# Leviathan Cave, Nevada 13,000 Year Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29592 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/nevada/leviathan2020iso.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Data Type: Speleothems # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-05-12 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-09-04 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Leviathan Cave, Nevada 13,000 Year Speleothem Stable Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lachniet, M.; Asmerom, Y.; Polyak, V.; Denniston, R. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Speleothem stable isotope (d18O and d13C) data from stalagmite LC-1 collected in Leviathan Cave, Nevada, for the past 13,000 years, plus regional aridity index. # Data set updated 4 September 2020: addition of data and information from Supplementary Tables S2, S3, and S4 (precipitation isotopes, regional records, and aridity index), plus smoothed annual-resolution stable isotope data. # Ages reported in years before CE 2000. d18O and d13C are in permil relative to the VPDB scale, based on calibrated internal standards. # # # Table 1. Stable isotope and climate paramaters for Synoptic weather types around Las Vegas, Nevada. # Synoptic weather type Mean d18O (permil VSMOW) Mean d2H (permil VSMOW) Mean dx Count Mean max T (C) Mean min T (C) Mean Mean T (C) Mean precip (mm) Sum precip (mm) # Dry Moderate -7.7 ±4.6 -55 ±35 5.9 ±9.8 20 27.7 ±7.0 17.1 ±6.5 22.4 ±6.7 4.5 ±5.8 90 # Dry Polar -11.3 ±2.0 -83 ±20 7.1 ±3.6 2 13.9 ±0.0 4.2 ±1.2 9.0 ±0.6 Trace Trace Trace # Dry Tropical -6.0 ±3.5 -49 ±23 -1.1 ±14.8 10 34.7 ±8.9 22.6 ±7.5 28.6 ±8.2 0.3 ±0.4 3 # Moist Moderate -11.9 ±4.0 -86 ±31 9.8 ±6.9 132 13.4 ±5.9 8.4 ±5.1 10.9 ±5.5 10.5 ±9.0 1381 # Moist Polar -14.8 ±5.8 -108 ±39 10.0 ±9.6 9 12.4 ±6.1 5.9 ±5.0 9.2 ±5.5 4.0 ±7.9 36 # Moist Tropical -5.5 ±5.3 -44 ±35 0.7 ±13.1 31 23.6 ±9.2 15.8 ±6.4 19.7 ±7.7 5.5 ±4.4 171 # Transition -11.0 ±4.9 -84 ±33 4.2 ±7.9 24 15.1 ±7.3 8.6 ±5.0 11.9 ±6.1 7.2 ±6.2 174 # # # Table S3 Regional Paleohydrological Records # Site Latitude Longitude Altitude Wet 0 or Dry 1 Cold 0 or Warm 1 Start (yr B2k) sigma End (yr B2k) sigma Description Order1 Citation_1 Citation_2 # Rainbow Lake, WY 44.94 -109.5 2963 0 11250 9450 High lake level from Figure 7, p. 70 1 Shuman, B. N. & Serravezza, M. Patterns of hydroclimatic change in the Rocky Mountains and surrounding regions since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Sci Rev 173, 58-77, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.012 (2017). # " " " 1 9450 5550 LOI reached Holocene minimum between 9450 and 5550 cal yr BP 1 Shuman, B. N. & Serravezza, M. Patterns of hydroclimatic change in the Rocky Mountains and surrounding regions since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Sci Rev 173, 58-77, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.012 (2017). # " " " 0 5550 0 Lake level within 50 cm of modern since 5500 cal yr BP (p. 67) 1 " # Duncan Lake, WY 44.65 -107.45 2845 0 10250 8450 High LOI from >10,200 to 8400 cal yr BP (p. 71) 2 " # " " " 1 8450 4950 LOI reached Holocene minimum between 8400 and 4900 cal yr BP 2 " # " " " 0 4950 0 Highest lake levels of the Holocene from Figure 7, p. 70 2 " # Lake of the Woods, WY 43.48 -109.89 2816 0 11350 9350 High lake levels of the Holocene from Figure 8, p. 72 3 " # " " " 1 9350 5750 Lowest Holocene lake levels of the Holocene from Figure 8, p. 72 3 " # " " " 0 5750 0 Highest lake levels of the Holocene from Figure 8, p. 72 3 " # Diamond Pond, OR 43.104071 -118.816507 1262 1 6910 130 6220 110 Water table lowered by 17 m and xeric vegetation when a saline-soil adapted biota (greasewood) dominated the pollen spectra prior to 5400 14C yr BP; base of core at 6000 14C yr BP (extrapolated age). 4 Wigand, P. E. Diamond Pond, Harney County, Oregon: Vegetation history and water table in the eastern Oregon desert. Great Basin Naturalist 47, 427-458 (1987). # " " " 0 6220 110 4240 150 Wetter conditions compared to prior interval between 5400 and 3800 14C yr BP (p. 453). 