# Denniston et al. 1999 Cold Water Cave Iowa Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/5425 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-cave-5425.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Speleothems # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/9taz-tt97 # # Science_Keywords: #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/iowa/coldwater_cave-cwc3L-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core CWC-3L Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2004-05-05 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-03-07 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Denniston et al. 1999 Cold Water Cave Iowa Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Denniston, R.F.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-1221); González, L.A.; Baker, R.G.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5460-725X); Reagan, M.K.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-4194); Bettis, E.A. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Stable isotope data (13C and 18O) of three stalagmites from Cold Water Cave, northeastern Iowa, USA. (43 28' 04" N, 91 58' 30" W, 356m surface elevation). Stalagmites dated by U-Th Series and isotope data collected on a Finnigan MAT 252 using a Kiel II device. UPDATE 3/2025: sample depths from the SISAL Global Speleothem Isotope Database v2 (https://doi.org/10.25921/s4ze-ve52) were added to data table. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Denniston, Rhawn F., Luis A. González, Yemane Asmerom, Richard G. Baker, Mark K. Reagan, E. Arthur Bettis # Journal_Name: Geology # Published_Title: Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999 # Volume: 27 # Pages: 815-818 # Issue: 9 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0815:EFICSM>2.3.CO;2 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Isotopic analyses of three stalagmites from Cold Water Cave, northeast Iowa, United States, reveal nearly identical d13C trends from ca. 7 to 2 ka. However, d18O patterns differ by as much as 3 per mil from 5.7 to 3.2 ka. These disparate d18O values reflect evaporative 18O enrichment in meteoric water prior to infiltration, suggesting that previously calculated temperatures based on a single Cold Water Cave stalagmite overestimated middle Holocene warming. The coincidence of elevated middle Holocene growth rates in the stalagmites with the lowest oxygen isotopic compositions indicates that the middle Holocene was marked by a predominance of cool-weather precipitation during a period of increased overall aridity. #-------------------- # Authors: Dorale, J.A., L.A. Gonzalez, M.K. Reagan, D.A. Pickett, M.T. Murrell, and R.G. Baker. # Journal_Name: Science # Published_Title: A high resolution record of Holocene climate change in speleothem calcite from Cold Water Cave, northeast Iowa # Published_Date_or_Year: 1992 # Volume: 258 # Pages: 1626-1630 # Issue: 5088 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.258.5088.1626 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: High-precision uranium-thorium mass spectrometric chronology and 18O-13C isotopic analysis of speleothem calcite from Cold