# Kingston, New Mexico Greenland Stadial 20 Speleothem Stable Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23330 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/newmexico/kingston2017d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description: 
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2018-01-18
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2018-01-18
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Kingston, New Mexico Greenland Stadial 20 Speleothem Stable Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Polyak, V.J.; Asmerom, Y.; Lachniet, M.S.
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Speleothem stable isotope (d13C and d18O) data from speleothem KR1 collected near Kingston, New Mexico, USA, 
#	for the interval 86-69 KYrBP.  Data also available in GSA Data Repository 2017282.
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Victor J. Polyak, Yemane Asmerom, Matthew S. Lachniet
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2017-09-01     
#	Published_Title: Rapid speleothem d13C change in southwestern North America coincident with Greenland stadial 20 and the Toba (Indonesia) supereruption
#	Journal_Name: Geology
#	Volume: 45
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 9
#	Pages: 843-846
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1130/G39149.1
#	Online_Resource: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/45/9/843/353465/rapid-speleothem-13c-change-in-southwestern-north
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: The characteristics of Greenland ice core stadial 20 (GS-20), the first stadial of Marine Isotope Stage 4 at the onset of the most recent glacial period, have been linked to atmospheric aerosol forcing associated with the massive 74 ka Toba (Indonesia) supereruption. More precise 40Ar/39Ar dates are available for the timing of the Toba supereruption, but while greatly improved, ice core records are not tied to absolute chronologies over this specific time interval to test for synchronicity. Here we show a rapid transition to drought conditions in the southwestern United States from a rise in a moisture-sensitive d13C time series of stalagmite KR1 from southwestern New Mexico (USA) at precisely 74.19 +/- 0.22 ka. The rapid rise in d13C in stalagmite KR1 is synchronous with the Toba supereruption 40Ar/39Ar dates within 2S absolute age error, and shows a distinct peak that started and ended abruptly, and lasted ~1560 yr. The d18O time series follows Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, and the absence of a prominent d18O anomaly at 74 ka suggests that the atmospheric response in the southwestern United States was dominated by moisture and atmospheric CO2, not temperature or moisture source variations. The coincidence of the initiation of southwest aridity at the time of the Toba supereruption is consistent with an interpretation that the eruption caused far-reaching climate change; however, climatic anomalies such as this Greenland stadial would thus likely require long process-time feedback systems related to glacial thresholds to sustain the less than decadal-long volcanic-induced atmospheric interferences. The debate regarding the role of the Toba supereruption as a possible trigger of GS-20 requires robust chronologies to resolve and advance our understanding of the potential climatic triggers and feedbacks related to this event. Our chronology offers an independent tie to the Greenland ice core record and supports the possibility of a Toba supereruption trigger of GS-20.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation 