4 " # " " " 0 4240 150 2020 130 Deeper water indicated by dominance of aquatif floating plants (p. 454-455) 4 " # " " " 1 2020 130 370 130 Low water levels after 2000 14C yr BP to about 300 14C yr BP (p. 455). 4 " # " " " 0 370 130 0 0 More effective moisture after 300 14C yr BP (p. 455) 4 " # Fish Lake, OR 42.737013 -118.646456 2250 0 11750 9800 160 Lower sagebrush:grass pollen ratios indicate wetter climate (Figure 12, p. 181) 5 Mehringer, P. J., Jr. in Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments (eds Vaughn M. Jr. Bryant & Richard G. Holloway) 167-189 (American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1985). # " " " 1 9800 160 5470 130 Increase in sagebrush relative to grass pollen indicates decrease in effective moisture between 8700 and 4700 14C yr BP 5 " # " " " 0 5470 0 Lower sagebrush:grass pollen ratios indicate wetter climate (Figure 12, p. 181) 5 " # Plan B Pond, ID 42.148 -111.579 2500 0 11750 11150 Pollen indicate colder than modern summer conditions between 11,700 and 11100 cal yr BP (p. 838) 6 Lundeen, Z. J. & Brunelle, A. A 14,000-year record of fire, climate, and vegetation from the Bear River Range, southeast Idaho, USA. The Holocene 26, 833-842, doi:10.1177/0959683615622545 (2016). # " " " 1 11150 6050 Pollen indicate warmer than modern summer conditions between 11,100 and 6000 cal yr BP 6 " # " " " 0 6050 0 Pollen indicate colder than modern summer conditions since 6000 cal yr BP (p. 838) 6 " # Bear Lake, UT/ID 42 -111.33 1805 1 1 12050 7550 "Maximum aridity and warmth is indicated from 12,000 to 7500 cal yr BP, followed by intervals of generally more mesic and cool conditions, especially after 7500 cal yr B.P." (abstract). Cold-tolerant plants returned between 7500 and 7000 cal yr BP. 7 Doner, L. A. in Paleoenvironments of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, and its catchment Vol. Special Paper 450 (eds J.G. Rosenbaum & D.S. Kaufman) 213-223 (Geological Society of America, 2009). # " " " 0 13850 10850 High lake levels between 13,850 and 10,850 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 1 10850 9250 Low lake levels between 10800 and 9200 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 0 9250 7650 High lake levels between 9200 and 7600 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 1 7650 5850 Low lake levels between 7600 and 5800 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 0 5850 4350 High lake levels between 5800 and 4300 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 1 4350 3850 Low lake levels between 4300 and 3800 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 0 3850 2950 High lake levels between 3800 and 2900 cal yr BP (based on diatoms) 7 " # " " " 1 2950 0 Drier conditions from 2900 cal yr BP to present (based on diatoms) 7 " # Tule Lake, CA 41.95 -121.48 1231 1 7633 49 3220 130 Lower lake level younger than Mazama ash; rising levels around 3000 14C yr BP based on stratigraphic depth 8 Bradbury, J. P. The late Cenozoic diatom stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Tule Lake, Siskiyou Co. California. J Paleolimnol 6, 205-255 (1991). # " " " 0 3220 130 0 Lower lake level younger than Mazama ash; rising levels around 3000 14C yr BP based on stratigraphic depth 8 " # Little Windy Hill Pond, WY 41.43 -106.34 2980 0 11250 6350 Increased precipitation over evaporation (p. 257). 9 Pribyl, P. & Shuman, B. N. A computational approach to Quaternary lake-level reconstruction applied in the central Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Quaternary Research 82, 249-259, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2014.01.012 (2014). # " " " 1 6350 5850 Maximum aridity (p. 257) 9 " # " " " 0 5850 0 Rising lake levels after maximum aridity (p. 257). 