# Upper Grindelwald Glacier Holocene Fluctuation Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:13868 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/switzerland/milchbach2011grindelwald-elev.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-02-22 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Upper Grindelwald Glacier Holocene Fluctuation Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Luetscher, M.; Hoffmann, D.L.; Frisia, S.; Spötl, C. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # # Petrographic and stable isotope changes in Milchbach cave speleothems are tied to abrupt changes # in the cave environment associated with Grindelwald glacier fluctuations. Phases of major glacier # retreats occurred repeatedly before 5.8 ka but short term glacier advances are identified at # 8.2 ka and 9.2 ka. The reconstructed history of glacier oscillations is constrained by 37 # independent U/Th dates. # # The fluctuations of the Upper Grindelwald Glacier are inferred from the estimated altitude # of the ice surface at the cave entrance. The error is constrained by the altitude of the # different cave entrances, but some uncertainty remains as to the lowest elevation. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: M. Luetscher, D.L. Hoffmann, S. Frisia, C. Spötl # Published_Date_or_YEAR: 2011-02-01 # Published_Title: Holocene glacier history from alpine speleothems, Milchbach cave, Switzerland # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 302 # Issue: 1-2 # Pages: 95-106 # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.042 # Abstract: Mountain glaciers and their sediments are prominent witnesses of climate change, responding sensitively to even small modifications in meteorological parameters. Even in such a classical and thoroughly studied area as the European Alps the record of Holocene glacier mass-balance is only incompletely known. Here we explore a novel and continuous archive of glacier fluctuations in a cave system adjacent to the Upper Grindelwald Glacier in the Swiss Alps. Milchbach cave became partly ice-free only recently and hosts Holocene speleothems. Four coeval stalagmites show consistent petrographic and stable isotopic changes between 9.2 and 2.0 ka which can be tied to abrupt modifications in the cave environment as a result of the closing and opening of multiple cave entrances by the waxing and waning of the nearby glacier. During periods of Holocene glacier advances, columnar calcite fabric is characterized by d18O values of about -8.0‰ indicative of speleothem growth under quasi-equilibrium conditions, i.e. little affected by kinetic effect related to forced degassing or biological