#	Grant: ATM-0703353, AGS-1405557, EAR-0326902, EAR-0521196 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Kingston
#	Location: North America>United States Of America>New Mexico
#	Country: United States Of America
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 32.9167
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.9167
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -107.7167
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -107.7167
# 	Elevation:  
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: KR-1-d18O
#	Earliest_Year: 86095
#	Most_Recent_Year: 69328
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 0.158 m
#	Notes: Stalagmite KR-1 was collected from a small cave near Kingston, New Mexico
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: All errors are absolute 2 sigma
#
# Distance (mm)		238U conc	error	232Th conc	error								age (uncorrected)		Age (corrected)	
# from top		(ppb)	abs	(ppb)	abs	230Th/232Thact	230Th/238Uact		d234Umeas		d234Uinit		years BP		years BP	
# 7		129.7	± 0.1	51	± 37	3107	0.403	± 0.001	1160	± 2	1235	± 2	22119	± 73	22114	± 73
# 13.5		162.1	± 0.1	64	± 83	3866	0.500	± 0.002	1128	± 2	1222	± 2	28553	± 144	28548	± 144
# 22		494.5	± 0.4	68	± 32	19947	0.893	± 0.001	825	± 2	1003	± 2	69167	± 150	69165	± 150
# 31		141.1	± 0.1	27	± 43	15582	0.961	± 0.002	928	± 2	1133	± 2	70634	± 178	70635	± 178
# 40.5		396.5	± 0.2	0	± 41	3442266	0.933	± 0.003	856	± 2	1047	± 3	71566	± 356	71566	± 356
# 48		513.2	± 0.5	108	± 43	13031	0.897	± 0.001	769	± 2	944	± 2	72593	± 174	72590	± 174
# 51.5		432.6	± 0.3	8	± 45	148852	0.950	± 0.001	862	± 2	1059	± 2	73046	± 161	73046	± 161
# 57		279.9	± 0.2	14	± 42	57672	0.954	± 0.001	858	± 2	1057	± 2	73676	± 164	73676	± 164
# 62		335.8	± 0.2	84	± 38	11348	0.934	± 0.001	816	± 2	1006	± 2	73926	± 158	73922	± 158
# 63		341.4	± 0.4	0	± 41	35796	0.942	± 0.002	825	± 2	1018	± 2	74304	± 214	74303	± 214
# 69.5		309.5	± 0.2	22	± 45	39776	0.945	± 0.001	826	± 2	1019	± 2	74568	± 176	74567	± 176
# 70.5		252.9	± 0.2	67	± 95	10841	0.945	± 0.002	824	± 2	1017	± 2	74655	± 265	74651	± 265
# 72		413.1	± 0.3	90	± 58	13388	0.949	± 0.002	821	± 2	1015	± 2	75301	± 209	75298	± 209
# 77.5		393.7	± 0.2	72	± 45	15740	0.946	± 0.001	802	± 2	994	± 2	76062	± 173	76060	± 173
# 82.5		392.3	± 0.2	85	± 42	13305	0.945	± 0.002	779	± 2	969	± 2	77343	± 256	77340	± 256
# 86		210.2	± 0.2	258	± 35	2504	1.005	± 0.002	877	± 2	1093	± 2	77868	± 236	77851	± 236
# 100		241.8	± 0.1	33	± 58	22225	1.008	± 0.003	853	± 2	1068	± 2	79682	± 299	79680	± 299
# 118.5		240.0	± 0.1	31	± 51	23791	1.021	± 0.001	854	± 2	1073	± 2	81101	± 186	81099	± 186
# 132.5		296.3	± 0.1	29	± 28	31991	1.031	± 0.001	853	± 2	1076	± 2	82235	± 178	82234	± 178
# 141		319.3	± 0.2	195	± 45	6863	1.034	± 0.002	846	± 2	1069	± 2	83043	± 236	83037	± 236
# 158		298.3	± 0.3	27	± 38	36316	1.060	± 0.002	844	± 2	1077	± 2	86096	± 246	86095	± 246
# 
# extra data processed for d234U only			
# d234U data for Table DR1			
# 			abs error
# distance	age	d234U	2-sigma
# 26	70045	1040	± 5
# 32	70731	1092	± 5
# 34	70896	1048	± 4
# 36	71067	1079	± 5
# 39	71367	1079	± 6
# 42.5	71804	984	± 4
# 45	72161	1040	± 4
# 60	73913	1022	± 6
# 62	73922	992	± 6
# 66	74333	1004	± 3
# 69.5	74567	1019	± 2
# 80	76706	988	± 5
# 85	77668	1046	± 7
# 90	78449	1039	± 6
# 96	79236	1064	± 5
# 99.5	79625	1044	± 6
# 
# 
# all data used for curve in Figure 2	
# 	
# age	d234U
# 69165	1003
# 69450	1040
# 70141	1091
# 70430	1047
# 70740	1078
# 71232	1079
# 71566	1047
# 71819	984
# 72231	1040
# 72629	944
# 73237	1060
# 73794	1057
# 74045	1022
# 74219	992
# 74303	1018
# 74633	1004
# 75461	1015
# 76257	995
# 76792	988
# 77340	969
# 77734	1046
# 77851	1093
# 78755	1040
# 79870	1066
# 80490	1046
# 81573	1074
# 82234	1076
# 83037	1069
# 86095	1077
#  	
#----------------
