Terciopelo Cave, Costa Rica Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Terciopelo Cave, Costa Rica Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data LAST UPDATE: 7/2010 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Lachniet, M.S., L. Johnson, Y. Asmerom, S.J. Burns, V. Polyak, W.P. Patterson, L. Burt, and A. Azouz. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-065 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Lachniet, M.S., et al. 2010. Terciopelo Cave, Costa Rica Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-065. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Lachniet, M.S., L. Johnson, Y. Asmerom, S.J. Burns, V. Polyak, W.P. Patterson, L. Burt, and A. Azouz. 2009. Late Quaternary moisture export across Central America and to Greenland: evidence for tropical rainfall variability from Costa Rican stalagmites. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 28, pp. 3348-3360. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.018 ABSTRACT: We present a high-resolution terrestrial archive of Central American rainfall over the period 100-24 and 8.1-6.5 ka, based on d18O time series from U-series dated stalagmites collected from a cave on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Our results indicate substantial d18O variability on millennial to orbital time scales that is interpreted to reflect rainfall variations over the cave site. Correlations with other paleoclimate proxy records suggest that the rainfall variations are forced by sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in a fashion analogous to the modern climate cycle. Higher rainfall is associated with periods of a warm tropical North Atlantic Ocean and large SST gradients between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Rainfall variability is likely linked to the intensity and/or latitudinal position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Periods of higher rainfall in Costa Rica are also associated with an enhanced sea surface salinity gradient on either side of the isthmus, suggesting greater freshwater export from the Atlantic Basin when the ITCZ is stronger and/or in a more northerly position. Further, wet periods in Central America coincide with high deuterium excess values in Greenland ice, suggesting a direct link between low latitude SSTs, tropical rainfall, and moisture delivery to Greenland. Our results indicate that a stronger tropical hydrological cycle during warm periods and large inter-ocean SST gradients enhanced the delivery of low latitude moisture to Greenland. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Central America PERIOD OF RECORD: 98 - 6 KYrBP FUNDING SOURCES: U.S. National Science Foundation (ATM-0710707, ATM-0408178, and ATM-0317654). NSF grant EAR-0521196 supported the acquisition and development of the Las Vegas Isotope Science Laboratory at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. DESCRIPTION: Stalagmite stable oxygen isotope values from Barra Honda National Park, Costa Rica, over 98 to 24 ka and 8.0 to 6.6 ka. In this tropical location, rainfall d18O values are inversely correlated with rainfall amount at and upwind of the sampling location, so the stalagmite d18O data are interpreted as a paleorainfall proxy record. We analyzed 1684 d18O subsamples at the Universities of Massachusetts and Saskatchewan, and at the Las Vegas Isotope Science Laboratory at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Stalagmites