# Upper Grindelwald Glacier Holocene Fluctuation Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:13868 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/switzerland/milchbach2011grindelwald-elev.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-02-22 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Upper Grindelwald Glacier Holocene Fluctuation Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Luetscher, M.; Hoffmann, D.L.; Frisia, S.; Spötl, C. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # # Petrographic and stable isotope changes in Milchbach cave speleothems are tied to abrupt changes # in the cave environment associated with Grindelwald glacier fluctuations. Phases of major glacier # retreats occurred repeatedly before 5.8 ka but short term glacier advances are identified at # 8.2 ka and 9.2 ka. The reconstructed history of glacier oscillations is constrained by 37 # independent U/Th dates. # # The fluctuations of the Upper Grindelwald Glacier are inferred from the estimated altitude # of the ice surface at the cave entrance. The error is constrained by the altitude of the # different cave entrances, but some uncertainty remains as to the lowest elevation. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: M. Luetscher, D.L. Hoffmann, S. Frisia, C. Spötl # Published_Date_or_YEAR: 2011-02-01 # Published_Title: Holocene glacier history from alpine speleothems, Milchbach cave, Switzerland # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 302 # Issue: 1-2 # Pages: 95-106 # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.042 # Abstract: Mountain glaciers and their sediments are prominent witnesses of climate change, responding sensitively to even small modifications in meteorological parameters. Even in such a classical and thoroughly studied area as the European Alps the record of Holocene glacier mass-balance is only incompletely known. Here we explore a novel and continuous archive of glacier fluctuations in a cave system adjacent to the Upper Grindelwald Glacier in the Swiss Alps. Milchbach cave became partly ice-free only recently and hosts Holocene speleothems. Four coeval stalagmites show consistent petrographic and stable isotopic changes between 9.2 and 2.0 ka which can be tied to abrupt modifications in the cave environment as a result of the closing and opening of multiple cave entrances by the waxing and waning of the nearby glacier. During periods of Holocene glacier advances, columnar calcite fabric is characterized by d18O values of about -8.0‰ indicative of speleothem growth under quasi-equilibrium conditions, i.e. little affected by kinetic effect related to forced