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_mm	depth, , , mm, , , distance from top, ,N,
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N,
## age_calBPerr	age absolute error, , range, years, , ,  plus or minus, ,N,
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil, ,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_mm	age_calBP	age_calBPerr	d18OcarbVPDB
23	69328	134	-8.41
24	69490	122	-8.57
25	69652	115	-7.68
26	69814	113	-8.64
27	69976	117	-8.68
28	70138	126	-8.77
29	70299	140	-8.16
30	70461	156	-8.54
31	70623	175	-8.45
32	70723	163	-8.29
33	70824	159	-8.55
34	70924	165	-8.41
35	71024	180	-8.34
36	71124	201	-8.44
37	71224	228	-8.48
38	71324	257	-8.64
39	71425	290	-8.54
40	71525	323	-8.23
41	71647	316	-8.27
42	71792	269	-8.07
43	71936	225	-8.36
44	72081	188	-8.10
45	72225	160	-8.44
46	72370	148	-8.29
47	72515	155	-8.28
48	72645	147	-8.44
49	72761	123	-8.03
50	72877	121	-8.27
51	72993	142	-8.12
52	73107	145	-8.11
53	73218	123	-8.28
54	73329	113	-8.28
55	73440	117	-8.43
56	73551	134	-8.31
57	73663	160	-8.29
58	73744	138	-8.57
59	73826	127	-8.33
60	73908	130	-8.19
61	73990	146	-8.14
62	74071	170	-7.75
63	74146	173	-8.17
64	74212	153	-7.97
65	74279	138	-7.97
66	74346	131	-7.50
67	74413	132	-7.84
68	74479	142	-7.52
69	74546	159	-8.00
70	74723	142	-7.63
71	75011	140	-7.76
72	75299	204	-7.67
73	75438	169	-7.80
74	75577	143	-7.42
75	75717	131	-7.68
76	75856	136	-7.70
77	75995	158	-7.73
78	76189	158	-7.85
79	76438	143	-7.46
80	76687	151	-7.69
81	76935	179	-7.59
82	77184	219	-7.59
83	77389	214	-7.61
84	77552	179	-7.46
85	77714	184	-7.42
86	77876	226	-7.62
87	78004	210	-7.25
88	78133	195	-7.40
89	78262	181	-7.56
90	78390	169	-7.46
91	78519	158	-7.31
92	78647	149	-7.05
93	78776	142	-7.06
94	78904	139	-6.87
95	79033	138	-6.85
96	79161	140	-6.65
97	79290	145	-7.05
98	79419	153	-6.93
99	79547	163	-7.16
100	79676	175	-7.09
101	79753	166	-7.12
102	79830	158	-6.71
103	79907	150	-6.81
104	79984	143	-6.94
105	80062	137	-6.56
106	80139	133	-6.96
107	80216	130	-6.91
108	80293	128	-6.57
109	80370	128	-7.04
110	80447	129	-6.97
111	80524	132	-6.70
112	80602	136	-6.79
113	80679	142	-6.95
114	80756	148	-6.87
115	80833	156	-7.03
116	80910	164	-7.15
117	80987	173	-7.08
118	81065	183	-7.60
119	81143	181	-7.19
120	81224	167	-6.90
121	81304	155	-6.65
122	81384	144	-6.68
123	81465	135	-6.69
124	81545	128	-7.09
125	81626	123	-7.20
126	81706	121	-7.10
127	81786	122	-6.94
128	81867	126	-6.95
129	81947	132	-7.10
130	82027	141	-6.65
131	82108	151	-7.06
132	82188	163	-6.62
133	82276	160	-6.68
134	82372	146	-6.98
135	82468	138	-6.72
136	82564	139	-6.75
137	82660	148	-7.00
138	82756	164	-7.48
139	82852	185	-7.28
140	82948	210	-7.07
141	83044	237	-7.26
142	83223	223	-7.59
143	83403	210	-7.42
144	83582	198	-7.44
145	83762	188	-7.13
146	83941	180	-7.50
147	84121	173	-7.62
148	84300	169	-7.15
149	84480	167	-7.24
150	84659	168	-7.17
151	84839	171	-6.99
152	85018	177	-7.54
153	85198	184	-7.49
154	85377	194	-7.65
155	85556	205	-7.41
156	85736	217	-7.28
157	85915	231	-7.58
158	86095	246	-7.63