9 " # Patterson, Lily, and Dead Horse Lakes, OR 41.3867 -120.2236 2743 1 11750 7050 Drier than modern conditions between the early Holocene and 7000 cal yr BP from pollen 10 Minckley, T. A., Whitlock, C. & Bartlein, P. J. Vegetation, fire, and climate history of the northwestern Great Basin during the last 14,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2167-2184, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.009 (2007). # " " " 0 7050 0 Effective moisture increased after 7000 cal yr BP (p. 2180). 10 " # Homestead Cave, UT 41.158983 -112.930263 1406 1 7850 90 5100 150 Nearby Great Salt Lake likely dessicated completely and environmental conditions were dry 11 Madsen, D. B. et al. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 243-271, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6 (2001). # Homestead Cave, UT 41.158983 -112.930263 1406 0 11520 8910 Early Holocene was moist and cool between ~9950 and 8000 14C yr BP 12 Madsen, D. B. et al. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 243-271, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6 (2001). # " " " 1 8910 5100 Middle Holocene was drier and hotter (p. 263-5). 12 Madsen, D. B. et al. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 243-271, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6 (2001). # " " " 0 5100 0 Late Holocene returned to moist and cool conditions (p. 12 Madsen, D. B. et al. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 243-271, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00240-6 (2001). # Homestead Cave, UT 41.158983 -112.930263 1406 0 13220 100 8910 150 Harvest mouse (prefers moist habitats) at low levels between 8000 and 5000 14C yr BP, relative to before and after 13 Grayson, D. K., 2011, The Great Basin: a Natural Prehistory, University of California Press, 418 p. Grayson, D. K. Mammalian Responses to Middle Holocene Climatic Change in the Great Basin of the Western United States. Journal of Biogeography 27, 181-192 (2000). # " " " 1 8910 150 5810 110 Harvest mouse (prefers moist habitats) at low levels between 8000 and 5000 14C yr BP, relative to before and after 13 " # " " " 0 5810 110 920 110 Harvest mouse (prefers moist habitats) at low levels between 8000 and 5000 14C yr BP, relative to before and after 13 " # Great Salt Lake, UT 41.107391 -112.529583 1280 1 8910 150 0 Salt deposition in Great Salt Lake for the past 8000 14C yr BP, with the exception of two small wet intervals around 2300 and 3500 14C yr BP 14 Spencer, R. J. et al. Great Salt Lake, and precursors, Utah: The last 30,000 years. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 321-334, doi:10.1007/bf01187137 (1984). # Great Salt Lake, UT 41.017 -112.467 1280 1 0 13150 10750 Cold and dry conditions with development of a stratified saline lake 15 Thompson, R. S., Oviatt, C. G., Honke, J. S. & McGeehin, J. P. in Lake Bonneville: A Scientific Update Developments in Earth Surface Processes (eds Charles G. Oviatt & J.F. Jr. Shroder) Ch. 11, 221-291 (Elsevier, 2016). # " " " 1 10650 7250 Driest interval of the Holocene as inferred from pollen data (p. 272), indicates a "long period of EH warmth and aridity" (p. 274). 15 " # " " " 0 0 7250 4050 "…a shift to cooler and moister conditions after ~7.2 cal ka" (p. 274) 15 " # " " " 0 0 4050 2050 The "neopluvial" was coolest and wettest part of the Holocene (p. 222, abstract). Cooler and moister conditions, Great Salt Lake freshened to support fish and reach a highstand (p. 277) 15 " # " " " 1 1 2050 0 Generally warmer and drier than preceding 2000 years (p. 281). 15 " # Upper Big Creek Lake, CO 40.91 -106.62 2754 0 11300 6150 High lake level from Figure 6, (p. 193). 16 Shuman, B. N., Pribyl, P. & Buettner, J. Hydrologic changes in Colorado during the mid-Holocene and Younger Dryas. Quaternary Research 84, 187-199, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2015.07.004 (2015). # " " " 1 6150 2750 >1.9 m below modern level between 6100 and 2700 cal yr BP 16 " # " " " 2750 0 High lake level from Figure 6, (p. 193). 