degassing or biological processes. In contrast, fabrics formed during periods of glacier minima are typical of bacterially mediated calcite precipitation within caves overlain by an alpine soil cover. Moreover, d18O values of the bacterially mediated calcite fabrics are consistent with a ventilated cave system fostering kinetic fractionation. These data suggest that glacier retreats occurred repeatedly before 5.8 ka, and that the amplitudes of glacier retreats became substantially smaller afterwards. Our reconstruction of the Upper Grindelwald Glacier fluctuations agrees well with paleoglaciological studies from other sites in the Alps and provides a higher temporal resolution compared to traditional analyses of peat and wood remains found in glacier forefields. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) # Grant: PBZH2-112727 #--------------------- # Funding_Agency_Name: Austrian Science Fund (FWF) # Grant: 20618 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Milchbach Cave # Location: Europe>Western Europe>Switzerland # Country: Switzerland # Northernmost_Latitude: 46.6167 # Southernmost_Latitude: 46.6167 # Easternmost_Longitude: 8.083 # Westernmost_Longitude: 8.083 # Elevation: 1840 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: MilchbachMB6 # First_Year: 9314 # Last_Year: 2000 # Time_Unit: Cal Year BP2000 # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology # # # Speleothem Lab ID Distance from base Distance from top 238U 232Th (230Th/232Th) (230Th/238U) (234U/238U) Age (uncorrected) Age (corrected) *(234U/238U)A0 # [mm] [mm] [ng g-1] [ng g-1] measured activity ratios [ka] [ka b2k] initial activity ratio # # # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 6 124 ± 1 2 ± 0.5 876.2 ± 4.3 0.1491 ± 0.0017 534.661 ± 3.720 0.030 ± 0 0.984 ± 0.002 3.355 ± 0.022 3.343 ± 0.022 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 5 92 ± 1 34 ± 0.5 798.8 ± 4.9 0.1126 ± 0.0020 804.683 ± 10.509 0.037 ± 0 0.988 ± 0.002 4.181 ± 0.032 4.170 ± 0.032 0.988 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-A 317 87 ± 1 39 ± 0.5 920.7 ± 5.0 0.0496 ± 0.0010 2144.483 ± 47.476 0.038 ± 0 0.989 ± 0.002 4.260 ± 0.030 4.252 ± 0.030 0.989 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 4 64 ± 1 62 ± 0.5 311.4 ± 1.7 0.0207 ± 0.0012 1955.714 ± 107.053 0.043 ± 0 0.976 ± 0.002 4.862 ± 0.047 4.853 ± 0.047 0.976 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-L184 60 ± 1 66 ± 0.5 714.0 ± 4.9 0.0235 ± 0.0026 4211.379 ± 461.181 0.045 ± 0 0.973 ± 0.002 5.207 ± 0.062 5.199 ± 0.062 0.973 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 3 47 ± 1 80 ± 0.5 604.2 ± 3.2 0.0501 ± 0.0009 1726.872 ± 