CT-5, CT-6, and CT-7 were subsampled for stable isotopes at a 1.0 mm interval, whereas CT-1 was subsampled every 0.5 mm. Samples were analyzed on ThermoElectron Delta + or Delta V mass spectrometers in Kiel III and IV automated carbonate preparation devices, where samples were reacted with phosphoric acid at 70°C to liberate CO2 gas. Values are reported as ‰ relative to the VPDB standard via regular calibration to an internal laboratory standard. Precision is better than 0.06‰ for d18O. A composite time series was created from stalagmites CT-1, -5, and -6 by splicing together the three records. The time series was then interpolated at a 100 year interval. The d18O data in this file for the spliced CT-1, CT-5, and CT-6 stalagmites are raw values, not corrected for change in d18O of ocean. Ages are in yr BP, where BP is time of U-series analysis of A.D. 2008. The stalagmites were recovered from Barra Honda National Park, on the Nicoya Peninsula, Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Terciopelo Cave, Costa Rica: 10°10'N, 85°20'W, 370m above sea level DATA: Table SM. Uranium-series data for Costa Rican stalagmites Stalagmite CT-1 Sample 238U (ng/g) 232Th (pg/g) 230Th/232Th 232Th/238U 230Th/238U Measured d234U Initial d234U Uncorrected age Corrected age Method Height activity activity activity per mil per mil (yr BP) (yr BP) (mm) ratio ratio ratio 335 81.94677 ± 0.3 736.6672 ± 14.9 112.9196 ± 4.3 2.94E-03 ± 6.0E-05 0.33215 ± 0.0107 21.1 ± 8.4 23.9 ± 9.5 42899± 1772 42643.45± 1772 TIMS 326 99.67668 ± 0.2 85.39393 ± 35.7 1249.616 ± 522.5 2.80E-04 ± 1.2E-04 0.350297 ± 0.0024 6.9 ± 2.6 7.9 ± 2.9 46660± 425 46635.18± 425 MC-ICPMS 330 75.64223 ± 0.2 187.3447 ± 22.3 415.9003 ± 49.6 8.10E-04 ± 9.7E-05 0.337049 ± 0.0018 15.1 ± 1.8 17.1 ± 2.0 44016± 310 43945.44± 312 MC-ICPMS 322 97.89755 ± 0.2 401.3518 ± 22.7 267.4873 ± 15.2 1.34E-03 ± 7.6E-05 0.358825 ± 0.0020 10.2 ± 2.7 11.7 ± 3.1 47878± 377 47759.91± 381 MC-ICPMS 321 107.9374 ± 0.2 484.122 ± 23.2 256.3124 ± 12.3 1.47E-03 ± 7.1E-05 0.376165 ± 0.0016 7.3 ± 1.6 8.4 ± 1.9 51020± 303 50890.94± 310 MC-ICPMS 310 98.44598 ± 0.2 941.5161 ± 46.5 121.5728 ± 6.1 3.13E-03 ± 1.5E-04 0.380445 ± 0.0028 13.6 ± 1.9 15.7 ± 2.2 51323± 507 51048.48± 524 MC-ICPMS 305 94.60622 ± 0.2 1171.499 ± 23.2 93.15473 ± 1.9 4.05E-03 ± 8.1E-05 0.377445 ± 0.0020 16.9 ± 1.6 19.5 ± 1.8 50580± 359 50226.14± 398 MC-ICPMS 298 54.95001 ± 0.2 978.3847 ± 17.6 63.39733 ± 2.6 5.83E-03 ± 1.1E-04 0.369351 ± 0.0134 24.0 ± 7.3 27.5 ± 8.4 48755± 2299 48249.66± 2301 TIMS 292 115.2229 ± 0.3 706.6257 ± 22.5 202.1734 ± 6.5 2.01E-03 ± 6.4E-05 0.405696 ± 0.0017 6.6 ± 1.9 7.8 ± 2.3 56295± 348 56117.8± 359 MC-ICPMS 292 100.0117 ± 0.2 1215.908 ± 22.9 102.572 ± 2.0 3.98E-03 ± 7.6E-05 0.408042 ± 0.0017 18.2 ± 0.9 21.3 ± 1.1 55815± 303 55467.88± 348 MC-ICPMS 278 120.7428 ± 0.3 434.6451 ± 23.0 349.8253 ± 18.6 1.18E-03 ± 6.2E-05 0.412051 ± 0.0017 6.0 ± 1.3 7.1 ± 1.5 57502± 321 57397.9± 101 MC-ICPMS 270 144.8268 ± 0.9 1135.77 ± 15.5 162.2341 ± 3.7 2.57E-03 ± 3.8E-05 0.416303 ± 0.0082 21.3 ± 11.8 25.0 ± 13.9 57056± 1756 56833.18± 1754 TIMS 270 144.95 ± 0.3 1186.003 ± 14.5 155.4307 ± 2.0 2.68E-03 ± 3.3E-05 0.416131 ± 0.0020 14.2 ± 0.9 16.7 ± 1.0 57590± 364 57355.49± 382 MC-ICPMS 266 158.6101 ± 0.4 3245.534 ± 31.1 63.60085 ± 0.7 6.70E-03 ± 6.6E-05 0.425838 ± 0.0019 12.6 ± 1.2 14.8 ± 1.4 59507± 359 58919.08± 462 MC-ICPMS 256 221.7414 ± 0.5 1317.459 ± 23.0 219.2373 ± 3.9 1.94E-03 ± 3.4E-05 0.426217 ± 0.0016 1.2 ± 0.9 1.4 ± 1.1 60558± 323 60385.01± 334 