16 " # Snowbird bog, UT 40.588303 -111.637339 2605 1 0 11750 9580 Low conifer:all pollen ratio 17 Madsen, D. B. & Currey, D. R. Late Quaternary Glacial and Vegetation Changes, Little Cottonwood Canyon Area, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Quaternary Research 12, 254-270 (1979). # " " " 1 1 9580 5650 Elevated conifer:all pollen ratio between 9580 and 5650 yr B2k, warmer conditions, compared to modern 17 " # " " " 0 0 5650 4900 Low conifer:all pollen ratio 17 " # " " " 0 1 4900 3720 Eleveated conifer:all pollen ratio 17 " # " " " 1 0 3720 0 Low conifer:all pollen ratio 17 " # Favre Lake, NV 40.573056 -115.395556 2902 1 1 7675 5800 Low lake levels from 7625 to 5750 cal yr B2k; no sediments prior to this reported as Mazama ash stopped coring penetration. "…warm temperatures and/or lower precipitation" at this time interval 18 Wahl, D. B. et al. Holocene environmental changes inferred from biological and sedimentological proxies in a high elevation Great Basin lake in the northern Ruby Mountains, Nevada, USA. Quaternary International 387, 87-98, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.026 (2015). # " " " 0 0 5800 3800 Wetter and possibly cooler until 3750 cal yr BP 18 " # " " " 1 3800 1800 Drier with increased variability between 3750 and 1750 cal yr BP 18 " # " " " 0 1800 0 Wetter after 1750 cal yr BP 18 " # Hidden Lake, CO 40.51 -106.61 2710 1 8450 4450 Low lake levels between 8400 and 4400 cal yr BP, cited in Shuman et al., 2010 (p. 4). 19 Bryan, S., Paul, P., A., M. T. & J., S. J. Rapid hydrologic shifts and prolonged droughts in Rocky Mountain headwaters during the Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters 37, doi:doi:10.1029/2009GL042196 (2010). # " " " 0 4450 0 High lake levels after 4400 cal yr BP (p. 1872) 19 " # Blue Lake wetlands, NV 40.499312 -114.037019 1297 0 11950 8350 Marsh developed between 11900 and 8300 cal yr BP (p. 308) 20 Louderback, L. A. & Rhode, D. E. 15,000 Years of vegetation change in the Bonneville basin: the Blue Lake pollen record. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 308-326 (2009). # " " " 1 1 8350 6550 Dried between 8300 and 6500 cal yr BP 20 " # " " " 0 6550 0 Return of marsh and reduction of playa and grass environments 20 " # Ruby Marsh, NV 40.207588 -115.471371 1820 1 1 8550 110 4880 170 Shadscale desert pollen increased (p. 11) between ~7690 and 4670 cal yr BP relative to modern. 21 Thompson, R. S. Late Quaternary Environments in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Quaternary Research 37, 1-15 (1992). # " " " 0 0 4880 160 0 Shadscale desert pollen shows contraction of that ecosystem at 4000 14C yr BP 21 # Ruby Marsh, NV 40.207588 -115.471371 1820 0 12770 100 7710 90 Fresh water lake with deeper than modern levels between 10800 and 6800 14C yr BP 22 Thompson, R. S. Late Quaternary Environments in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Quaternary Research 37, 1-15 (1992). # " " " 1 7710 5470 130 Dessication between 6800 and 4700 14C yr BP 22 " # " " " 0 5470 0 Fresh water conditions persisted from 4700 14C yr BP to modern times 22 " # Pyramid Lake, NV 40.062458 -119.562449 1156 1 7650 6350 Driest interval of the past 7600 years happened between 7600 and 6300 cal yr BP 23 Mensing, S. A., Benson, L. V., Kashgarian, M. & Lund, S. A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research 62, 29-38 (2004). # " " " 0 6350 5250 Wetter interval 23 # " " " 1 5250 5050 Short drought, from decline in Artemesia:Chenopod ratio (p. 34) 23 # " " " 0 5050 4750 Wetter conditions between 5000 and 4700 from pollen ratios (p. 35) 23 # " " " 1 4750 4350 Dry conditions 23 # " " " 0 4350 3950 Wetter period (p. 35) 23 # " " " 1 3950 3850 Short dry phase (p. 35) 23 # " " " 0 3850 3450 Wet phase (p. 35); no record between ca. 3400 and 2700 cal yr BP 23 # " " " 1 2750 0 The last 2700 cal yr BP was marked by persistent droughts 23 # Pyramid Lake, NV 40.062458 -119.562449 1156 1 12770 20 3950 50 Interval of low stands between Late Pleistocene (10,820 +/- 35 14C yr BP) and Late Holocene highstands between 24 Briggs, R. W., Wesnousky, S. G. & Adams, K. D. Late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake highstands in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research 64, 257-263 (2005). # " " " 0 3950 50 2810 30 Late Holocene highstands 24 # Pyramid Lake, NV 40.062458 -119.562449 1156 0 12900 90 10200 110 Lake highstand between 10960 +/- 80 and 9020 +/- 70 14C yr BP 25 Benson, L., Kashgarian, M. & Rubin, M. Carbonate Deposition, Pyramid Lake Subbasin, Nevada .2. Lake Levels and Polar-Jet Stream Positions Reconstructed from Radiocarbon Ages and Elevations of Carbonates (Tufas) Deposited in the Lahontan Basin. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 117, 1-30 (1995). # " " " 1 10200 150 5810 110 Gap in tufa deposition between 9000 and 5000 14C yr BP indicates lake regression to lower levels (<1159 m) than before or after (p. 24). The Late Holocen leves were as high as 1185 m. 25 # " " " 0 5810 110 1310 70 Thin tufas between 5080 +/- 60 and 1350 +/- 70 14C yr BP suggest lake transgression to 1159-1183 m (p. 24). 25 # Humboldt Sink, NV 40.04298 -118.446171 1230 0 13210 760 7860 100 Guano deposit starting 11,200 +/- 570 until ca. 7040 14C yr BP interpreted as a moist interval and high lake levels (p. 284). 26 Byrne, R., Busby, C. & Heizer, R. F. The altithermal revisited: Pollen evidence from the Leonard Rockshelter. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1, 280-294 (1979). # " " " 1 7460 90 5200 150 Eolian lake-bed silt blown into cave between 7410 +/- 90 and 5150 +/- 150 cal yr BP (6500 and 4500 14C yr BP). 26 # " " " 0 5200 150 0 Increase in pine relative to Cheno/Am indicates return to wetter conditions since ca. 4500 14C yr BP (p. 287, 291). 26 # Painted Hills, NV 40.03174 -119.738181 2300 0 11750 9640 160 Lack of middens between 8560 +/- 120 to 4070 +/- 90 relative to almost continuous sequence before and after (p. 46, Wigand and Nowack, 1992). 27 Wigand, P. E. & Rhode, D. in Great Basin Aquatic Systems History Vol. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 309-367 (Smithsonian, 2002). Wigand, P. E., and Nowack, C. L., 1992, Dynamics of Northwest Nevada Plant Communities during the Last 30,000 Years, in Hall, C. A., Doyle-Jones, V., and Widawski, B., eds., The History of Water: Eastern Sierra Nevada, Owens Valley, White-Inyo Mountains, White Mountain Research Station Symposium, p. 40-62. # " " " 1 9640 160 4650 130 Lack of middens between 8560 +/- 120 to 4070 +/- 90 relative to almost continuous sequence before and after (p. 46, Wigand and Nowack, 1992). 27 # " " " 0 4650 130 1160 80 Lack of middens between 8560 +/- 120 to 4070 +/- 90 relative to almost continuous sequence before and after (p. 46, Wigand and Nowack, 1992). 27 # Hidden Valley, NV 40.03174 -119.738181 2300 0 11380 530 9960 220 Middens dating from 9800 +/- 340 to 8830 +/- 180 28 " # " " " 1 9960 220 5380 150 Lack of middens between 8830 +/- 180 to 4630 +/- 90 relative to almost continuous sequence before and after (p. 46, Wigand and Nowack, 1992). 28 # " " " 0 5380 150 420 100 Middens dating from 4630 +/- 90 to 420 +/- 100 28 # Stonehouse Meadow, NV 39.780634 -114.543715 1910 1 8050 7650 Dry interval inferred from molluscs (p. 271). 29 Mensing, S. A. et al. The Late Holocene Dry Period: multiproxy evidence for an extended drought between 2800 and 1850 cal yr BP across the central Great Basin, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 78, 266-282 (2013). # " " " 0 7650 2850 Wetter interval (p. 271) from low carbonate and no molluscs 29 # " " " 1 2850 1900 Mid-Holocene dry interval inferred from molluscs (p. 271). 29 " # " " " 0 1900 0 Dry interval inferred from molluscs (p. 271). 29 # Bison Lake, CO 39.76527778 -107.3463889 3255 1 1 10050 8050 High d18O indicates warm and/or less net precipitation (p. 213) 30 Anderson, L., 2011, Holocene record of precipitation seasonality from lake calcite d18O in the central Rocky Mountains, United States: Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 211-214. # " " " 0 0 8050 3550 Decreasing d18O indicates cooling, more snow, or lower precipitation d18O values (p. 213) 30 " # " " " 0 0 3550 0 Low d18O, snow dominated, but variable 30 " # Carson Sink, NV 39.401255 -118.63435 1255 1 7880 90 4240 150 Salt-bush pollen increased after 7000 14C yr BP, indicating aridity, then marsh pollen increased after 3800 14C yr BP (generalized radiocarbon dates) 31 Mehringer, P. J., Jr. in Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments (eds Vaughn M. Jr. Bryant & Richard G. Holloway) 167-189 (American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1985). # " " " 0 4240 150 0 Salt-bush pollen increased after 7000 14C yr BP, indicating aridity, then marsh pollen increased after 3800 14C yr BP (generalized radiocarbon dates) 31 # Great Basin 39.253333 -114.874248 1950 0 11750 8910 150 Dominance of montane vegetation in current zone on pinyon-juniper suggests colder than modern conditions (p. 228). 32 Thompson, R. S., 1990, Late Quaternary vegetation and climate in the Great Basin, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 200-239. Lat/long for Ely, NV # " " " 1 1 8910 150 4540 160 Rise in summer temperatures; possibly wetter summers (p. 229), but his summary for the Late Holocene was "moister conditions", which can only mean relative to Middle Holocene. 32 " # " " " 0 0 4540 160 0 0 Cooler and moister conditions (p. 229). 32 " # Lake Tahoe, CA/NV 39.096785 -120.032299 1900 1 6350 100 4880 290 Growth of now-submerged trees during low lake level 33 Lindström, S. Submerged tree stumps as indicators of mid-Holocene aridity in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Journal of California and Great Basin anthropology 12, 146-157 (1990). # " " " 0 4880 290 0 Lake level rise following aridity 33 # Lehman Caves, NV 39.00555556 -114.2202778 2130 0 12750 8250 Speleothem trace element data low Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) indicate wet between 12700 cal yr BP and 8200 cal yr BP (p. 178). 34 Steponaitis, E. et al. Mid-Holocene drying of the U.S. Great Basin recorded in Nevada speleothems. Quaternary Science Reviews 127, 174-185, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.011 (2015). # " " " 1 8250 4050 Speleothem trace element data (high Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) indicate aridity between 8200 cal yr BP and end of stalagmite growth at 4000 cal yr BP 34 # Stella Lake, NV 39.0054 -114.319 3170 1 6850 4050 Warmer July air temperature derived from chironomids relative to early Late Holocene 35 Reinemann, S. A., Porinchu, D. F., Bloom, A. M., Mark, B. G. & Box, J. E. A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States. Quaternary Research 72, 347-358 (2009). # " " " 0 4050 1500 Cooler July air temperature between ~4000 and 1500 cal yr BP 35 # " " " 1 1500 0 Warmer July air temperature between ~1500 cal yr BP to present 35 # Sevier Lake, UT 38.95137 -113.140086 1380 1 11750 130 3220 130 No early or mid-Holocene lacustrine sediments between ~10,000 and 3000 14C yr BP (p. 9). 36 Oviatt, C. G. Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake fluctuations in the Sevier Lake Basin, Utah, USA. Journal of Paleolimnology 1, 9-21 (1988). # " " " 0 3220 130 2020 130 Lake expansion between ~3000 and 2000 14C yr BP (p. 9). 36 # " " " 1 2020 130 500 No evidence for expanded lakes between ~2000 and 500 14C yr BP 36 # " " " 0 500 200 Lake expansion 36 # Mount Emmons, Colorado 38.88333333 -107.05 3300 1 10150 150 4540 100 Upper treeline was 270 m higher than modern limit between 9000 and 4000 14C yr BP 37 Fall, P. L. Timberline fluctuations and late Quaternary paleoclimates in the Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 1306-1320 (1997). # " " " 0 10150 150 6910 130 Intensified summer monsoon between 9000 and 6000 14C yr BP 37 " # " " " 1 6910 130 4540 160 Drier conditions and upslope retreat of lower forest border between 6000 and 4000 14C yr BP (p. 1306). 37 " # Great Basin 38.819264 -116.185719 1 8910 150 4540 160 Juniper retreats to higher altitudes between 8000 and 4000 14C yr BP in the Great Basin, compared to lower altitudinal limits after 4000 14C yr BP (p. 59). 38 Wigand, P. E. & Nowack, C. L. in The History of Water: Eastern Sierra Nevada, Owens Valley, White-Inyo Mountains (eds C.A. Hall, V. Doyle-Jones, & B. