [234U/238U] errors are absolute. 
# Decay constants used are those of Cheng et al. (2000). 
# 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## depth_mm	depth, , , mm, , , , ,N
## age_calkaBP	age, , , calendar kyears before present, , , Combination of linear fit and interpolation between U-Th dates, modeled,N
## d18OcarbPDB	delta18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil PDB, ,speleothem, , analytical technique:  Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry,N 
#
#------------------------
# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
#
depth_mm	age_calkaBP	d18OcarbPDB
0.5	105.34	-8.99
1.4	105.43	-9.56
2.3	105.52	-10.81
3.2	105.61	-10.40
4.1	105.70	-11.89
5.0	105.79	-11.49
5.9	105.88	-11.65
6.8	105.97	-10.66
7.7	106.06	-11.67
8.6	106.15	-11.90
9.5	106.24	-12.66
10.3	106.33	-13.19
11.0	106.42	-13.14
11.7	106.51	-13.01
12.4	106.59	-13.13
13.1	106.68	-12.93
13.8	106.76	-13.42
14.5	106.85	-13.00
15.3	106.93	-13.51
16.0	107.01	-13.11
16.7	107.09	-12.88
17.4	107.18	-12.31
18.1	107.26	-12.39
18.8	107.34	-12.12
19.5	107.41	-12.34
20.3	107.49	-11.83
21.1	107.57	-11.46
21.9	107.64	-11.09
22.6	107.72	-11.28
23.4	107.79	-11.16
24.2	107.87	-11.29
24.9	107.94	-11.22
25.7	108.01	-11.42
26.5	108.08	-11.26
27.2	108.15	-11.51
28.0	108.22	-11.38
28.8	108.29	-11.51
29.5	108.36	-11.65
30.4	108.43	-11.92
31.2	108.50	-11.25
32.0	108.57	-11.26
32.9	108.64	-11.27
33.7	108.71	-11.41
34.5	108.78	-11.11
35.4	108.84	-11.25
36.2	108.91	-11.58
37.0	108.98	-11.59
37.9	109.04	-11.38
38.7	109.11	-11.18
39.5	109.18	-11.05
40.3	109.24	-10.90
41.1	109.31	-10.84
41.9	109.37	-10.87
42.6	109.44	-11.02
43.4	109.50	-11.16
44.2	109.56	-10.63
44.9	109.63	-10.85
45.7	109.69	-11.26
46.5	109.75	-11.65
47.2	109.81	-11.13
48.0	109.87	-11.51
48.8	109.94	-11.38
49.5	110.00	-10.93
50.3	110.06	-10.73
51.1	110.12	-10.48
51.9	110.18	-10.73
52.6	110.23	-10.76
53.4	110.29	-10.74
54.2	110.35	-10.77
54.9	110.41	-10.01
55.7	110.47	-10.25
56.5	110.52	-9.89
57.2	110.58	-9.25
58.0	110.64	-9.50
58.8	110.69	-9.67
59.5	110.75	-9.35
60.3	110.80	-9.21
61.1	110.86	-9.31
61.9	110.91	-9.15
62.6	110.97	-9.13
63.4	111.02	-8.90
64.2	111.07	-9.34
64.9	111.12	-9.22
65.7	111.18	-9.32
66.5	111.23	-9.52
67.2	111.28	-9.66
68.0	111.33	-9.23
68.8	111.38	-9.92
69.5	111.43	-9.02
70.3	111.48	-9.37
71.1	111.53	-8.70
71.9	111.57	-9.25
72.6	111.62	-8.63
73.4	111.67	-9.13
74.2	111.72	-8.54
74.9	111.76	-8.27
75.7	111.81	-8.52
76.5	111.86	-8.63
77.2	111.90	-8.22
78.0	111.95	-8.31
78.8	111.99	-7.92
79.5	112.03	-8.14
80.2	112.08	-8.08
80.8	112.12	-8.38
81.4	112.16	-8.31
82.0	112.20	-8.46
82.7	112.24	
83.3	112.28	-7.87
83.9	112.31	-8.53
84.5	112.35	-8.01
85.2	112.38	-8.61
85.8	112.42	-8.06
86.4	112.45	-8.35
87.0	112.48	-8.29
87.7	112.51	-8.52
88.3	112.54	-8.55
88.9	112.57	-8.55
89.5	112.60	-8.54
90.2	112.63	-9.06
90.9	112.65	-8.71
91.5	112.68	-9.03
92.2	112.71	-8.64
92.9	112.73	-8.97
93.5	112.76	-8.62
94.2	112.79	-8.47
94.9	112.81	-8.32
95.5	112.84	-8.16
96.2	112.86	-8.25
96.9	112.89	-7.98
97.5	112.91	-7.93
98.2	112.94	-8.25
98.9	112.96	-8.30
99.5	112.99	-8.57
100.3	113.01	-8.45
101.1	113.04	-8.21
101.9	113.06	-8.68
102.6	113.09	-8.94
103.4	113.11	-8.70
104.2	113.14	-8.94
104.9	113.17	-8.63
105.7	113.19	-8.60
106.5	113.22	-8.67
107.2	113.25	-8.72
108.0	113.28	-8.61
108.8	113.30	-8.74
109.5	113.33	-8.97
110.2	113.36	-9.13
110.9	113.39	-8.88
111.5	113.42	-9.23
112.2	113.45	-8.79
112.9	113.49	-8.62
113.5	113.52	-8.57
114.2	113.55	-8.20
114.9	113.59	-8.49
115.5	113.62	-9.00
116.2	113.66	-8.88
116.9	113.69	-9.00
117.5	113.73	-8.94
118.2	113.77	-9.02
118.9	113.81	-8.05
119.5	113.85	-8.23
120.1	113.89	-9.01
120.6	113.93	-8.67
121.1	113.97	-8.21
121.7	114.01	-8.53
122.2	114.05	-8.38
122.7	114.09	-8.69
123.2	114.14	-8.35
123.8	114.18	-7.92
124.3	114.22	-8.25
124.8	114.27	-8.00
125.3	114.31	-8.00
125.9	114.35	-8.24
126.4	114.40	-8.11
126.9	114.44	-8.19
127.4	114.49	-7.59
128.0	114.53	-7.72
128.5	114.58	-7.66
129.0	114.62	-7.98
129.5	114.67	-7.58
130.3	114.72	-8.06
131.0	114.76	-7.79
131.7	114.81	-7.97
132.4	114.86	-7.81
133.1	114.91	-7.96
133.8	114.95	-6.79
134.5	115.00	-7.19
135.3	115.05	-7.37
136.0	115.10	-7.52
136.7	115.15	-7.76
137.4	115.20	-8.08
138.1	115.25	-7.47
138.8	115.30	-7.74
139.5	115.35	-7.70
140.3	115.40	-7.94
141.0	115.46	-7.92
141.7	115.51	-7.88
142.4	115.56	-7.76
143.1	115.61	-7.84
143.8	115.67	-7.99
144.5	115.72	-8.40
145.3	115.77	-8.36
146.0	115.83	-8.16
146.7	115.88	-7.94
147.4	115.94	-7.66
148.1	115.99	-7.65
148.8	116.05	-8.50
149.5	116.10	-8.54
150.7	116.16	-8.13
151.8	116.21	-7.77
152.9	116.27	-7.50
154.0	116.33	-7.73
155.1	116.38	-7.53
156.2	116.44	-7.54
157.3	116.50	-7.51
158.4	116.56	-7.16
159.5	116.62	-7.90
160.7	116.68	-7.90
161.8	116.73	-7.56
162.9	116.79	-7.48
164.0	116.85	-7.53
165.1	116.91	-7.08
166.2	116.98	-7.21
167.3	117.04	-7.76
168.4	117.10	-7.39
169.5	117.16	-7.22
170.2	117.22	-6.90
170.9	117.28	-7.27
171.5	117.35	-7.27
172.2	117.41	-7.36
172.9	117.47	-7.34
173.5	117.53	-7.36
174.2	117.59	-6.91
174.9	140.91	-7.18
175.5	141.08	-6.32
176.2	141.25	-6.05
176.9	141.43	-6.28
177.5	141.60	-7.08
178.2	141.77	-7.61
178.9	141.95	-7.68
179.5	142.12	-7.43
180.5	142.38	-7.28
181.5	142.64	-7.10
182.5	142.90	-7.58
183.5	143.16	-7.38
184.5	143.42	-7.42
185.5	143.68	-7.37
186.5	143.94	-7.61
187.5	144.20	-7.67
188.5	144.46	-7.67
189.5	144.72	-7.07
190.3	144.90	-7.43
191.0	145.09	-7.52
191.7	145.28	-7.61
192.4	145.46	-7.61
193.1	145.65	-7.61
193.8	145.83	-7.83
194.5	146.02	-7.55
195.3	146.20	-7.92
196.0	146.39	-7.83
196.7	146.47	-7.33
197.4	146.48	-7.53
198.1	146.50	-7.78
198.8	146.51	-7.80
199.5	146.53	-7.83
200.4	146.54	-8.10
201.2	146.56	-7.96
202.0	146.58	-7.77
202.9	146.60	-7.59
203.7	146.61	-7.41
204.5	146.63	-7.59
205.4	146.65	-7.55
206.2	146.67	-7.71
207.0	146.68	-8.21
207.9	146.70	-7.88
208.7	146.72	-8.13
209.5	146.74	-7.49
210.4	146.75	-7.57
211.2	146.77	-7.48
212.0	146.79	-7.28
212.9	146.81	-7.30
213.7	146.82	-7.32
214.5	146.84	-7.33
215.4	146.86	-7.21
216.2	146.88	-7.79
217.0	146.89	-8.01
217.9	146.91	-7.62
218.7	146.93	-7.54
219.5	146.95	-6.98
220.3	146.96	-7.32
221.1	146.98	-7.23
221.9	147.00	-7.34
222.6	147.01	-7.58
223.4	147.03	-8.12
224.2	147.04	-7.73
224.9	147.06	-7.65
225.7	147.08	-7.91
226.5	147.09	-8.09
227.2	147.11	-8.29
228.0	147.13	-8.16
228.8	147.14	-8.00
229.5	147.16	-7.82
230.3	147.17	-7.89
231.1	147.19	-7.70
231.9	147.21	-8.16
232.6	147.22	-8.19
233.4	147.24	-7.85
234.2	147.25	-8.04
234.9	147.27	-7.89
235.7	147.29	-7.63
236.5	147.30	-8.29
237.2	147.32	-7.90
238.0	147.34	-7.83
238.8	147.35	-7.80
239.5	147.37	-7.92
240.3	147.38	-7.55
241.1	147.40	-7.86
241.9	147.42	-8.38
242.6	147.43	-7.06
243.4	147.45	-7.57
244.2	147.46	-7.18
244.9	147.48	-7.45
245.7	147.50	-7.40
246.5	147.51	-7.43
247.2	147.53	-8.03
248.0	147.55	-8.16
248.8	147.56	-7.23
249.5	147.58	-7.45
250.3	147.59	-7.84
251.1	147.61	-7.69
251.9	147.63	-7.72
252.6	147.64	-7.75
253.4	147.66	-7.39
254.2	147.67	-7.24
254.9	147.69	-7.67
255.7	147.71	-7.92
256.5	147.72	-7.97
257.2	147.74	-8.65
258.0	147.76	-8.43
258.8	147.77	-8.72
259.5	147.79	-8.79
260.3	147.80	-8.88
261.1	147.82	-7.82
261.9	147.84	-7.57
262.6	147.85	-7.90
263.4	147.87	-7.70
264.2	147.88	-7.73
264.9	147.90	-7.93
265.7	147.92	-7.84
266.5	147.93	-7.87
267.2	147.95	-7.88
268.0	147.97	-8.09
268.8	147.98	-8.13
269.5	148.00	-8.48
270.5	148.02	-7.99
271.5	148.04	-8.50
272.5	148.06	-8.19
273.5	148.08	-8.06
274.5	148.10	-7.72
275.5	148.12	-8.03
276.5	148.14	-8.20
277.5	148.17	-8.05
278.5	148.19	-8.20
279.5	148.21	-8.06
280.5	148.23	-8.58
281.4	148.25	-8.53
282.3	148.26	-7.92
283.2	148.28	-7.31
284.1	148.30	-7.49
285.0	148.32	-7.35
285.9	148.34	-7.78
286.8	148.36	-7.97
287.7	148.38	-7.55
288.6	148.40	-7.94
289.5	148.42	-7.76
290.5	148.44	-7.67
291.4	148.46	-8.05
292.3	148.47	-7.79
293.2	148.49	-7.34
294.1	148.51	-7.26
295.0	148.53	-7.12
295.9	148.55	-7.48
296.8	148.57	-7.77
297.7	148.59	-8.10
298.6	148.61	-7.98
299.5	148.63	-8.05
300.5	148.65	-8.81
301.4	148.67	-8.57
302.3	148.68	-7.78
303.2	148.70	-7.31
304.1	148.72	-7.25
305.0	148.74	-7.47
305.9	148.76	-7.43
306.8	148.78	-7.56
307.7	148.80	-7.58
308.6	148.82	-7.63
309.5	148.84	-8.33
310.3	148.85	-8.32
311.1	148.87	-8.13
311.9	148.89	-7.72
312.6	148.90	-7.67
313.4	148.92	-7.39
314.2	148.93	-6.98
314.9	148.95	-7.22
315.7	148.97	-7.36
316.5	148.98	-7.21
317.2	149.00	-7.59
318.0	149.02	-7.35
318.8	149.03	-8.09
319.5	149.05	-8.66
320.5	149.07	-8.82
321.5	149.09	-8.55
322.5	149.11	-8.77
323.5	149.13	-8.71
324.5	149.15	-8.67
325.5	149.17	-8.66
326.5	149.19	-8.61
327.5	149.22	-8.42
328.5	149.24	-8.43
329.5	149.26	-8.37
331.0	149.29	-8.55
332.4	149.32	-8.25
333.8	149.35	-8.25
335.3	149.38	-8.12
336.7	149.41	-8.66
338.1	149.44	-8.67
339.5	149.47	-8.90
340.8	149.49	-9.25
342.0	149.52	-9.23
343.3	149.55	-8.98
344.5	149.57	-9.06
345.8	149.60	-8.93
347.0	149.62	-9.20
348.3	149.65	-9.09
349.5	149.68	-8.96
350.7	149.70	-8.82
351.9	149.73	-9.08
353.1	149.75	-9.17
354.3	149.78	-8.85
355.5	149.80	-8.76