22.264 0.047 ± 0 0.984 ± 0.002 5.328 ± 0.035 5.319 ± 0.035 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 2 43 ± 1 84 ± 0.5 594.0 ± 3.5 0.0710 ± 0.0015 1216.387 ± 19.195 0.048 ± 0 0.980 ± 0.002 5.432 ± 0.039 5.422 ± 0.039 0.980 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-A 283 27 ± 1 99 ± 0.5 523.1 ± 3.5 n.d. n.d. 0.051 ± 0 0.980 ± 0.002 5.784 ± 0.042 5.777 ± 0.042 0.980 ± 0.002 # MB-2 BIG-UTh-J 1 10 ± 1 116 ± 0.5 381.5 ± 2.2 0.0624 ± 0.0027 1071.708 ± 38.063 0.057 ± 0 0.986 ± 0.003 6.544 ± 0.074 6.533 ± 0.074 0.985 ± 0.003 # # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 398 220 ± 1 10 ± 1 1936.2 ± 82.0 2.6094 ± 0.1102 45.764 ± 0.361 0.020 ± 0 0.991 ± 0.002 2.247 ± 0.016 2.201 ± 0.025 0.991 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 428 210 ± 1 20 ± 1 1548.1 ± 7.7 2.4049 ± 0.0173 42.793 ± 0.267 0.022 ± 0 0.989 ± 0.002 2.427 ± 0.016 2.374 ± 0.028 0.989 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 427 182 ± 1 48 ± 1 1298.7 ± 6.5 4.6140 ± 0.0237 23.827 ± 0.114 0.028 ± 0 0.985 ± 0.002 3.116 ± 0.018 3.005 ± 0.055 0.984 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 426 148 ± 1 82 ± 1 1230.5 ± 6.0 1.5135 ± 0.0106 81.811 ± 0.421 0.033 ± 0 0.981 ± 0.002 3.728 ± 0.021 3.684 ± 0.028 0.981 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 425 122 ± 1 108 ± 1 1202.7 ± 5.4 1.8722 ± 0.0135 74.017 ± 0.402 0.038 ± 0 0.983 ± 0.002 4.273 ± 0.022 4.219 ± 0.032 0.982 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-69 107 ± 1 123 ± 1 977.2 ± 4.9 2.9181 ± 0.0277 47.582 ± 0.377 0.046 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.002 5.312 ± 0.033 0.979 5.214 ± 0.054 0.979 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-70 92 ± 1 138 ± 1 636.5 ± 3.2 0.1981 ± 0.0028 478.760 ± 5.830 0.049 ± 0 0.977 ± 0.002 5.590 ± 0.045 0.977 5.571 ± 0.045 0.977 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 397 81 ± 1 149 ± 1 634.2 ± 26.8 0.0581 ± 0.0031 1682.223 ± 23.208 0.050 ± 0 0.978 ± 0.002 5.788 ± 0.044 5.779 ± 0.044 0.977 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-72 70 ± 1 160 ± 1 371.9 ± 1.5 0.6492 ± 0.0053 95.460 ± 0.802 0.055 ± 0 0.974 ± 0.002 6.290 ± 0.053 0.974 6.229 ± 0.059 0.974 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 424 47 ± 1 183 ± 5 973.9 ± 4.5 0.3022 ± 0.0022 562.950 ± 2.539 0.057 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.002 6.570 ± 0.030 6.553 ± 0.030 0.979 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-73 32 ± 1 198 ± 1 915.7 ± 7.1 0.6879 ± 0.0078 253.075 ± 2.028 0.062 ± 0 0.977 ± 0.002 7.190 ± 0.049 0.976 7.158 ± 0.051 0.976 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-74 10 ± 1 220 ± 1 1046.1 ± 7.0 1.9980 ± 0.0172 113.561 ± 0.870 0.071 ± 0 0.976 ± 0.002 8.247 ± 0.050 0.975 8.181 ± 0.057 0.975 ± 0.002 # MB-3 BIG-UTh-A 396 7 ± 1 223 ± 1 835.1 ± 36.2 2.4892 ± 0.1211 73.716 ± 0.606 0.072 ± 0 0.973 ± 0.002 8.386 ± 0.065 8.291 ± 0.079 0.972 ± 0.002 # MB3 UTO-75 1 ± 1 230 ± 1 826.2 ± 28.5 1.6863 ± 0.0674 119.212 ± 2.144 0.080 ± 0 0.979 ± 0.003 9.262 ± 0.157 0.979 9.192 ± 0.159 0.979 ± 0.003 # # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 538 129 ± 1 1 ± 1 750.1 ± 3.0 6.1885 ± 0.0238 8.634 ± 0.064 0.003 ± 0 1.022 ± 0.002 2.520 ± 0.022 2.280 ± 0.118 1.022 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 501 126 ± 1 4 ± 1 744.7 ± 3.4 0.4529 ± 0.0038 182.356 ± 1.210 0.036 ± 0 0.985 ± 0.002 4.098 ± 0.028 4.073 ± 0.030 0.985 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 502 112 ± 1 18 ± 1 753.9 ± 3.5 1.5752 ± 0.0130 59.196 ± 0.484 0.040 ± 0 0.993 ± 0.002 4.542 ± 0.031 4.474 ± 0.043 0.993 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 503 94 ± 1 36 ± 1 625.7 ± 4.0 0.8980 ± 0.0088 87.800 ± 0.748 0.041 ± 0 0.996 ± 0.002 4.618 ± 0.036 4.569 ± 0.042 0.996 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 504 76 ± 1 54 ± 1 524.9 ± 2.6 2.0643 ± 0.0162 35.084 ± 0.282 0.045 ± 0 0.997 ± 0.002 5.059 ± 0.038 4.939 ± 0.068 0.997 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 505 63 ± 1 67 ± 1 291.8 ± 1.3 0.3285 ± 0.0025 138.405 ± 1.063 0.051 ± 0 0.988 ± 0.002 5.784 ± 0.042 5.744 ± 0.045 0.988 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 506 47 ± 1 83 ± 1 498.1 ± 3.3 0.8668 ± 0.0080 97.324 ± 0.761 0.055 ± 0 0.996 ± 0.002 6.249 ± 0.047 6.192 ± 0.053 0.996 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 507 38 ± 1 92 ± 1 255.4 ± 20.5 0.5024 ± 0.0396 88.863 ± 0.830 0.057 ± 0 1.000 ± 0.002 6.435 ± 0.053 6.370 ± 0.060 1.000 ± 0.002 # MB5 UTO-76 20 ± 1 110 ± 1 674.6 ± 4.5 0.5926 ± 0.0068 212.091 ± 2.077 0.061 ± 0 1.004 ± 0.002 6.838 ± 0.065 1.004 6.803 ± 0.066 1.004 ± 0.002 # MB-5 BIG-UTh-A 539 4 ± 1 126 ± 1 1209.6 ± 8.6 13.2938 ± 0.1014 18.734 ± 0.104 0.004 ± 0 0.998 ± 0.002 7.630 ± 0.051 7.305 ± 0.166 0.998 ± 0.002 # # MB6 UTO-64 24 ± 1 2 ± 1 375.2 ± 5.4 2.6301 ± 0.0430 25.203 ± 0.406 0.058 ± 0 1.007 ± 0.003 6.458 ± 0.111 1.007 6.249 ± 0.149 1.007 ± 0.003 # MB6 UTO-65 17 ± 2 9 ± 1 230.0 ± 1.4 0.2843 ± 0.0032 133.176 ± 1.796 0.054 ± 0 1.075 ± 0.002 5.609 ± 0.072 1.077 5.567 ± 0.074 1.077 ± 0.002 # MB6 UTO-66 13 ± 3 13 ± 1 894.2 ± 7.5 0.5246 ± 0.0071 283.286 ± 3.218 0.054 ± 0 1.007 ± 0.002 6.059 ± 0.055 1.008 6.032 ± 0.055 1.008 ± 0.002 # MB6 UTO-67 8 ± 4 18 ± 1 252.6 ± 1.4 0.1295 ± 0.0027 336.787 ± 5.875 0.056 ± 0 1.035 ± 0.002 6.127 ± 0.073 1.035 6.103 ± 0.074 1.035 ± 0.002 # # #------------------ # Variables # # End Description/Documentation (lines begin with #) # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: material, error, units, anomaly, period, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # Data line format: tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # ## depth_mm Depth (mm), , , mm, , , , ,N ## d13CcarbVPDB delta 13C calcium carbonate (per mil VPDB), , , per mil VPDB, , , , , N ## d18OcarbVPDB delta 18O calcium carbonate (per mil VPDB), , , per mil VPDB, , , , , N ## notes notes SI # from top, , , , , , , , C #------------------ # Data: # Missing_Values: NA depth_mm d13CcarbVPDB d18OcarbVPDB notes 0.10 -1.25 -7.61 mb6 - 1 0.20 -0.60 -7.43 mb6 - 2 0.30 0.58 -7.09 mb6 - 3 0.40 -0.96 -7.69 mb6 - 4 0.50 -1.30 -7.27 mb6 - 5 0.60 -0.96 -7.54 mb6 - 6 0.70 0.67 -7.07 mb6 - 7 0.80 0.93 -7.35 mb6 - 8 0.90 0.21 -7.25 mb6 - 9 1.00 -1.29 -7.83 mb6 - 10 1.10 -1.57 -8.16 mb6 - 11 1.20 -1.91 -8.49 mb6 - 12 1.30 -2.14 -8.36 mb6 - 13 1.40 -2.41 -8.66 mb6 - 14 1.50 -2.54 -8.71 mb6 - 15 1.60 -2.48 -8.63 mb6 - 16 1.70 -2.44 -8.58 mb6 - 17 1.80 -2.10 -8.20 mb6 - 18 1.90 -1.56 -7.91 mb6 - 19 2.00 -0.58 -7.10 mb6 - 20 2.10 -0.91 -7.52 mb6 - 21 2.20 -1.81 -7.86 mb6 - 22 2.30 -2.45 -8.09 mb6 - 23 2.40 -2.57 -8.22 mb6 - 24 2.50 -1.89 -8.06 mb6 - 25 2.60 -0.37 -7.83 mb6 - 26 2.70 0.64 -7.50 mb6 - 27 2.80 0.73 -7.22 mb6 - 28 2.90 0.61 -7.06 mb6 - 29 3.00 0.83 -7.12 mb6 - 30 3.10 0.65 -7.26 mb6 - 31 3.20 0.37 -7.02 mb6 - 32 3.30 -0.42 -7.30 mb6 - 33 3.40 -1.67 -7.83 mb6 - 34 3.50 -2.12 -7.95 mb6 - 35 3.60 -2.17 -8.37 mb6 - 36 3.70 -2.37 -8.42 mb6 - 37 3.80 -2.39 -8.37 mb6 - 38 3.90 -2.46 -8.50 mb6 - 39 4.00 -2.45 -8.31 mb6 - 40 4.10 -2.64 -8.37 mb6 - 41 4.20 -2.56 -8.23 mb6 - 42 4.30 -2.45 -8.07 mb6 - 43 4.40 -2.09 -7.82 mb6 - 44 4.50 -1.87 -7.84 mb6 - 45 4.60 -1.79 -7.96 mb6 - 46 4.70 -1.96 -7.95 mb6 - 47 4.80 -2.27 -8.20 mb6 - 48 4.90 -2.27 -8.00 mb6 - 49 5.00 -2.40 -8.28 mb6 - 50 5.10 -2.28 -8.36 mb6 - 51 5.20 -2.38 -8.06 mb6 - 52 5.30 -2.37 -8.15 mb6 - 53 5.40 -2.33 -8.37 mb6 - 54 5.50 -2.47 -8.36 mb6 - 55 5.60 -2.32 -8.50 mb6 - 56 5.70 -1.86 -8.33 mb6 - 57 5.80 -1.28 -8.01 mb6 - 58 5.90 -0.93 -7.77 mb6 - 59 6.00 -1.44 -8.09 mb6 - 60 6.10 -1.63 -7.99 mb6 - 61 6.20 -1.79 -8.02 mb6 - 62 6.30 -1.95 -7.95 mb6 - 63 6.40 -2.65 -8.22 mb6 - 64 6.50 -3.02 -8.57 mb6 - 65 6.60 -3.18 -8.63 mb6 - 66 6.70 -3.17 -8.65 mb6 - 67 6.80 -3.26 -8.61 mb6 - 68 6.90 -3.49 -8.83 mb6 - 69 7.00 -3.24 -8.50 mb6 - 70 7.10 -3.17 -8.47 mb6 - 71 7.20 -3.25 -8.52 mb6 - 72 7.30 -3.15 -8.74 mb6 - 73 7.40 -3.28 -8.87 mb6 - 74 7.50 -3.16 -8.72 mb6 - 75 7.60 -3.29 -8.83 mb6 - 76 7.70 -3.23 -8.76 mb6 - 77 7.80 -3.21 -8.88 mb6 - 78 7.90 -3.13 -8.73 mb6 - 79 8.00 -2.38 -8.64 mb6 - 80 8.10 -2.24 -8.33 mb6 - 81 8.20 -2.05 -8.69 mb6 - 82 8.30 -2.15 -8.42 mb6 - 83 8.40 -2.27 -8.39 mb6 - 84 8.50 -2.44 -8.05 mb6 - 85 8.60 -2.89 -8.39 mb6 - 86 8.70 -3.05 -8.36 mb6 - 87 8.80 -3.41 -8.33 mb6 - 88 8.90 -3.58 -8.66 mb6 - 89 9.00 -2.97 -8.38 mb6 - 90 9.10 -2.50 -8.27 mb6 - 91 9.20 -2.07 -8.09 mb6 - 92 9.30 -2.08 -8.19 mb6 - 93 9.40 -1.15 -8.01 mb6 - 94 9.50 -1.09 -7.74 mb6 - 95 9.60 -1.41 -7.80 mb6 - 96 9.70 -1.40 -7.77 mb6 - 97 9.80 -1.11 -8.12 mb6 - 98 9.85 -1.04 -8.07 mb6 - 99 9.90 -1.04 -8.05 mb6 - 100 9.95 -1.16 -8.02 mb6 - 101 10.00 -1.23 -8.06 mb6 - 102 10.05 -1.23 -7.86 mb6 - 103 10.10 -1.48 -8.00 mb6 - 104 10.15 -2.07 -8.18 mb6 - 105 10.20 -2.71 -8.40 mb6 - 106 10.25 -2.93 -8.57 mb6 - 107 10.30 -3.25 -8.83 mb6 - 108 10.35 -3.29 -9.05 mb6 - 109 10.40 -3.21 -8.98 mb6 - 110 10.45 -3.26 -9.11 mb6 - 111 10.50 -3.09 -9.03 mb6 - 112 10.55 -3.05 -8.91 mb6 - 113 10.60 -3.08 -9.05 mb6 - 114 10.65 -3.15 -8.91 mb6 - 115 10.70 -3.27 -8.91 mb6 - 116 10.75 -3.23 -8.69 mb6 - 117 10.80 -3.17 -8.54 mb6 - 118 10.85 -2.87 -8.41 mb6 - 119 10.90 -2.58 -8.30 mb6 - 120 10.95 -1.84 -8.16 mb6 - 121 11.00 -1.26 -7.77 mb6 - 122 11.05 -0.84 -7.67 mb6 - 123 11.10 -0.65 -7.63 mb6 - 124 11.15 -0.53 -7.76 mb6 - 125 11.20 -0.91 -7.87 mb6 - 126 11.25 -1.35 -8.11 mb6 - 127 11.30 -1.23 -8.10 mb6 - 128 11.35 -0.85 -8.09 mb6 - 129 11.40 -1.59 -8.22 mb6 - 130 11.45 -2.04 -8.44 mb6 - 131 11.50 -2.27 -8.43 mb6 - 132 11.55 -2.44 -8.42 mb6 - 133 11.60 -2.79 -8.48 mb6 - 134 11.65 -2.87 -8.51 mb6 - 135 11.70 -3.07 -8.50 mb6 - 136 11.75 -3.19 -8.71 mb6 - 137 11.80 -3.28 -8.74 mb6 - 138 11.85 -3.17 -8.79 mb6 - 139 11.90 -3.07 -8.80 mb6 - 140 11.95 -3.03 -8.88 mb6 - 141 12.00 -3.06 -8.79 mb6 - 142 12.05 -2.92 -8.79 mb6 - 143 12.10 -2.97 -8.92 mb6 - 144 12.15 -2.91 -9.01 mb6 - 145 12.20 -2.96 -8.91 mb6 - 146 12.25 -2.94 -9.03 mb6 - 147 12.30 -2.99 -9.00 mb6 - 148 12.35 -3.13 -9.10 mb6 - 149 12.40 -3.11 -9.03 mb6 - 150 12.45 -3.12 -9.26 mb6 - 151 12.50 -3.11 -9.08 mb6 - 152 12.55 -3.16 -9.09 mb6 - 153 12.60 -3.17 -9.13 mb6 - 154 12.65 -3.08 -8.96 mb6 - 155 12.70 -3.12 -9.04 mb6 - 156 12.75 -3.19 -9.09 mb6 - 157 12.80 -2.47 -8.67 mb6 - 158 12.85 -2.19 -8.46 mb6 - 159 12.90 -1.91 -8.59 mb6 - 160 12.95 -1.33 -8.36 mb6 - 161 13.00 -2.02 -8.48 mb6 - 162 13.05 -2.29 -8.36 mb6 - 163 13.10 -1.92 -8.62 mb6 - 164 13.15 -1.78 -8.33 mb6 - 165 13.20 -0.90 -8.06 mb6 - 166 13.25 -0.49 -7.78 mb6 - 167 13.30 -0.56 -8.00 mb6 - 168 13.35 -0.38 -8.02 mb6 - 169 13.40 -0.65 -8.01 mb6 - 170 13.45 -0.73 -8.11 mb6 - 171 13.50 -0.83 -8.15 mb6 - 172 13.55 -0.68 -8.12 mb6 - 173 13.60 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