Grotta di Ernesto, Italy Speleothem Layer Thickness Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Grotta di Ernesto, Italy Speleothem Layer Thickness Data LAST UPDATE: 8/2006 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Silvia Frisia, Andrea Borsato, Nereo Preto, Frank McDermott IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2006-078 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Frisia, S., et al. 2006. Grotta di Ernesto, Italy Speleothem Layer Thickness Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2006-078. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Frisia, S., A. Borsato, N. Preto, and F. McDermott. 2003. Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 216, Issue 3, pp.231-439, 30 November 2003. ABSTRACT: Annual growth rates and the ratio of dark to light-colored calcite within single annual laminae in three contemporaneously deposited Holocene speleothems from Grotta di Ernesto, an Alpine cave in northern Italy, respond to changes in surface temperature rather than precipitation. Based on monitoring of present-day calcite growth, and correlation with instrumental data for surface climatic conditions, we interpret a higher ratio of dark to light-colored calcite and the simultaneous thinning of annual laminae as indicative of colder-than-present winters. Such dark and thin laminae occur in those parts of the three stalagmites deposited from AD 1650 to 1713 and from AD 1798 to 1840, as reconstructed through lamina counting. These periods correspond to the well-known Maunder and Dalton Minima of solar activity. An 11-yr cyclicity in growth rate, coupled with reduced calcite deposition during the historic minima of solar activity, is indicative of a solar influence on lamina thickness. Spectral analysis of the lamina thickness data also suggests that the North Atlantic Oscillation variability influenced winter temperatures. Based on the present-day controls on cave calcite formation, we infer that high-frequency changes in solar activity modulated the seasonal duration of soil CO2 production. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Italian Alps PERIOD OF RECORD: 1387 - 2000 AD FUNDING SOURCE: Fund for Research Projects, Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. DESCRIPTION: Speleothem layer thickness measured on three actively growing stalagmites (ER76, ER77, ER78) from two passages of Grotta di Ernesto, northeast Italy (45deg. 58'37"N, 11deg. 39'28" E, 1167m surface elevation, ~20m. below the surface). Years are AD, from visual stratigraphy. Thicknesses are in microns, averaged from 3 traverses on each stalagmite. Data for stagamite er76 begins with year 1445, er77 with year 1387, and er78 with year 1901. DATA: Grotta di Ernesto layer thickness data for 3 stalagmites, averaged from 1 to 3 traverses for each stalagmite, in microns. Stalagmite ER76 Stalagmite ER77 Stalagmite ER78 YearAD thickness Year thickness Year thickness 2000 116 1999 103 1998 78 1997 71 1996 82 1995 66 1994 127 1993 137 1992 111.1 1992 148.1 1992 123 1991 120.4 1991 113.9 1991 166 1990 76.7 1990 98.7 1990 124 1989 135.3 1989 113.9 1989 123 1988 70.2 1988 147.1 1988 103 1987 132.0 1987 177.8 1987 126 1986 92.9 1986 168.8 1986 140 1985 78.3 1985 168.9 1985 104 1984 53.9 1984 132.4 1984 272 1983 83.1 1983 130.5 1983 181 1982 62.0 1982 161.6 1982 168 1981 78.2 1981 159.9 1981 166 1980 99.4 1980 167.6 1980 99 1979 96.3 1979 135.5 1979 160 1978 91.4 1978 175.3 1978 174 1977 109.2 1977 167.1 1977 125 1976 141.9 1976 209.8 1976 68 1975 128.7 1975 167.8 1975 80 1974 86.6 1974 140.1 1974 81 1973 78.1 1973 143.0 1973 74 1972 111.0 1972 156.1 1972 81 1971 66.9 1971 101.3 1971 57 1970 112.7 1970 95.8 1970 84 1969 114.0 1969 129.3 1969 38 1968 84.8 1968 110.3 1968 66 1967 91.4 1967 134.7 1967 56 1966 93.0 1966 131.9 1966 52 1965 78.1 1965 125.0 1965 59 1964 53.9 1964 126.4 1964 53 1963 65.3 1963 105.6 1963 82 1962 89.7 1962 119.4 1962 72 1961 120.6 1961 126.4 1961 31 1960 65.3 1960 126.4 1960 61 1959 94.5 1959 106.9 1959 47 1958 89.7 1958 109.7 1958 29 1957 66.9 1957 86.1 1957 59 1956 71.7 1956 106.1 1956 73 1955 75.0 1955 110.4 1955 85 1954 75.0 1954 124.8 1954 85 1953 57.1 1953 108.2 1953 74 1952 60.3 1952 93.2 1952 65 1951 79.8 1951 134.3 1951 71 1950 88.2 1950 195.9 1950 67 1949 79.8 1949 159.6 1949 46 1948 102.8 1948 139.8 1948 43 1947 53.7 1947 128.8 1947 59 1946 66.8 1946 148.5 1946 67 1945 50.5 1945 133.5 1945 58 1944 62.0 1944 120.9 1944 70 1943 93.0 1943 114.6 1943 39 1942 61.9 1942 118.5 1942 46 1941 101.1 1941 118.5 1941 38 1940 63.6 1940 110.6 1940 40 1939 101.1 1939 134.3 1939 47 1938 127.1 1938 133.5 1938 40 1937 154.1 1937 160.4 1937 66 1936 123.0 1936 184.1 1936 56 1935 152.6 1935 138.3 1935 51 1934 59.4 1934 142.2 1934 56 1933 93.2 1933 118.5 1933 54 1932 59.4 1932 106.7 1932 113 1931 83.3 1931 130.4 1931 32 1930 70.7 1930 126.4 1930 19 1929 103.1 1929 163.5 1929 28 1928 94.6 1928 122.5 1928 37 1927 119.9 1927 109.8 1927 62 1926 54.0 1926 86.9 1926 37 1925 49.5 1925 90.1 1925 62 1924 56.4 1924 92.3 1924 85 1923 63.6 1923 124.4 1923 74 1922 65.0 1922 123.9 1922 85 1921 36.8 1921 102.4 1921 58 1920 50.8 1920 89.1 1920 76 1919 28.3 1919 90.7 1919 64 1918 45.1 1918 103.1 1918 48 1917 108.8 1917 96.9 1917 67 1916 124.3 1916 99.6 1916 98 1915 98.9 1915 99.1 1915 70 1914 52.3 1914 67.0 1914 72 1913 100.4 1913 75.8 1913 109 1912 79.2 1912 81.9 1912 63 1911 62.1 1911 79.2 1911 68 1910 83.3 1910 75.8 1910 35 1909 65.0 1909 59.8 1909 84 1908 72.2 1908 62.0 1908 60 1907 93.2 1907 75.4 1907 46 1906 50.8 1906 53.5 1906 52 1905 91.9 1905 55.0 1905 69 1904 77.6 1904 57.5 1904 90 1903 52.4 1903 59.9 1903 75 1902 67.7 1902 60.0 1902 97 1901 98.9 1901 56.5 1901 35 1900 66.4 1900 68.7 1899 98.9 1899 70.1 1898 87.6 1898 70.6 1897 104.5 1897 53.2 1896 63.6 1896 58.2 1895 84.8 1895 45.1 1894 70.6 1894 45.2 1893 96.1 1893 49.2 1892 56.6 1892 60.3 1891 51.0 1891 54.2 1890 53.7 1890 51.2 1889 48.0 1889 36.6 1888 67.9 1888 41.0 1887 73.5 1887 52.5 1886 56.6 1886 59.2 1885 53.7 1885 61.5 1884 65.3 1884 51.8 1883 46.9 1883 40.7 1882 41.8 1882 37.5 1881 62.6 1881 43.2 1880 88.7 1880 31.2 1879 80.9 1879 41.8 1878 53.0 1878 47.3 1877 52.0 1877 40.2 1876 49.0 1876 34.1 1875 26.0 1875 42.1 1874 33.0 1874 29.4 1873 17.0 1873 31.8 1872 21.0 1872 30.3 1871 19.0 1871 25.1 1870 18.0 1870 36.6 1869 17.0 1869 27.1 1868 15.0 1868 30.6 1867 25.0 1867 29.3 1866 15.0 1866 25.3 1865 27.4 1865 22.1 1864 22.6 1864 24.6 1863 28.0 1863 31.1 1862 22.0 1862 20.3 1861 23.5 1861 19.4 1860 26.5 1860 14.0 no laminae 1859 17.4 no laminae 1858 19.4 no laminae 1857 16.0 no laminae 1856 19.4 no laminae 1855 18.1 no laminae 1854 20.2 no laminae 1853 17.6 no laminae 1852 24.4 no laminae 1851 21.3 no laminae 1850 21.1 no laminae 1849 21.4 no laminae 1848 14.0 no laminae 1847 26.3 no laminae 1846 25.4 no laminae 1845 29.6 no laminae 1844 34.7 no laminae 1843 30.9 no laminae 1842 26.0 no laminae 1841 28.1 1840 10.8 1840 11.5 1839 12.9 1839 10.0 1838 19.6 1838 9.0 1837 12.4 1837 9.4 1836 14.1 1836 8.6 1835 10.8 1835 11.2 1834 13.4 1834 10.8 1833 15.2 1833 10.8 1832 18.2 1832 13.7 1831 9.2 1831 12.7 1830 11.1 1830 23.5 1829 24.2 1829 20.9 1828 18.7 1828 14.7 1827 16.8 1827 14.7 1826 34.6 1826 16.2 1825 39.1 1825 15.7 1824 30.5 1824 12.1 1823 29.6 1823 11.9 1822 37.3 1822 11.5 1821 32.7 1821 11.2 1820 31.8 1820 13.9 1819 27.1 1819 9.4 1818 29.1 1818 11.9 1817 34.2 1817 15.8 1816 34.8 1816 15.5 1815 43.6 1815 12.5 1814 32.2 1814 9.8 1813 35.1 1813 11.3 1812 39.7 1812 11.9 1811 33.8 1811 9.0 1810 32.4 1810 13.1 1809 29.0 1809 27.6 1808 29.2 1808 27.2 1807 30.9 1807 23.1 1806 32.3 1806 18.0 1805 49.7 1805 14.7 1804 54.5 1804 18.4 1803 51.8 1803 22.1 1802 64.8 1802 19.2 1801 55.9 1801 18.6 1800 27.3 1800 18.4 1799 41.0 1799 14.9 1798 29.6 1798 15.7 1797 45.6 1797 21.5 1796 43.3 1796 24.7 1795 59.2 1795 30.5 1794 70.6 1794 25.4 1793 64.7 1793 32.1 1792 74.9 1792 33.3 1791 77.4 1791 30.3 1790 63.4 1790 49.3 1789 69.8 1789 45.4 1788 69.8 1788 25.5 1787 73.6 1787 38.2 1786 59.6 1786 36.2 1785 44.4 1785 41.7 1784 53.3 1784 28.3 1783 45.7 1783 27.6 1782 72.3 1782 31.6 1781 79.9 1781 26.3 1780 101.5 1780 19.5 1779 110.4 1779 27.3 1778 107.9 1778 26.3 1777 76.1 1777 18.7 1776 76.1 1776 22.0 1775 95.2 1775 19.2 1774 74.9 1774 24.5 1773 73.6 1773 20.7 1772 79.9 1772 27.8 1771 88.8 1771 19.0 1770 92.6 1770 15.2 1769 69.8 1769 19.7 1768 59.6 1768 19.7 1767 57.1 1767 15.5 1766 69.8 1766 16.9 1765 65.9 1765 16.0 1764 48.5 1764 26.4 1763 39.0 1763 20.1 1762 50.4 1762 17.6 1761 70.6 1761 16.9 1760 76.0 1760 21.1 1759 95.8 1759 17.4 1758 86.7 1758 22.0 1757 81.4 1757 18.5 1756 67.7 1756 20.4 1755 62.1 1755 18.5 1754 82.5 1754 15.5 1753 103.1 1753 15.0 1752 89.4 1752 15.5 1751 89.4 1751 14.4 1750 97.6 1750 11.1 1749 77.0 1749 15.7 1748 55.0 1748 24.5 1747 49.5 1747 22.7 1746 64.6 1746 20.6 1745 67.9 1745 36.3 1744 59.4 1744 11.8 1743 81.5 1743 9.7 1742 67.9 1742 10.0 1741 79.8 1741 13.0 1740 67.9 1740 16.0 1739 62.8 1739 16.4 1738 67.9 1738 19.7 1737 44.1 1737 16.7 1736 45.8 1736 26.4 1735 50.9 1735 35.4 1734 59.4 1734 24.8 1733 76.4 1733 22.5 1732 84.9 1732 31.3 1731 101.9 1731 13.9 1730 94.2 1730 13.9 1729 52.5 1729 13.2 1728 41.3 1728 13.4 1727 28.1 1727 23.1 1726 43.1 1726 22.2 1725 60.0 1725 21.5 1724 56.3 1724 22.5 1723 54.4 1723 18.5 1722 39.4 1722 17.1 1721 35.6 1721 12.5 1720 41.3 1720 14.1 1719 35.6 1719 23.4 1718 35.6 1718 17.1 1717 50.6 1717 15.3 1716 26.3 1716 13.7 1715 35.6 1715 23.1 1714 37.5 1714 16.2 1713 20.6 1713 17.4 1712 22.5 no laminae 1711 28.1 no laminae 1710 24.4 no laminae 1709 24.4 no laminae 1708 31.9 no laminae 1707 28.1 no laminae 1706 28.1 no laminae 1705 30.0 no laminae 1704 41.3 no laminae 1703 35.6 no laminae 1702 41.3 no laminae 1701 37.5 no laminae 1700 39.4 no laminae 1699 20.6 no laminae 1698 35.6 no laminae 1697 18.8 no laminae 1696 16.9 no laminae 1695 20.6 no laminae 1694 16.9 no laminae 1693 18.8 no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae no laminae 1649 16.9 no laminae 1648 15.0 no laminae 1647 16.9 no laminae 1646 11.3 no laminae 1645 20.6 no laminae 1644 24.4 no laminae 1643 24.4 no laminae 1642 22.5 no laminae 1641 30.0 no laminae 1640 30.0 no laminae 1639 33.8 no laminae 1638 46.9 no laminae 1637 41.3 no laminae 1636 39.4 no laminae 1635 37.5 no laminae 1634 26.3 no laminae 1633 24.4 no laminae 1632 28.1 no laminae 1631 22.5 no laminae 1630 64.8 no laminae 1629 48.6 no laminae 1628 58.3 1628 17.4 1627 47.0 1627 24.3 1626 56.7 1626 19.2 1625 56.7 1625 20.1 1624 40.5 1624 14.8 1623 40.5 1623 17.6 1622 32.4 1622 20.8 1621 56.7 1621 17.4 1620 72.9 1620 16.2 1619 40.5 1619 15.7 1618 50.2 1618 21.3 1617 50.2 1617 18.5 1616 94.0 1616 19.7 1615 64.8 1615 22.5 1614 72.9 1614 26.2 1613 84.3 1613 11.9 1612 61.6 1612 20.3 1611 56.7 1611 30.1 1610 64.8 1610 27.7 1609 56.7 1609 22.9 1608 40.5 1608 15.8 1607 45.4 1607 12.3 1606 64.8 1606 15.8 1605 45.4 1605 15.8 1604 55.1 1604 17.1 1603 48.6 1603 13.6 1602 35.7 1602 16.7 1601 42.1 1601 16.2 1600 30.8 1600 17.1 1599 34.0 1599 14.7 1598 42.1 1598 16.9 1597 45.4 1597 21.2 1596 61.6 1596 15.8 1595 48.6 1595 11.7 1594 64.8 1594 13.4 1593 56.7 1593 15.4 1592 64.8 1592 15.6 1591 53.5 1591 19.2 1590 30.8 1590 14.1 1589 37.3 1589 14.7 1588 22.7 1588 14.9 1587 21.1 1587 13.0 1586 24.3 1586 13.4 1585 29.2 1585 17.3 1584 30.8 1584 16.7 1583 34.0 1583 15.8 1582 29.2 1582 17.9 1581 27.6 1581 12.3 1580 40.5 1580 11.5 1579 32.4 1579 12.3 1578 35.7 1578 15.1 1577 29.2 1577 13.0 1576 19.4 1576 14.1 1575 25.9 1575 17.9 1574 19.4 1574 18.8 1573 14.6 1573 15.1 1572 66.5 1572 16.7 1571 56.7 1571 9.3 1570 61.6 1570 14.5 1569 58.3 1569 14.3 1568 42.1 1568 13.0 1567 30.8 1567 14.3 1566 50.2 1566 12.3 1565 37.3 1565 8.9 1564 42.1 1564 7.8 1563 47.0 1563 10.2 1562 43.8 1562 16.7 1561 24.3 1561 18.6 1560 17.8 1560 19.5 1559 19.4 1559 18.8 1558 22.7 1558 9.9 1557 13.0 1557 10.6 1556 16.2 1556 12.3 1555 21.1 1555 7.6 1554 24.3 1554 9.9 1553 19.4 1553 12.5 1552 22.7 1552 11.7 1551 17.8 1551 9.7 1550 24.3 1550 8.2 1549 25.9 1549 9.1 1548 22.7 1548 9.1 1547 16.2 1547 8.4 1546 16.2 1546 11.5 1545 13.0 1545 11.7 1544 11.3 1544 15.2 1543 13.0 1543 13.2 1542 13.0 1542 11.1 1541 16.2 1541 12.6 1540 19.4 1540 9.3 1539 17.8 1539 12.4 1538 13.0 1538 10.4 1537 22.7 1537 13.9 1536 21.1 1536 10.4 1535 17.8 1535 17.1 1534 16.2 1534 13.0 1533 16.2 1533 11.9 1532 16.2 1532 10.6 1531 14.6 1531 10.6 1530 9.7 1530 10.4 1529 14.6 1529 14.1 1528 13.0 1528 10.6 1527 13.0 1527 8.5 1526 16.2 1526 7.4 1525 14.6 1525 10.2 1524 9.7 1524 7.8 1523 16.2 1523 10.0 1522 17.8 1522 10.0 1521 19.4 1521 6.1 1520 21.0 1520 8.2 1519 19.6 1519 11.7 1518 15.4 1518 9.3 1517 19.6 1517 10.0 1516 18.2 1516 9.3 1515 21.0 1515 10.2 1514 22.4 1514 10.6 1513 19.6 1513 10.4 1512 16.8 1512 10.2 1511 22.4 1511 10.4 1510 25.2 1510 10.8 1509 23.8 1509 9.1 1508 19.6 1508 11.9 1507 29.4 1507 10.4 1506 25.2 1506 8.0 1505 23.8 1505 7.2 1504 32.2 1504 13.7 1503 23.8 1503 9.8 1502 21.0 1502 7.6 1501 23.8 1501 5.9 1500 23.8 1500 11.5 1499 16.8 1499 9.8 1498 22.4 1498 11.7 1497 32.2 1497 10.6 1496 21.0 1496 8.9 1495 28.0 1495 10.0 1494 26.6 1494 7.8 1493 15.4 1493 10.0 1492 15.4 1492 12.4 1491 12.6 1491 13.0 1490 16.8 1490 10.4 1489 42.8 1489 11.3 1488 52.3 1488 13.0 1487 42.8 1487 9.8 1486 45.1 1486 11.9 1485 61.8 1485 11.9 1484 59.4 1484 12.6 1483 42.8 1483 9.8 1482 47.5 1482 13.7 1481 47.5 1481 18.2 1480 40.4 1480 14.3 1479 35.6 1479 14.5 1478 59.4 1478 17.8 1477 35.6 1477 11.5 1476 47.5 1476 11.3 1475 35.6 1475 13.4 1474 49.9 1474 16.9 1473 54.6 1473 14.7 1472 49.9 1472 16.5 1471 59.4 1471 15.6 1470 40.4 1470 10.6 1469 42.8 1469 9.5 1468 30.9 1468 11.1 1467 38.0 1467 14.3 1466 33.3 1466 16.0 1465 61.0 1465 17.8 1464 64.9 1464 15.8 1463 55.2 1463 16.9 1462 90.1 1462 13.7 1461 68.8 1461 20.2 1460 71.7 1460 16.0 1459 68.8 1459 24.7 1458 67.8 1458 20.2 1457 79.4 1457 24.1 1456 56.2 1456 17.1 1455 60.1 1455 19.1 1454 48.4 1454 15.0 1453 52.3 1453 13.7 1452 56.2 1452 23.8 1451 48.4 1451 26.4 1450 42.6 1450 10.8 1449 42.6 1449 18.0 1448 54.3 1448 21.5 1447 48.4 1447 13.2 1446 48.4 1446 19.1 1445 46.5 1445 9.3 1444 12.1 1443 16.9 1442 14.1 1441 17.3 1440 19.5 1439 30.6 1438 18.0 1437 18.9 1436 27.7 1435 22.8 1434 25.8 1433 18.0 1432 12.4 1431 13.9 1430 19.1 1429 45.9 1428 30.1 1427 28.6 1426 30.3 1425 25.1 1424 22.5 1423 27.1 1422 24.9 1421 19.1 1420 21.7 1419 23.8 1418 15.2 1417 18.4 1416 16.9 1415 15.0 1414 18.2 1413 36.6 1412 22.5 1411 20.8 1410 17.6 1409 18.2 1408 16.3 1407 19.5 1406 18.9 1405 21.2 1404 16.3 1403 22.3 1402 16.7 1401 17.3 1400 18.4 1399 19.1 1398 27.1 1397 11.9 1396 18.9 1395 21.7 1394 15.2 1393 15.8 1392 22.1 1391 11.7 1390 13.2 1389 15.2 1388 15.2 1387 10.6