Water Cave in northeast Iowa have been used to chart mid-Holocene climate change. Significant shifts in δ18O and δ13C isotopic values coincide with well-documented Holocene vegetation changes. Temperature estimates based on 18O/16O ratios suggest that the climate warmed rapidly by about 3δC at 5900 years before present and then cooled by 4δC at 3600 years before present. Initiation of a gradual increase in δ13C at 5900 years before present suggests that turnover of the forest soil biomass was slow and that equilibrium with prairie vegetation was not attained by 3600 years before present. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) # Grant: NA366PO238 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Cold Water Cave # Location: Iowa # Northernmost_Latitude: 43.47 # Southernmost_Latitude: 43.47 # Easternmost_Longitude: -91.97 # Westernmost_Longitude: -91.97 # Elevation_m: 356 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: CWC-3L # First_Year: 8598 # Last_Year: 1977 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes # Notes: Age is interpolated #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Uranium-Thorium # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Several samples from 3L (those at 305.0, 239.0, and 11.0 mm from bottom) produced problematic dates with actual uncertainties likely larger than indicated. Two additional 3L samples, 180.0 and 210.0 mm from bottom (not tabulated here), yielded anomalously young dates that fell out of stratigraphic sequence. Furthermore, the insoluble residue from one of these (180.0 mm) had an anomalously high 230Th/232Th ratio (3.1 x 10e-5). The anomalous samples and residue correction uncertainties therefore cast doubt on the accuracy of the ages for the low 230Th/232Th samples at 11.0, 239.0, and 305.0 mm. However, the reported ages fo these three samples are in sequence with the more reliable ages from 84.5 and 53.0 mm, and are consistent with stratigraphic correlation wth the delta 13 C trends in 1S and 2SS. # Rejection_Rationale: # 238U_Decay_Constant: # 234U_Decay_Constant: 2.835 x 10-6 year-1 # 230Th_Decay_Constant: 9.1952 x 10-6 year-1 # Initial_230Th/232Th: 2.5 x 10e-6 # Initial_230Th/232Th_Method: Analyses of insoluble residues from cores 1S and 3L. # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: na # Chronology_Table: # core_id depth_bot_mm 238U_ppb 232Th_ppt d234U_meas_permil d234U_meas_2s_permil 230Th_238U_act 230Th_238U_act_2s 230Th_232Th_atom_ppm 230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm age_corr_BP1950 age_corr_2s_yr # 3L 305.0 176 1622 784 4 0.0351 0.0003 62.2 0.5 2080 80 # 3L 239.0 172 2721 786 3 0.0603 0.0005 62.4 0.5 3590 130 # 3L 84.5 232 887 705 3 0.0938 0.0007 403 3 6100 60 # 3L 53.0 313 136 691 2 0.1075 0.0007 4050 30 7110 60 # 3L 11.0 267 15020 695 3 0.1419 0.0015 41.3 0.4 9040 420 #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_mm depth,,,millimeter,,speleothems,,,N, ## age_calBP age,,,calendar year before present,,speleothems,,,N, ## d13Cpdb delta 13C,calcium carbonate,,per mil PDB,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18Osmow delta 18O,calcium carbonate,,per mil