processes. In contrast, fabrics formed during periods of glacier minima are typical of bacterially mediated calcite precipitation within caves overlain by an alpine soil cover. Moreover, d18O values of the bacterially mediated calcite fabrics are consistent with a ventilated cave system fostering kinetic fractionation. These data suggest that glacier retreats occurred repeatedly before 5.8 ka, and that the amplitudes of glacier retreats became substantially smaller afterwards. Our reconstruction of the Upper Grindelwald Glacier fluctuations agrees well with paleoglaciological studies from other sites in the Alps and provides a higher temporal resolution compared to traditional analyses of peat and wood remains found in glacier forefields. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) # Grant: PBZH2-112727 #--------------------- # Funding_Agency_Name: Austrian Science Fund (FWF) # Grant: 20618 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Milchbach Cave # Location: Europe>Western Europe>Switzerland # Country: Switzerland # Northernmost_Latitude: 46.6167 # Southernmost_Latitude: 46.6167 # Easternmost_Longitude: 8.083 # Westernmost_Longitude: 8.083 # Elevation: 1840 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: MilchbachMB2 # First_Year: 9314 # Last_Year: 2000 # Time_Unit: Cal Year BP2000 # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology # # # Speleothem Lab ID Distance from base Distance from top 238U 232Th (230Th/232Th) (230Th/238U) (234U/238U) Age (uncorrected) Age (corrected) *(234U/238U)A0 # [mm] [mm] [ng g-1] [ng g-1] measured activity ratios [ka] [ka b2k] initial activity ratio # # # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 6 124 ± 1 2 ± 0.5 876.2 ± 4.3 0.1491 ± 0.0017 534.661 ± 3.720 0.030 ± 0 0.984 ± 0.002 3.355 ± 0.022 3.343 ± 0.022 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 5 92 ± 1 34 ± 0.5 798.8 ± 4.9 0.1126 ± 0.0020 804.683 ± 10.509 0.037 ± 0 0.988 ± 0.002 4.181 ± 0.032 4.170 ± 0.032 0.988 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-A 317 87 ± 1 39 ± 0.5 920.7 ± 5.0 0.0496 ± 0.0010 2144.483 ± 47.476 0.038 ± 0 0.989 ± 0.002 4.260 ± 0.030 4.252 ± 0.030 0.989 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 4 64 ± 1 62 ± 0.5 311.4 ± 1.7 0.0207 ± 0.0012 1955.714 ± 107.053 0.043 ± 0 0.976 ± 0.002 4.862 ± 0.047 4.853 ± 0.047 0.976 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-L184 60 ± 1 66 ± 0.5 714.0 ± 4.9 0.0235 ± 0.0026 4211.379 ± 461.181 0.045 ± 0 0.973 ± 0.002 5.207 ± 0.062 5.199 ± 0.062 0.973 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 3 47 ± 1 80 ± 0.5 604.2 ± 3.2 0.0501 ± 0.0009 1726.872 ± 22.264 0.047 ± 0 0.984 ± 0.002 5.328 ± 0.035 5.319 ± 0.035 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 2 43 ± 1 84 ± 0.5 594.0 ± 3.5 0.0710 ± 0.0015 1216.387 ± 19.195 0.048 ± 0 0.980 ± 0.002 5.432 ± 0.039 5.422 ± 0.039 0.980 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-A 283 27 ± 1 99 ± 0.5 523.1 ± 3.5 n.d. n.d. 0.051 ± 0 0.980 ± 0.002 5.784 ± 0.042 5.777 ± 0.042 0.980 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 1 10 ± 1 116 ± 0.5 381.5 ± 2.2 0.0624 ± 0.0027 1071.708 ± 38.063 0.057 ± 0 0.986 ± 0.003 6.544 ± 0.074 6.533 ± 0.074 0.985 ± 0.003 # # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 398 220 ± 1 10 ± 1 1936.2 ± 82.0 2.6094 ± 0.1102 45.764 ± 0.361 0.020 ± 0 0.991 ± 0.002 2.247 ± 0.016 2.201 ± 0.025 0.991 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 428 210 ± 1 20 ± 1 1548.1 ± 7.7 2.4049 ± 0.0173 42.793 ± 0.267 0.022 ± 0 0.989 ± 0.002 2.427 ± 0.016 2.374 ± 0.028 0.989 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 427 182 ± 1 48 ± 1 1298.7 ± 6.5 4.6140 ± 0.0237 23.827 ± 0.114 0.028 ± 0 0.985 ± 0.002 3.116 ± 0.018 3.005 ± 0.055 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 426 148 ± 1 82 ± 1 1230.5 ± 6.0 1.5135 ± 0.0106 81.811 ± 0.421 0.033 ± 0 0.981 ± 0.002 3.728 ± 0.021 3.684 ± 0.028 0.981 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 425 122 ± 1 108 ± 1 1202.7 ± 5.4 1.8722 ± 0.0135 74.017 ± 0.402 0.038 ± 0 0.983 ± 0.002 4.273 ± 0.022 4.219 ± 0.032 0.982 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-69 107 ± 1 123 ± 1 977.2 ± 4.9 2.9181 ± 0.0277 47.582 ± 0.377 0.046 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.002 5.312 ± 0.033 0.979 5.214 ± 0.054 0.979 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-70 92 ± 1 138 ± 1 636.5 ± 3.2 0.1981 ± 0.0028 478.760 ± 5.830 0.049 ± 0 0.977 ± 0.002 5.590 ± 0.045 0.977 5.571 ± 0.045 0.977 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 397 81 ± 1 149 ± 1 634.2 ± 26.8 0.0581 ± 0.0031 1682.223 ± 23.208 0.050 ± 0 0.978 ± 0.002 5.788 ± 0.044 5.779 ± 0.044 0.977 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-72 70 ± 1 160 ± 1 371.9 ± 1.5 0.6492 ± 0.0053 95.460 ± 0.802 0.055 ± 0 0.974 ± 0.002 6.290 ± 0.053 0.974 6.229 ± 0.059 0.974 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 424 47 ± 1 183 ± 5 973.9 ± 4.5 0.3022 ± 0.0022 562.950 ± 2.539 0.057 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.002 6.570 ± 0.030 6.553 ± 0.030 0.979 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-73 32 ± 1 198 ± 1 915.7 ± 7.1 0.6879 ± 0.0078 253.075 ± 2.028 0.062 ± 0 0.977 ± 0.002 7.190 ± 0.049 0.976 7.158 ± 0.051 0.976 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-74 10 ± 1 220 ± 1 1046.1 ± 7.0 1.9980 ± 0.0172 113.561 ± 0.870 0.071 ± 0 0.976 ± 0.002 8.247 ± 0.050 0.975 8.181 ± 0.057 0.975 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 396 7 ± 1 223 ± 1 835.1 ± 36.2 2.4892 ± 0.1211 73.716 ± 0.606 0.072 ± 0 0.973 ± 0.002 8.386 ± 0.065 8.291 ± 0.079 0.972 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-75 1 ± 1 230 ± 1 826.2 ± 28.5 1.6863 ± 0.0674 119.212 ± 2.144 0.080 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.003 9.262 ± 0.157 0.979 9.192 ± 0.159 0.979 ± 0.003 # # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 538 129 ± 1 1 ± 1 750.1 ± 3.0 6.1885 ± 0.0238 8.634 ± 0.064 0.003 ± 0 1.022 ± 0.002 2.520 ± 0.022 2.280 ± 0.118 1.022 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 501 126 ± 1 4 ± 1 744.7 ± 3.4 0.4529 ± 0.0038 182.356 ± 1.210 0.036 ± 0 0.985 ± 0.002 4.098 ± 0.028 4.073 ± 0.030 0.985 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 502 112 ± 1 18 ± 1 753.9 ± 3.5 1.5752 ± 0.0130 59.196 ± 0.484 0.040 ± 0 0.993 ± 0.002 4.542 ± 0.031 4.474 ± 0.043 0.993 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 503 94 ± 1 36 ± 1 625.7 ± 4.0 0.8980 ± 0.0088 87.800 ± 0.748 0.041 ± 0 0.996 ± 0.002 4.618 ± 0.036 4.569 ± 0.042 0.996 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 504 76 ± 1 54 ± 1 524.9 ± 2.6 2.0643 ± 0.0162 35.084 ± 0.282 0.045 ± 0 0.997 ± 0.002 5.059 ± 0.038 4.939 ± 0.068 0.997 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 505 63 ± 1 67 ± 1 291.8 ± 1.3 0.3285 ± 0.0025 138.405 ± 1.063 0.051 ± 0 0.988 ± 0.002 5.784 ± 0.042 5.744 ± 0.045 0.988 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 506 47 ± 1 83 ± 1 498.1 ± 3.3 0.8668 ± 0.0080 97.324 ± 0.761 0.055 ± 0 0.996 ± 0.002 6.249 ± 0.047 6.192 ± 0.053 0.996 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 507 38 ± 1 92 ± 1 255.4 ± 20.5 0.5024 ± 0.0396 88.863 ± 0.830 0.057 ± 0 1.000 ± 0.002 6.435 ± 0.053 6.370 ± 0.060 1.000 ± 0.002 # MB5 UTO-76 20 ± 1 110 ± 1 674.6 ± 4.5 0.5926 ± 0.0068 212.091 ± 2.077 0.061 ± 0 1.004 ± 0.002 6.838 ± 0.065 1.004 6.803 ± 0.066 1.004 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 539 4 ± 1 126 ± 1 1209.6 ± 8.6 13.2938 ± 0.1014 18.734 ± 0.104 0.004 ± 0 0.998 ± 0.002 7.630 ± 0.051 7.305 ± 0.166 0.998 ± 0.002 # # MB6 UTO-64 24 ± 1 2 ± 1 375.2 ± 5.4 2.6301 ± 0.0430 25.203 ± 0.406 0.058 ± 0 1.007 ± 0.003 6.458 ± 0.111 1.007 6.249 ± 0.149 1.007 ± 0.003 # MB6 UTO-65 17 ± 2 9 ± 1 230.0 ± 1.4 0.2843 ± 0.0032 133.176 ± 1.796 0.054 ± 0 1.075 ± 0.002 5.609 ± 0.072 1.077 5.567 ± 0.074 1.077 ± 0.002 # MB6 UTO-66 13 ± 3 13 ± 1 894.2 ± 7.5 0.5246 ± 0.0071 283.286 ± 3.218 0.054 ± 0 1.007 ± 0.002 6.059 ± 0.055 1.008 6.032 ± 0.055 1.008 ± 0.002 # MB6 UTO-67 8 ± 4 18 ± 1 252.6 ± 1.4 0.1295 ± 0.0027 336.787 ± 5.875 0.056 ± 0 1.035 ± 0.002 6.127 ± 0.073 1.035 6.103 ± 0.074 1.035 ± 0.002 # # #------------------ # Variables # # End Description/Documentation (lines begin with #) # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: material, error, units, anomaly, period, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # Data line format: tab-delimited text, variable short name as header ## depth_mm Depth (mm), , , mm, , , , ,N ## d13CcarbVPDB delta 13C calcium carbonate (per mil VPDB), , , per mil VPDB, , , , , N ## d18OcarbVPDB delta 18O calcium carbonate (per mil VPDB), , , per mil VPDB, , , , , N ## notes notes SI # from top, , , , , , , , C #---------------------- # Data # Missing Value: depth_mm d13CcarbVPDB d18OcarbVPDB notes 0.2 -2.39 -8.11 mb2 - 1 0.4 -2.23 -8.37 mb2 - 2 0.6 -1.93 -7.81 mb2 - 3 0.8 -1.14 -8.18 mb2 - 4 1.0 -1.43 -8.04 mb2 - 5 1.2 -1.68 -7.88 mb2 - 6 1.4 -0.77 -7.83 mb2 - 7 1.6 -0.89 -7.60 mb2 - 8 1.8 -1.16 -7.59 mb2 - 9 2.0 -1.07 -7.72 mb2 - 10 2.2 -1.02 -7.75 mb2 - 11 2.4 -0.65 -7.77 mb2 - 12 2.6 -0.39 -7.78 mb2 - 13 2.8 -0.62 -7.99 mb2 - 14 3.0 -0.77 -7.84 mb2 - 15 3.2 -1.02 -7.84 mb2 - 16 3.4 -0.85 -7.87 mb2 - 17 3.6 -0.86 -7.81 mb2 - 18 3.8 -0.89 -7.79 mb2 - 19 4.0 -0.93 -7.78 mb2 - 20 4.2 -0.83 -7.94 mb2 - 21 4.4 -0.75 -7.88 mb2 - 22 4.6 -1.12 -7.88 mb2 - 23 4.8 -1.16 -7.81 mb2 - 24 5.0 -0.96 -8.01 mb2 - 25 5.2 -1.36 -7.70 mb2 - 26 5.4 -1.76 -7.70 mb2 - 27 5.6 -1.50 -7.54 mb2 - 28 5.8 -1.22 -7.73 mb2 - 29 6.0 -1.29 -7.66 mb2 - 30 6.2 -1.51 -7.75 mb2 - 31 6.4 -1.62 -7.66 mb2 - 32 6.6 -1.30 -7.79 mb2 - 33 6.8 -1.41 -7.86 mb2 - 34 7.0 -0.93 -7.95 mb2 - 35 7.2 -1.11 -7.81 mb2 - 36 7.4 -1.17 -7.99 mb2 - 37 7.6 -1.20 -7.77 mb2 - 38 7.8 -1.13 -7.79 mb2 - 39 8.0 -1.22 -7.80 mb2 - 40 8.2 -1.39 -7.84 mb2 - 41 8.4 -1.29 -7.91 mb2 - 42 8.6 -1.16 -7.66 mb2 - 43 8.8 -1.29 -7.93 mb2 - 44 9.0 -1.05 -7.92 mb2 - 45 9.2 -1.09 -8.07 mb2 - 46 9.4 -0.99 -7.75 mb2 - 47 9.6 -0.93 -7.67 mb2 - 48 9.8 -1.18 -7.39 mb2 - 49 10.0 -1.11 -7.50 mb2 - 50 10.2 -1.62 -7.81 mb2 - 51 10.4 -1.78 -7.86 mb2 - 52 10.6 -1.70 -7.89 mb2 - 53 10.8 -1.51 -8.07 mb2 - 54 11.0 -1.65 -8.04 mb2 - 55 11.2 -2.24 -8.02 mb2 - 56 11.4 -2.16 -8.15 mb2 - 57 11.6 -1.90 -8.03 mb2 - 58 11.8 -2.02 -8.08 mb2 - 59 12.0 -2.07 -8.03 mb2 - 60 12.2 -2.28 -8.15 mb2 - 61 12.4 -2.21 -8.07 mb2 - 62 12.6 -2.11 -8.06 mb2 - 63 12.8 -1.82 -7.99 mb2 - 64 13.0 -1.76 -7.93 mb2 - 65 13.2 -1.59 -7.90 mb2 - 66 13.4 -1.52 -7.81 mb2 - 67 13.6 -1.46 -7.99 mb2 - 68 13.8 -1.35 -7.78 mb2 - 69 14.0 -0.94 -7.71 mb2 - 70 14.2 -0.96 -7.90 mb2 - 71 14.4 -0.70 -7.94 mb2 - 72 14.6 -0.81 -7.77 mb2 - 73 14.8 -0.86 -7.71 mb2 - 74 15.0 -1.13 -7.96 mb2 - 75 15.2 -1.31 -8.11 mb2 - 76 15.4 -1.57 -7.96 mb2 - 77 15.6 -1.66 -8.08 mb2 - 78 15.8 -1.81 -8.22 mb2 - 79 16.0 -1.86 -8.22 mb2 - 80 16.2 -1.94 -8.36 mb2 - 81 16.4 -1.81 -8.23 mb2 - 82 16.6 -1.77 -8.49 mb2 - 83 16.8 -1.77 -8.36 mb2 - 84 17.0 -2.11 -8.47 mb2 - 85 17.2 -2.19 -8.48 mb2 - 86 17.4 -2.18 -8.48 mb2 - 87 17.6 -2.28 -8.43 mb2 - 88 17.8 -2.57 -8.44 mb2 - 89 18.0 -2.48 -8.39 mb2 - 90 18.2 -2.45 -8.60 mb2 - 91 18.4 -1.88 -8.26 mb2 - 92 18.6 -1.85 -8.27 mb2 - 93 18.8 -1.81 -8.09 mb2 - 94 19.0 -1.56 -7.91 mb2 - 95 19.2 -1.47 -7.79 mb2 - 96 19.4 -1.38 -7.63 mb2 - 97 19.6 -1.28 -7.54 mb2 - 98 19.8 -1.11 -7.49 mb2 - 99 20.0 -1.24 -7.47 mb2 - 100 20.2 -1.58 -7.75 mb2 - 101 20.4 -1.37 -7.64 mb2 - 102 20.6 -0.89 -7.67 mb2 - 103 20.8 -1.04 -7.71 mb2 - 104 21.0 -1.06 -7.63 mb2 - 105 21.2 -1.08 -7.67 mb2 - 106 21.4 -1.08 -7.62 mb2 - 107 21.6 -1.27 -7.65 mb2 - 108 21.8 -1.45 -7.74 mb2 - 109 22.0 -1.45 -7.89 mb2 - 110 22.2 -1.59 -8.06 mb2 - 111 22.4 -1.62 -7.96 mb2 - 112 22.6 -1.66 -7.82 mb2 - 113 22.8 -1.76 -7.77 mb2 - 114 23.0 -1.47 -7.64 mb2 - 115 23.2 -1.39 -7.52 mb2 - 116 23.4 -1.50 -7.76 mb2 - 117 23.6 -1.51 -7.77 mb2 - 118 HT 23.8 -1.47 -8.03 mb2 - 119 24.0 -1.25 -7.97 mb2 - 120 24.2 -1.48 -7.89 mb2 - 121 24.4 -1.60 -7.69 mb2 - 122 24.6 -1.50 -7.78 mb2 - 123 24.8 -1.39 -7.67 mb2 - 124 25.0 -1.24 -7.59 mb2 - 125 25.2 -1.15 -7.52 mb2 - 126 25.4 -1.24 -7.72 mb2 - 127 25.6 -1.38 -7.72 mb2 - 128 25.8 -1.56 -7.48 mb2 - 129 26.0 -1.84 -7.64 mb2 - 130 26.2 -2.33 -7.82 mb2 - 131 26.4 -2.23 -7.69 mb2 - 132 26.6 -2.36 -7.83 mb2 - 133 26.8 -2.34 -7.68 mb2 - 134 27.0 -2.47 -7.74 mb2 - 135 27.2 -2.25 -7.73 mb2 - 136 27.4 -2.46 -7.96 mb2 - 137 27.6 -2.69 -8.03 mb2 - 138 27.8 -2.44 -7.90 mb2 - 139 28.0 -2.45 -7.77 mb2 - 140 28.2 -2.26 -7.64 mb2 - 141 28.4 -2.28 -7.67 mb2 - 142 28.6 -2.66 -7.85 mb2 - 143 28.8 -2.54 -7.73 mb2 - 144 29.0 -2.45 -7.85 mb2 - 145 29.2 -2.27 -7.81 mb2 - 146 29.4 -2.29 -7.87 mb2 - 147 29.6 -2.31 -7.88 mb2 - 148 29.8 -2.17 -7.96 mb2 - 149 30.0 -2.29 -8.19 mb2 - 150 30.2 -2.22 -8.07 mb2 - 151 30.4 -1.98 -8.00 mb2 - 152 30.6 -1.98 -8.01 mb2 - 153 30.8 -1.96 -8.11 mb2 - 154 31.0 -2.11 -7.92 mb2 - 155 31.2 -2.51 -8.07 mb2 - 156 31.4 -2.40 -8.06 mb2 - 157 31.6 -2.53 -7.94 mb2 - 158 31.8 -2.43 -7.97 mb2 - 159 32.0 -2.89 -8.03 mb2 - 160 32.2 -3.06 -8.09 mb2 - 161 32.4 -2.82 -7.84 mb2 - 162 32.6 -2.47 -7.65 mb2 - 163 32.8 -2.41 -7.44 mb2 - 164 33.0 -2.41 -7.52 mb2 - 165 33.2 -2.23 -7.48 mb2 - 166 33.4 -1.98 -7.56 mb2 - 167 33.6 -2.19 -7.75 mb2 - 168 33.8 mb2 - 169 34.0 -2.72 -8.13 mb2 - 170 34.2 -3.04 -8.28 mb2 - 171 34.4 -3.16 -8.38 mb2 - 172 34.6 -3.30 -8.34 mb2 - 173 34.8 -2.94 -7.99 mb2 - 174 35.0 -2.67 -7.72 mb2 - 175 35.2 -2.14 -7.48 mb2 - 176 35.4 -2.46 -7.59 mb2 - 177 35.6 -2.87 -7.68 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