MC-ICPMS 243 121.6721 ± 0.5 492.0864 ± 17.7 339.2115 ± 17.4 1.32E-03 ± 4.8E-05 0.448897 ± 0.0165 13.7 ± 6.4 16.4 ± 7.7 63771± 3288 63654.72± 3285 TIMS 243 121.9439 ± 0.4 496.9893 ± 17.5 349.0739 ± 12.8 1.33E-03 ± 4.7E-05 0.465512 ± 0.0051 10.9 ± 2.0 13.2 ± 2.4 67295± 1048 67177.8± 1048 MC-ICPMS 226 96.4951 ± 0.4 859.0546 ± 17.9 162.476 ± 8.6 2.91E-03 ± 6.2E-05 0.473294 ± 0.0230 20.5 ± 5.8 24.8 ± 7.0 67882± 4704 67628.94± 4695 TIMS 206 59.27425 ± 0.2 184.5313 ± 17.0 476.3942 ± 48.1 1.02E-03 ± 9.4E-05 0.485285 ± 0.0204 18.5 ± 6.1 22.6 ± 7.4 70494± 4282 70405.78± 4279 TIMS 188 160.799 ± 0.4 335.5966 ± 22.7 700.8271 ± 47.4 6.83E-04 ± 4.6E-05 0.478598 ± 0.0021 8.9 ± 1.1 10.9 ± 1.4 70150± 449 70090.1± 450 MC-ICPMS 178 182.6808 ± 1.3 2001.78 ± 41.9 137.5109 ± 3.0 3.59E-03 ± 8.0E-05 0.493045 ± 0.0049 6.9 ± 9.1 8.4 ± 11.2 73389± 1480 73072.57± 1481 MC-ICPMS 168 85.19781 ± 0.2 520.8763 ± 22.7 250.5172 ± 11.0 2.00E-03 ± 8.7E-05 0.501152 ± 0.0033 12.3 ± 1.4 15.2 ± 1.7 74484± 721 74308.87± 725 MC-ICPMS 145 87.83496 ± 0.7 549.1223 ± 16.0 250.2755 ± 10.9 2.05E-03 ± 6.2E-05 0.511972 ± 0.0172 11.7 ± 21.0 14.6 ± 26.0 76881± 4642 76702.03± 4632 TIMS 139 98.06327 ± 0.2 548.4546 ± 31.0 279.1431 ± 15.9 1.83E-03 ± 1.0E-04 0.510843 ± 0.0033 12.6 ± 2.3 15.6 ± 2.8 76537± 762 76376± 765 MC-ICPMS 129 116.1731 ± 0.3 2744.789 ± 23.0 69.02825 ± 0.6 7.73E-03 ± 6.7E-05 0.53365 ± 0.0023 26.5 ± 1.3 33.2 ± 1.7 79790± 541 79123± 632 MC-ICPMS 124 173.9783 ± 0.4 3322.584 ± 31.9 83.6193 ± 1.0 6.25E-03 ± 6.2E-05 0.522533 ± 0.0038 25.1 ± 1.5 31.2 ± 1.9 77553± 841 77013± 879 MC-ICPMS 116 66.48498 ± 0.2 277.7939 ± 14.6 389.779 ± 24.1 1.37E-03 ± 7.2E-05 0.532898 ± 0.0172 17.7 ± 5.8 22.2 ± 7.3 80751± 3993 80632± 3988 TIMS 98 72.87556 ± 0.3 244.1301 ± 17.2 477.5037 ± 36.1 1.10E-03 ± 7.7E-05 0.52341 ± 0.0148 23.0 ± 7.6 28.6 ± 9.5 78001± 3382 77907± 3379 TIMS 98 72.99958 ± 0.2 299.5306 ± 17.2 396.8534 ± 23.0 1.34E-03 ± 7.7E-05 0.532816 ± 0.0035 13.3 ± 1.4 16.7 ± 1.7 81311± 808 81309± 808 MC-ICPMS 96 101.8533 ± 0.2 3823.699 ± 32.2 42.46238 ± 0.5 1.23E-02 ± 1.1E-04 0.521602 ± 0.0038 24.4 ± 1.9 30.4 ± 2.4 77432± 848 77408± 848 MC-ICPMS 85 83.21863 ± 0.2 306.8427 ± 22.9 431.5673 ± 32.2 1.21E-03 ± 9.0E-05 0.520679 ± 0.0021 13.4 ± 1.4 16.8 ± 1.7 78583± 505 78581± 505 MC-ICPMS 71 97.46345 ± 0.3 103.8491 ± 28.8 1557.47 ± 432.4 3.49E-04 ± 9.7E-05 0.543008 ± 0.0035 9.7 ± 2.6 12.2 ± 3.3 84142± 892 84141± 892 MC-ICPMS 63 90.69349 ± 0.3 1036.063 ± 18.9 144.5866 ± 3.9 3.74E-03 ± 6.9E-05 0.540461 ± 0.0110 13.3 ± 4.5 16.9 ± 5.7 83046± 2642 82718± 2638 TIMS 59 78.77523 ± 0.2 31.27095 ± 29.2 4371.267 ± 4080.1 1.30E-04 ± 1.2E-04 0.567786 ± 0.0035 7.4 ± 2.7 9.6 ± 3.5 90425± 975 90425± 975 MC-ICPMS 48 78.37538 ± 0.2 36.47604 ± 22.7 3720.777 ± 2320.7 1.52E-04 ± 9.5E-05 0.566615 ± 0.0031 9.3 ± 2.2 12.0 ± 2.9 89838± 846 89837± 846 MC-ICPMS 37 95.36787 ± 0.2 285.595 ± 30.7 576.5758 ± 62.2 9.80E-04 ± 1.1E-04 0.564977 ± 0.0047 7.4 ± 2.8 9.5 ± 3.6 89736± 1245 89734± 1245 MC-ICPMS 32 99.10053 ± 0.5 1354.296 ± 16.5 129.0501 ± 4.0 4.47E-03 ± 5.8E-05 0.577061 ± 0.0168 4.0 ± 7.5 5.1 ± 9.7 93310± 4552 92914± 4538 TIMS 21 116.4175 ± 0.5 254.0486 ± 17.6 821.872 ± 61.7 7.14E-04 ± 4.9E-05 0.586853 ± 0.0173 16.1 ± 8.8 21.0 ± 11.5 93805± 4696 93743± 4693 TIMS 21 116.3824 ± 0.3 264.5823 ± 23.5 788.5209 ± 70.2 7.44E-04 ± 6.6E-05 0.586561 ± 0.0024 7.1 ± 0.8 9.3 ± 1.1 95225± 649 95224± 649 MC-ICPMS 9 99.2521 ± 0.3 144.5162 ± 22.8 1210.179 ± 190.6 4.76E-04 ± 7.5E-05 0.576571 ± 0.0028 10.9 ± 1.7 14.1 ± 2.2 92059± 744 92017± 744 