SMOW,,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: depth_mm age_calBP d13Cpdb d18Osmow 309.5 1977 -6.78 24.55 308 2011 -6.97 24.46 307 2034 -6.65 24.84 306 2057 -6.72 24.36 305 2080 -6.58 24.52 304 2103 -6.78 24.51 303 2126 -6.42 24.71 302 2149 -6.67 24.71 301 2172 -6.78 24.74 300 2194 -6.67 24.52 299 2217 -5.87 24.63 298 2240 -6.37 24.73 297 2263 -6.49 24.4 295 2309 -6.12 24.7 294 2332 -6.22 24.74 293 2355 -6.02 24.7 292 2377 -5.81 24.89 291 2400 -6.08 24.57 290 2423 -6.5 24.53 289 2446 -6.45 24.32 288 2469 -6.31 24.26 287 2492 -5.98 24.66 286 2515 -6.29 24.91 285 2538 -6.04 24.25 284 2560 -6.15 24.59 283 2583 -6.19 24.47 281.5 2618 -5.98 24.44 281 2629 -6.25 24.67 280 2652 -6 24.67 278.5 2686 -6.02 24.36 278 2698 -6.29 24.62 277 2721 -5.86 24.49 276 2743 -6.08 24.77 275 2766 -5.9 24.43 274 2789 -5.84 24.64 273 2812 -5.7 24.86 271.5 2846 -5.88 24.42 270.2 2876 -5.56 24.86 269 2904 -5.4 24.78 268 2927 -5.54 24.72 267 2949 -5.67 24.32 266 2972 -5.53 24.63 265 2995 -5.68 24.95 264 3018 -5.69 24.73 262.5 3052 -6.1 24.45 261 3087 -5.93 24.78 260 3110 -5.66 24.72 259 3132 -5.69 24.62 258 3155 -5.34 24.86 257 3178 -5.49 25.1 256 3201 -5.4 24.76 255 3224 -5.4 24.7 254 3247 -5.4 24.52 253 3270 -4.26 24.95 252 3293 -5.46 25 251.7 3299 -5.58 24.85 250.8 3320 -5.37 25.04 250 3338 -5.69 24.65 249 3361 -5.56 24.82 248 3384 -5.27 24.95 247.5 3396 -5.35 24.43 246 3430 -5.76 24.44 245 3453 -4.64 24.5 244.3 3469 -4.99 24.38 243.25 3493 -4.79 24.77 242.5 3510 -5.53 24.96 241.5 3533 -5.5 24.88 240.5 3556 -5.52 24.82 239 3590 -5.81 25.04 238 3606 -5.73 24.9 237 3622 -5.95 24.75 236 3639 -5.78 24.74 235.1 3653 -5.53 24.67 234 3671 -5.42 24.92 233 3687 -5.04 24.99 232.3 3699 -5.53 24.76 231 3720 -4.65 24.88 230 3736 -5.57 24.28 229.5 3744 -5.49 24.05 228.5 3761 -5.21 24.79 227.5 3777 -4.81 24.89 225.9 3803 -5.41 24.26 225.9 3803 -5.18 24.83 224.8 3821 -5.08 24.25 224 3834 -5.12 24.38 222.9 3852 -5.37 24.39 221.7 3871 -5.45 23.94 220.8 3886 -5.53 24.42 219.8 3902 -5.69 24.74 219 3915 -5.55 24.37 218.3 3926 -5.55 24.85 217.3 3943 -5.22 23.91 216.5 3956 -5.55 23.69 215.5 3972 -5.52 24.53 214.5 3988 -5.58 24.49 213.7 4001 -5.37 24.21 212.9 4014 -5.58 24.29 212 4029 -5.33 24.63 211.3 4040 -5.31 23.82 210 4061 -5.35 24.67 209 4077 -5.27 24.1 208 4094 -5.41 24.02 207 4110 -5.21 24.64 206 4126 -5.4 24.97 205 4142 -5.54 24.97 203.5 4167 -5.47 24.37 202.8 4178 -5.46 24.57 202 4191 -5.49 24.27 200.8 4211 -5.45 24.52 199.7 4228 -5.99 24.75 199 4240 -4.99 24.33 197.5 4264 -5.21 24.25 196.5 4280 -4.98 24.21 195.5 4297 -5.16 23.7 193 4337 -5.32 24.57 192.7 4342 -5.29 24.31 191.5 4362 -5.37 24.26 190.4 4380 -4.98 23.97 189.5 4394 -5.32 24.03 188.5 4410 -5.42 24.47 187.5 4427 -4.45 24.36 186.7 4440 -4.61 24.43 186 4451 -4.97 24.73 185.2 4464 -5.31 24.66 184.5 4475 -5.03 25.06 183.5 4492 -4.73 25.06 182.7 4505 -5.39 24.6 182.1 4514 -5.63 24.52 181.5 4524 -5.72 24.44 180.7 4537 -4.37 25.17 180 4549 -5.28 24.18 179 4565 -4.66 24.19 178.1 4579 -5.27 24.27 177.3 4592 -5.86 24.71 176.5 4605 -5.76 24.33 176 4613 -6.01 24.51 175.3 4625 -5.82 24.93 175 4630 -6.16 24.47 174.7 4635 -6.11 24.62 174 4646 -6.13 24.57 173 4662 -6.01 24.26 172.3 4674 -6.08 24.83 171.5 4687 -6.1 24.62 170.5 4703 -6.42 23.97 169.5 4719 -6.21 24.33 168.7 4732 -6.54 24.45 168 4743 -6.17 24.4 167.3 4755 -6.29 24.63 166.5 4768 -6.25 24.86 165.5 4784 -6.31 24.6 164.5 4800 -6.61 24.07 163.7 4813 -6.31 24.63 163.1 4823 -6.29 24.29 162 4841 -6.3 24.37 161.5 4849 -6.2 24.47 160.5 4865 -6.38 24.37 159.5 4882 -6.26 24.57 158.7 4895 -6.1 24.99 158 4906 -6.5 24.55 157 4922 -6.54 24.26 156.3 4934 -6.22 24.29 155.5 4947 -6.48 24.88 154.5 4963 -5.91 24.59 153.6 4977 -6.63 24.65 153 4987 -6.42 24.39 152.3 4999 -6.47 24.61 151.7 5008 -6.03 24.75 150.7 5025 -6.5 24.75 149.9 5038 -5.97 24.43 149.3 5047 -6.19 24.51 148.5 5060 -6.63 24.98 147.5 5077 -6.48 24.38 147 5085 -5.85 24.28 146.3 5096 -6.38 25.05 145.5 5109 -6.37 24.51 144.9 5119 -6.03 25.06 143.5 5141 -6.44 24.96 143 5150 -6.61 24.75 142.3 5161 -6.82 25.09 141.5 5174 -6.82 24.82 140.5 5190 -6.62 24.49 139.9 5200 -6.85 24.75 139.1 5213 -6.81 24.9 138.3 5226 -6.92 25 137.5 5239 -6.57 24.88 136.9 5249 -7.01 24.34 136 5263 -6.68 24.65 135.3 5275 -6.81 24.36 134.5 5288 -6.81 24.49 134 5296 -6.95 24.57 133.5 5304 -6.81 24.75 132.7 5317 -6.95 24.87 132 5328 -7.38 24.61 131.2 5341 -6.51 24.54 130.5 5353 -6.93 24.61 129.8 5364 -7.23 24.61 129 5377 -7.58 24.5 128.4 5387 -7.55 24.3 127.6 5400 -7.35 24.19 127 5410 -6.89 24.48 126 5426 -7.35 24.49 125.3 5437 -7.56 24.31 124.5 5450 -7.97 24.11 123.5 5466 -8.09 24.21 122.5 5483 -8.33 23.54 121.5 5499 -7.57 24.62 120.5 5515 -7.2 24.18 120 5523 -7.99 24.64 119 5540 -7.42 24.42 118 5556 -7.76 24.85 117.2 5569 -7.52 24.67 116.3 5583 -6.92 24.39 115.5 5596 -7.99 24.94 114.5 5613 -7.03 24.48 113.7 5626 -7.14 24.26 112.9 5639 -7.47 24.43 112.6 5643 -6.86 24.47 111 5669 -7.81 24.65 110 5686 -8.21 24.28 109.2 5699 -7.88 24.23 108.3 5713 -8.29 24.47 107.3 5730 -8.08 24.58 106.5 5743 -7.96 24.17 105.5 5759 -8.32 24.8 104.5 5775 -8.03 24.32 103.5 5791 -8.42 24.54 102.5 5808 -7.03 24.75 101.5 5824 -7.72 24.55 100.5 5840 -7.93 24.87 99.5 5856 -8.04 24.05 99 5864 -8.11 24.23 98 5881 -8.2 24.67 97 5897 -8.47 24.37 96 5913 -8.6 24.29 95 5929 -8.42 24.44 94 5946 -7.1 24.55 91.5 5986 -7.63 24.49 90.5 6003 -7.13 24.4 90 6011 -8.44 24.49 89.5 6019 -8.12 24.46 88.5 6035 -8.07 24.51 87.5 6051 -7.73 24.58 87 6059 -7.63 24.3 86.5 6068 -7.53 24.47 85.5 6084 -7.57 24.66 84.5 6100 -7.81 24.64 83.5 6132 -8.01 24.52 82.5 6164 -8.06 24.23 81 6212 -7.86 24.56 79.5 6260 -7.66 24.55 78 6308 -7.63 24.36 76.5 6357 -7.65 24.66 73.5 6453 -8.11 24.48 70 6565 -8.1 25.06 67 6661 -7.75 24.64 64.8 6732 -7.28 24.84 62.5 6805 -7.85 24.66 60.5 6870 -7.49 24.58 59 6918 -7.78 24.57 58 6950 -7.44 25.04 56.5 6998 -7.46 24.78 55 7046 -6.6 25 53 7110 -7.32 24.82 51.5 7166 -7.6 24.72 49.5 7240 -7.41 24.13 48 7296 -6.77 24.86 46 7370 -7.94 24.62 44 7445 -6.49 25.12 42.5 7501 -7.51 24.74 41 7556 -7.2 24.88 40.5 7575 -7.4 24.77 39 7631 -7.32 24.78 37 7705 -8.27 24.25 36 7742 -8.27 24.21 34.5 7798 -7.92 24.29 33.2 7846 -8.07 24.63 32 7891 -8.12 24.32 30 7965 -7.11 24.65 29.5 7984 -7.53 24.47 27.4 8062 -7.58 24.88 26.5 8096 -7.44 24.92 25.2 8144 -7.16 24.69 24.5 8170 -7.24 24.56 23 8226 -7.29 24.93 22 8263 -7.32 24.65 20.5 8319 -7.34 24.71 19 8375 -7.49 24.67 17 8449 -7 24.85 15.5 8505 -7.68 24.32 14 8561 -7.72 24.82 13 8598 -7.97 24.73