MC-ICPMS 9 98.72981 ± 0.2 143.6004 ± 22.8 1234.372 ± 195.7 4.76E-04 ± 7.5E-05 0.587461 ± 0.0029 7.1 ± 2.1 9.2 ± 2.7 95469± 843 95468± 843 MC-ICPMS Stalagmite CT-5 Sample 238U (ng/g) 232Th (pg/g) 230Th/232Th 232Th/238U 230Th/238U Measured d234U Initial d234U Uncorrected age Corrected age Method Height activity activity activity per mil per mil (yr BP) (yr BP) (mm) ratio ratio ratio 9 89.4 ± 0.2 857.3 ± 56.9 84.6 ± 5.7 3.14E-03 ± 2.1E-04 0.26537 ± 0.0033 -7.8 ± 2.0 -8.6 ± 2.2 34001± 1010 33719± 1155 MC-ICPMS 36 90.1 ± 0.4 1026.0 ± 18.9 68.1 ± 3.6 3.73E-03 ± 7.1E-05 0.25396 ± 0.0128 -5.6 ± 7.2 -6.1 ± 7.9 32209± 3856 31875± 3858 TIMS 53 67.8 ± 0.2 675.3 ± 29.1 79.6 ± 3.6 3.26E-03 ± 1.4E-04 0.25937 ± 0.0037 -9.5 ± 1.9 -10.4 ± 2.1 33170± 1108 32877± 1143 TIMS 56 69.6 ± 0.2 215.0 ± 38.2 263.9 ± 47.1 1.01E-03 ± 1.8E-04 0.26673 ± 0.0045 -8.4 ± 2.5 -9.3 ± 2.7 34232± 1383 34141± 1394 MC-ICPMS 78 82.0 ± 0.2 193.0 ± 49.1 333.9 ± 85.0 7.70E-04 ± 2.0E-04 0.25706 ± 0.0028 4.4 ± 2.5 4.8 ± 2.8 32274± 841 32206± 852 MC-ICPMS 126 98.3 ± 0.3 66.3 ± 49.4 1178.7 ± 879.4 2.21E-04 ± 1.6E-04 0.25993 ± 0.0025 -13.9 ± 2.6 -15.3 ± 2.8 33437± 781 33417± 782 MC-ICPMS 160 91.2 ± 0.2 61.3 ± 52.7 1131.2 ± 973.4 2.20E-04 ± 1.9E-04 0.24864 ± 0.0027 0.9 ± 2.3 1.0 ± 2.5 31184± 816 31164± 818 MC-ICPMS 181 79.7 ± 0.2 355.0 ± 46.2 173.8 ± 22.7 1.46E-03 ± 1.9E-04 0.25325 ± 0.0031 -18.6 ± 2.6 -20.4 ± 2.9 32625± 961 32493± 996 MC-ICPMS 220 91.2 ± 0.3 509.2 ± 54.4 135.0 ± 14.5 1.83E-03 ± 2.0E-04 0.24671 ± 0.0028 -5.2 ± 2.9 -5.7 ± 3.1 31133± 845 30969± 906 MC-ICPMS 265 91.8 ± 0.2 397.7 ± 46.6 160.5 ± 18.9 1.42E-03 ± 1.7E-04 0.22758 ± 0.0024 1.9 ± 2.1 2.0 ± 2.3 28135± 682 28009± 727 MC-ICPMS 314 95.0 ± 0.3 180.5 ± 48.7 323.5 ± 87.4 6.22E-04 ± 1.7E-04 0.20118 ± 0.0024 2.3 ± 2.2 2.5 ± 2.3 24462± 653 24407± 663 MC-ICPMS 316 103.6 ± 0.6 846.3 ± 25.8 75.0 ± 3.5 2.67E-03 ± 8.3E-05 0.20033 ± 0.0073 -8.2 ± 9.9 -8.8 ± 10.6 24647± 2116 24407± 2123 TIMS Stalagmite CT-6 Sample 238U (ng/g) 232Th (pg/g) 230Th/232Th 232Th/238U 230Th/238U Measured d234U Initial d234U Uncorrected age Corrected age Method Height activity activity activity per mil per mil (yr BP) (yr BP) (mm) ratio ratio ratio 24 216.3 ± 0.5 288.6 ± 55.6 652.8 ± 126.1 4.37E-04 ± 8.4E-05 0.28500 ± 0.0035 -1.5 ± 1.3 -1.6 ± 1.5 36700± 1074 36656± 1077 MC-ICPMS 43 201.4 ± 0.9 555.3 ± 14.9 306.8 ± 11.9 9.02E-04 ± 2.5E-05 0.27679 ± 0.0079 -13.3 ± 7.3 -14.7 ± 8.1 35980± 2533 35887± 2538 TIMS 43-2 201.2 ± 0.7 518.1 ± 13.8 329.4 ± 9.6 8.43E-04 ± 2.3E-05 0.27757 ± 0.0035 -4.1 ± 4.3 -4.5 ± 4.7 35684± 1125 35598± 1136 TIMS 43 Weight averaged: 35646± 1040 63 130.8 ± 0.3 139.3 ± 39.3 810.3 ± 228.6 3.49E-04 ± 9.8E-05 0.28243 ± 0.0018 -1.3 ± 2.8 -1.5 ± 3.1 36300± 597 36265± 601 MC-ICPMS 85 139.7 ± 0.4 357.7 ± 22.5 329.4 ± 21.3 8.38E-04 ± 5.3E-05 0.27603 ± 0.0041 -5.0 ± 4.0 -5.5 ± 4.4 35491± 1313 35406± 1322 TIMS 85-2 139.6 ± 0.5 368.6 ± 22.6 308.2 ± 19.9 8.64E-04 ± 5.3E-05 0.26626 ± 0.0055 -17.6 ± 5.9 -19.5 ± 6.5 34557± 1769 34468± 1777 TIMS 85 Weight averaged: 35073± 1060 92 150.0 ± 0.4 635.4 ± 40.2 200.3 ± 12.7 1.39E-03 ± 8.8E-05 0.27756 ± 0.0020 -14.4 ± 1.5 -15.9 ± 1.6 36147± 633 36004± 693 MC-ICPMS 146 167.5 ± 0.6 156.8 ± 15.3 851.9 ± 83.8 3.06E-04 ± 3.0E-05 0.26094 ± 0.0032 -11.2 ± 3.6 0.0 ± 0.0 33475± 1019 33444± 1021 TIMS 172 157.1 ± 0.4 408.6 ± 54.6 321.4 ± 43.5 8.51E-04 ± 1.1E-04 0.27351 ± 0.0058 0.5 ± 2.0 0.5 ± 2.2 34873± 1755 34787± 1762 MC-ICPMS 178 136.9 ± 0.6 1528.4 ± 19.2 69.5 ± 1.8 3.65E-03 ± 4.9E-05 0.25399 ± 0.0060 -9.8 ± 5.1 -10.7 ± 5.6 32381± 1837 32007± 1977 TIMS 178-2 136.9 ± 0.4 1510.0 ± 18.9 71.2 ± 1.5 3.61E-03 ± 4.6E-05 0.25686 ± 0.0046 -11.6 ± 3.2 -12.8 ± 3.6 32883± 1411 32558± 1444 TIMS 178 Weight averaged: 32368± 1160 207 140.7 ± 0.3 113.7 ± 36.2 1001.5 ± 318.5 2.64E-04 ± 8.4E-05 0.26482 ± 0.0017 -1.9 ± 1.4 -2.1 ± 1.5 33674± 510 33647± 513 MC-ICPMS 230 127.3 ± 0.4 645.2 ± 14.9 156.0 ± 3.9 1.66E-03 ± 3.9E-05 0.25885 ± 0.0026 -6.6 ± 4.9 -7.3 ± 5.4 32977± 885 32808± 945 TIMS 247 132.6 ± 0.4 211.6 ± 53.2 504.2 ± 126.9 5.22E-04 ± 1.3E-04 0.26337 ± 0.0022 -14.0 ± 2.1 -15.4 ± 2.3 33960± 688 33907± 696 MC-ICPMS 265 96.2 ± 0.7 292.9 ± 17.4 255.9 ± 16.2 9.96E-04 ± 6.0E-05 0.25505 ± 0.0060 -5.6 ± 5.9 -6.1 ± 6.5 32372± 1848 32270± 1857 TIMS 289 90.8 ± 0.4 317.8 ± 54.0 220.7 ± 37.6 1.14E-03 ± 1.9E-04 0.25267 ± 0.0030 10.2 ± 3.9 11.1 ± 4.2 31416± 911 31302± 939 MC-ICPMS 326 160.8 ± 0.4 57.2 ± 38.9 2149.0 ± 1462.1 1.16E-04 ± 7.9E-05 0.25011 ± 0.0019 -23.3 ± 1.7 -25.6 ± 1.8 32344± 599 32332± 599 MC-ICPMS 336 142.0 ± 0.4 32.5 ± 42.6 3467.9 ± 4538.7 7.50E-05 ± 9.8E-05 0.25997 ± 0.0017 -7.2 ± 2.2 -7.9 ± 2.4 33167± 542 33159± 542 MC-ICPMS 340 142.7 ± 0.5 329.8 ± 20.9 332.0 ± 21.6 7.56E-04 ± 4.8E-05 0.25099 ± 0.0039 -5.8 ± 5.3 -6.4 ± 5.8 31783± 1220 31706± 1228 TIMS 340-2 142.9 ± 0.6 333.6 ± 22.4 328.9 ± 24.0 7.64E-04 ± 5.1E-05 0.25131 ± 0.0072 -8.6 ± 7.0 -9.4 ± 7.7 31939± 2214 31861± 2218 TIMS 340 Weight averaged: 31750± 1080 Stalagmite CT-7 Sample 238U (ng/g) 232Th (pg/g) 230Th/232Th 232Th/238U 230Th/238U Measured d234U Initial d234U Uncorrected age Corrected age Method Height activity activity activity per mil per mil (yr BP) (yr BP) (mm) ratio ratio ratio 11 85.6 ± 0.5 502.7 ± 12.7 38.3 ± 3.0 1.92E-03 ± 5.0E-05 0.07356 ± 0.0054 -6.3 ± 11.0 -6.5 ± 11.3 8399± 654 8227± 675 TIMS 11 62.6 ± 0.3 400.0 ± 12.2 33.9 ± 2.1 2.09E-03 ± 6.4E-05 0.07100 ± 0.0037 -11.2 ± 7.0 -11.5 ± 7.1 8137± 450 7949± 487 TIMS 11 75.0 ± 0.5 380.4 ± 16.5 43.6 ± 3.9 1.66E-03 ± 7.3E-05 0.07226 ± 0.0057 11.7 ± 8.3 11.9 ± 8.5 8091± 673 7945± 687 TIMS 11 Weight averaged: 8020± 340 110 77.82796 0.371137 1553.955 14.4625 10.93763 0.702251 0.006533 6.83E-05 0.071458 0.004552 21.77941 8.444949 22.23626 8.622233 7915± 529 7345± 776 TIMS 110 64.32902 0.284737 876.0638 20.35096 15.59099 1.371556 0.004456 0.000105 0.069475 0.005903 -1.60866 11.6955 -1.64302 11.94533 7876± 703 7479± 806 TIMS 110 85.17252 0.293896 854.514 14.03137 20.09592 1.303127 0.003283 5.51E-05 0.065971 0.004145 8.387877 6.81187 8.557843 6.949914 7388± 484 7098± 563 TIMS 110 76.58425 0.284588 1432.985 18.53066 11.87102 0.765984 0.006122 8.24E-05 0.07268 0.004603 -0.63425 7.785722 -0.6482 7.956994 8245± 548 7699± 772 TIMS 110 Weight averaged: 7348± 350 245 86.34619 0.418881 553.4187 13.73395 31.91472 2.354221 0.002097 5.3E-05 0.066931 0.004661 8.557842 7.394923 8.736553 7.549362 7498± 545 7313± 575 TIMS 245 83.76629 0.363069 902.3222 11.45325 18.28858 1.477502 0.003524 4.73E-05 0.064461 0.005151 38.41468 8.359462 39.14831 8.519417 6996± 582 6693± 654 TIMS 245 82.77546 0.661218 620.0293 17.80562 25.25361 1.76871 0.002451 7.3E-05 0.061896 0.003985 -3.39752 16.44366 -3.46328 16.76194 7002± 482 6783± 528 TIMS 245 Weight averaged: 6939± 330 355 81.84642 0.336818 1264.062 11.63011 12.62376 0.76022 0.005053 5.09E-05 0.063795 0.003806 -0.96149 7.16427 -0.98002 7.302358 7206± 449 6755± 635 TIMS 355 86.77997 0.310394 2116.092 12.72834 7.827839 0.249597 0.007978 5.58E-05 0.062457 0.001968 6.64981 5.585947 6.769023 5.686106 6994± 231 6287± 744 TIMS 355 87.00293 0.293744 1410.128 10.66432 12.87105 0.909834 0.005303 4.39E-05 0.06826 0.004803 2.842365 5.492948 2.901013 5.606289 7697± 564 7226± 734 TIMS 355 86.348 0.531979 1117.813 21.09429 14.75323 1.490541 0.004235 8.41E-05 0.062493 0.006215 -4.75285 8.436597 -4.84374 8.597945 7082± 733 6703± 823 TIMS 355 84.72376 0.555121 1143.803 12.16982 13.86142 1.60663 0.004417 5.52E-05 0.061232 0.007079 -0.76477 14.3991 -0.77897 14.66654 6905± 834 6512± 919 TIMS 355 Weight averaged: 6717± 340 2a. d18O record from CT-7 stalagmite (mid-Holocene) CT-7 stalagmite Age (yr BP 2008 AD) Age d18O (permil VPDB) 7986.2 -8.42 7982.3 -8.67 7978.5 -8.47 7974.6 -8.87 7970.8 -8.72 7963.1 -8.93 7959.3 -8.35 7955.4 -8.09 7951.6 -8.57 7947.7 -9.32 7943.9 -8.80 7940.0 -8.59 7936.2 -8.35 7932.4 -8.69 7928.5 -8.11 7924.7 -9.15 7920.8 -8.62 7917.0 -8.90 7913.1 -8.52 7909.3 -8.76 7905.5 -8.31 7901.6 -8.20 7897.8 -8.66 7893.9 -8.44 7890.1 -8.01 7886.2 -8.95 7882.4 -8.82 7878.6 -8.09 7874.7 -8.67 7870.9 -8.34 7867.0 -8.38 7863.2 -8.41 7859.3 -8.44 7855.5 -8.46 7851.7 -7.78 7847.8 -8.27 7844.0 -8.60 7840.1 -8.72 7836.3 -8.30 7832.4 -8.10 7828.6 -8.30 7824.8 -8.30 7820.9 -8.45 7817.1 -8.70 7813.2 -8.31 7809.4 -8.05 7805.5 -8.42 7801.7 -8.38 7797.9 -8.24 7794.0 -8.97 7790.2 -8.90 7786.3 -8.37 7782.5 -9.02 7778.6 -8.24 7774.8 -8.28 7770.9 -8.21 7767.1 -8.47 7763.3 -8.85 7759.4 -8.01 7755.6 -7.89 7751.7 -8.17 7747.9 -8.02 7744.0 -8.07 7740.2 -8.49 7736.4 -8.09 7732.5 -8.84 7728.7 -7.87 7724.8 -8.09 7721.0 -8.70 7717.1 -8.53 7713.3 -8.59 7709.5 -8.64 7705.6 -8.31 7701.8 -8.52 7697.9 -7.31 7694.1 -8.61 7690.2 -8.44 7686.4 -7.72 7682.6 -8.49 7678.7 -8.21 7674.9 -8.17 7671.0 -7.48 7667.2 -8.02 7663.3 -8.38 7659.5 -8.40 7655.7 -8.17 7651.8 -8.45 7648.0 -8.64 7644.1 -8.47 7640.3 -8.44 7636.4 -8.58 7632.6 -8.64 7628.8 -8.75 7624.9 -7.31 7621.1 -8.32 7617.2 -10.08 7613.4 -8.31 7609.5 -7.80 7605.7 -8.28 7601.9 -8.08 7598.0 -8.22 7594.2 -8.60 7590.3 -8.61 7586.5 -8.33 7582.6 -8.52 7578.8 -8.12 7575.0 -8.21 7571.1 -8.12 7567.3 -8.41 7563.4 -8.95 7559.6 -8.70 7555.7 -8.72 7551.9 -8.73 7548.1 -8.57 7544.2 -8.72 7540.4 -8.69 7536.5 -9.14 7532.7 -8.76 7528.8 -8.68 7525.0 -7.98 7521.2 -8.39 7517.3 -8.24 7513.5 -8.79 7509.6 -8.82 7505.8 -8.57 7501.9 -8.21 7498.1 -8.30 7494.3 -8.93 7490.4 -8.67 7486.6 -8.52 7482.7 -8.60 7478.9 -8.59 7475.0 -8.51 7471.2 -8.53 7467.4 -8.21 7463.5 -6.37 7459.7 -8.58 7455.8 -8.71 7452.0 -8.66 7448.1 -8.55 7444.3 -8.89 7440.5 -8.73 7436.6 -8.96 7432.8 -8.29 7428.9 -9.12 7425.1 -8.95 7421.2 -8.53 7417.4 -7.82 7413.6 -8.33 7409.7 -8.10 7405.9 -8.71 7402.0 -8.09 7398.2 -7.76 7394.3 -8.41 7390.5 -8.64 7386.6 -8.14 7382.8 -6.91 7379.0 -7.92 7375.1 -8.28 7371.3 -8.00 7367.4 -7.93 7363.6 -8.27 7359.7 -8.13 7355.9 -8.12 7352.1 -7.99 7348.2 -9.13 7344.4 -8.52 7340.5 -8.44 7336.7 -8.78 7332.8 -8.58 7329.0 -8.47 7325.2 -7.95 7321.3 -8.01 7317.5 -8.02 7313.6 -7.83 7309.8 -7.67 7305.9 -8.50 7302.1 -7.96 7298.3 -8.42 7294.4 -8.43 7290.6 -7.66 7286.7 -7.72 7282.9 -8.22 7279.0 -8.43 7275.2 -7.99 7271.4 -8.35 7267.5 -7.86 7263.7 -8.03 7259.8 -8.08 7256.0 -7.38 7252.1 -7.44 7248.3 -7.63 7244.5 7240.6 -7.63 7236.8 -7.57 7232.9 -8.33 7229.1 -9.03 7225.2 -8.31 7221.4 -9.02 7217.6 -8.84 7213.7 -8.27 7209.9 -7.94 7206.0 -8.90 7202.2 -9.20 7198.3 -10.00 7194.5 -8.39 7190.7 -8.61 7186.8 -8.72 7183.0 -9.30 7179.1 -8.66 7175.3 -8.69 7171.4 -8.32 7167.6 -9.00 7163.8 -8.70 7159.9 -8.22 7156.1 -7.57 7152.2 -7.52 7148.4 -7.51 7144.5 -7.85 7140.7 -8.06 7136.9 -8.29 7133.0 -7.94 7129.2 -7.28 7125.3 -6.69 7121.5 -7.65 7117.6 -7.54 7113.8 -7.50 7110.0 -7.49 7106.1 -7.60 7102.3 -7.54 7098.4 -7.37 7094.6 -7.74 7090.7 -7.68 7086.9 -8.33 7083.1 -7.34 7079.2 -7.61 7075.4 -7.83 7071.5 -8.13 7067.7 -7.63 7063.8 -7.61 7060.0 -8.24 7056.2 -8.04 7052.3 -8.28 7048.5 -8.07 7044.6 -9.15 7040.8 -7.90 7036.9 -8.10 7033.1 -8.10 7029.3 -8.58 7025.4 -8.38 7021.6 -8.52 7017.7 -8.43 7013.9 -8.93 7010.0 -8.69 7006.2 -8.53 7002.3 -8.36 6998.5 -8.93 6994.7 -8.27 6990.8 -8.19 6987.0 -8.92 6983.1 -8.33 6979.3 -8.24 6975.4 -8.50 6971.6 -8.33 6967.8 -8.11 6963.9 -7.94 6960.1 -7.97 6956.2 -7.89 6952.4 -8.85 6948.5 -7.87 6944.7 -7.98 6940.9 -8.23 6937.0 -8.71 6933.2 -8.09 6929.3 -7.77 6925.5 -7.36 6921.6 -8.59 6917.8 -7.94 6914.0 -8.68 6910.1 -10.17 6906.3 -7.64 6902.4 -7.67 6898.6 -7.96 6894.7 -7.49 6890.9 -7.58 6887.1 -7.90 6883.2 -7.70 6879.4 -8.01 6875.5 -7.87 6871.7 -7.67 6867.8 -8.20 6864.0 -8.59 6860.2 -8.52 6856.3 -7.96 6852.5 -7.43 6848.6 -8.39 6844.8 -7.79 6840.9 -7.69 6837.1 -8.03 6833.3 -8.40 6829.4 -8.57 6825.6 -8.37 6821.7 -8.40 6817.9 -7.75 6814.0 -8.60 6810.2 -8.28 6806.4 -8.65 6802.5 -8.68 6798.7 -8.30 6794.8 -7.95 6791.0 -8.27 6787.1 -8.11 6783.3 -8.70 6779.5 -8.59 6775.6 -8.94 6771.8 -7.76 6767.9 -8.25 6764.1 -8.87 6760.2 -7.39 6756.4 -8.19 6752.6 -8.34 6748.7 -8.12 6744.9 -8.52 6741.0 -9.09 6737.2 -8.61 6733.3 -8.57 6729.5 -8.85 6725.7 -8.93 6721.8 -8.65 6718.0 -8.14 6714.1 -8.14 6710.3 -9.02 6706.4 -9.30 6702.6 -8.31 6698.8 -9.07 6694.9 -8.40 6691.1 -8.43 6687.2 -8.27 6683.4 -8.33 6679.5 -9.75 6675.7 -8.94 6671.9 -8.82 6668.0 -9.11 6664.2 -8.76 6660.3 -8.21 6656.5 -8.49 6652.6 -8.28 6648.8 -8.09 6645.0 -8.12 6641.1 -8.00 6637.3 -8.48 6633.4 -8.26 6629.6 -8.05 6625.7 -8.09 6621.9 -8.06 6618.0 -8.44 6614.2 -8.39 6610.4 -8.20 6606.5 -7.86 6602.7 -7.98 6598.8 -8.19 6595.0 -8.55 6591.1 -8.38 6587.3 -8.57 6583.5 -8.30 6579.6 -8.06 6575.8 -8.09 6571.9 -8.11 6568.1 -7.77 6564.2 -7.29 6560.4 -7.16 2b. Spliced d18O record from stalagmites CT-1, CT-5, and CT-6 Age (yr BP 2008 AD), 100-year-interpolation Age d18O (permil VPDB) 24050 -7.5 24150 -7.0 24250 -6.2 24350 -8.1 24450 -8.0 24550 -7.9 24650 -8.3 24750 -8.4 24850 -7.7 24950 -8.2 25050 -8.2 25150 -8.3 25250 -7.9 25350 -8.0 25450 -8.1 25550 -8.1 25650 -7.9 25750 -8.0 25850 -8.1 25950 -8.3 26050 -8.1 26150 -8.0 26250 -8.7 26350 -8.9 26450 -8.3 26550 -8.8 26650 -9.0 26750 -8.9 26850 -9.2 26950 -9.0 27050 -8.4 27150 -8.5 27250 -8.2 27350 -8.0 27450 -7.0 27550 -7.6 27650 -7.4 27750 -7.8 27850 -7.9 27950 -8.1 28050 -8.0 28150 -8.2 28250 -8.2 28350 -8.4 28450 -8.8 28550 -8.9 28650 -8.6 28750 -8.4 28850 -8.6 28950 -8.6 29050 -9.3 29150 -8.8 29250 -8.1 29350 -8.1 29450 -8.5 29550 -8.2 29650 -7.9 29750 -7.6 29850 -7.8 29950 -8.0 30050 -8.5 30150 -8.7 30250 -8.4 30350 -8.2 30450 -8.5 30550 -8.6 30650 -8.4 30750 -8.0 30850 -8.3 30950 -8.4 31050 -8.0 31150 -7.9 31250 -7.6 31350 -7.4 31450 -7.2 31550 -7.5 31650 -7.6 31750 -7.6 31850 -7.6 31950 -7.4 32050 -6.9 32150 -7.2 32250 -8.0 32350 -7.8 32450 -7.6 32550 -7.6 32650 -7.7 32750 -7.9 32850 -8.0 32950 -8.4 33050 -8.1 33150 -8.4 33250 -8.4 33350 -9.0 33450 -8.1 33550 -8.0 33650 -8.4 33750 -8.4 33850 -8.1 33950 -7.5 34050 -8.1 34150 -8.3 34250 -7.9 34350 -7.2 34450 -7.6 34550 -8.2 34650 -8.3 34750 -8.2 34850 -8.3 34950 -8.9 35050 -8.5 35150 -7.7 35250 -8.4 35350 -8.2 35450 -7.8 35550 -8.2 35650 -8.1 35750 -7.8 35850 -8.4 35950 -9.0 36050 -8.8 36150 -8.9 36250 -8.6 36350 -8.7 36450 -9.2 36550 -8.8 36650 -8.7 36750 -8.4 36850 -8.6 36950 -8.7 37050 -8.7 37150 -9.0 37250 -9.0 37350 -8.8 37450 -8.9 37550 -9.0 37650 -9.0 37750 -8.9 37850 -8.8 37950 -8.7 38050 -8.9 38150 -9.0 38250 -8.8 38350 -8.5 38450 -8.3 38550 -8.4 38650 -8.4 38750 -8.4 38850 -8.4 38950 -8.4 39050 -8.4 39150 -8.5 39250 -8.5 39350 -8.5 39450 -8.4 39550 -8.3 39650 -8.1 39750 -8.0 39850 -8.0 39950 -8.2 40050 -8.3 40150 -8.4 40250 -8.5 40350 -8.4 40450 -8.3 40550 -8.5 40650 -8.4 40750 -8.2 40850 -8.5 40950 -8.4 41050 -8.5 41150 -8.6 41250 -8.8 41350 -9.0 41450 -9.0 41550 -8.7 41650 -8.4 41750 -8.1 41850 -8.0 41950 -8.3 42050 -8.3 42150 -8.0 42250 -7.9 42350 -7.9 42450 -8.0 42550 -8.1 42650 -7.6 42750 -7.3 42850 -7.4 42950 -7.4 43050 -7.5 43150 -7.7 43250 -8.1 43350 -8.2 43450 -8.3 43550 -8.4 43650 -8.1 43750 -7.9 43850 -7.8 43950 -7.9 44050 -7.5 44150 -8.1 44250 -8.4 44350 -8.0 44450 -8.5 44550 -8.4 44650 -8.0 44750 -7.6 44850 -7.9 44950 -8.0 45050 -8.0 45150 -8.1 45250 -8.3 45350 -8.1 45450 -7.9 45550 -8.1 45650 -8.2 45750 -8.1 45850 -7.8 45950 -7.4 46050 -7.2 46150 -7.3 46250 -7.3 46350 -6.9 46450 -6.8 46550 -7.1 46650 -7.2 46750 -7.6 46850 -9.1 46950 -9.1 47050 -9.1 47150 -8.8 47250 -7.6 47350 -7.0 47450 -6.7 47550 -6.6 47650 -6.8 47750 -7.3 47850 -7.2 47950 -7.3 48050 -7.3 48150 -7.1 48250 -6.9 48350 -7.1 48450 -7.1 48550 -7.0 48650 -7.0 48750 -7.4 48850 -7.6 48950 -7.7 49050 -7.5 49150 -7.0 49250 -7.3 49350 -7.4 49450 -7.5 49550 -7.6 49650 -7.5 49750 -7.8 49850 -7.8 49950 -7.8 50050 -7.7 50150 -7.5 50250 -7.8 50350 -7.7 50450 -7.6 50550 -7.6 50650 -7.6 50750 -7.4 50850 -7.4 50950 -7.8 51050 -7.8 51150 -7.6 51250 -7.4 51350 -7.6 51450 -7.6 51550 -7.2 51650 -7.1 51750 -7.2 51850 -7.3 51950 -7.3 52050 -7.3 52150 -6.9 52250 -6.4 52350 -6.4 52450 -6.6 52550 -6.7 52650 -6.8 52750 -6.9 52850 -7.1 52950 -8.1 53050 -8.2 53150 -7.5 53250 -7.4 53350 -7.7 53450 -7.1 53550 -6.8 53650 -6.2 53750 -6.7 53850 -6.8 53950 -7.0 54050 -7.3 54150 -7.6 54250 -7.8 54350 -7.5 54450 -7.1 54550 -6.7 54650 -7.3 54750 -7.3 54850 -7.5 54950 -7.3 55050 -7.4 55150 -7.7 55250 -7.7 55350 -7.6 55450 -7.6 55550 -7.4 55650 -7.4 55750 -7.7 55850 -7.7 55950 -7.5 56050 -7.6 56150 -7.7 56250 -7.9 56350 -7.8 56450 -7.7 56550 -7.5 56650 -7.1 56750 -6.9 56850 -6.6 56950 -6.6 57050 -7.0 57150 -7.4 57250 -7.8 57350 -7.9 57450 -7.4 57550 -7.6 57650 -8.3 57750 -8.2 57850 -7.8 57950 -7.6 58050 -7.7 58150 -7.8 58250 -7.4 58350 -7.7 58450 -7.8 58550 -7.4 58650 -7.0 58750 -6.7 58850 -6.3 58950 -6.4 59050 -6.5 59150 -6.9 59250 -7.5 59350 -7.6 59450 -7.3 59550 -7.2 59650 -7.2 59750 -6.9 59850 -7.0 59950 -6.9 60050 -6.8 60150 -6.5 60250 -6.0 60350 -6.2 60450 -6.3 60550 -6.4 60650 -6.4 60750 -6.1 60850 -6.1 60950 -6.4 61050 -6.4 61150 -6.6 61250 -7.0 61350 -7.5 61450 -7.5 61550 -6.7 61650 -7.2 61750 -5.3 61850 -5.9 61950 -6.4 62050 -6.8 62150 -6.6 62250 -6.7 62350 -6.5 62450 -6.8 62550 -6.7 62650 -7.0 62750 -7.4 62850 -7.4 62950 -7.2 63050 -7.2 63150 -7.3 63250 -7.3 63350 -7.4 63450 -7.8 63550 -8.0 63650 -8.2 63750 -7.9 63850 -7.8 63950 -8.5 64050 -8.7 64150 -8.8 64250 -9.3 64350 -9.2 64450 -8.5 64550 -8.3 64650 -8.4 64750 -8.5 64850 -8.8 64950 -8.8 65050 -8.7 65150 -8.6 65250 -8.5 65350 -8.5 65450 -8.6 65550 -8.4 65650 -8.3 65750 -8.1 65850 -8.4 65950 -8.2 66050 -8.5 66150 -8.9 66250 -8.5 66350 -8.2 66450 -8.7 66550 -8.6 66650 -8.1 66750 -8.9 66850 -9.5 66950 -8.9 67050 -8.6 67150 -9.1 67250 -9.2 67350 -9.0 67450 -8.9 67550 -8.9 67650 -8.7 67750 -8.8 67850 -8.9 67950 -8.7 68050 -7.8 68150 -7.8 68250 -7.8 68350 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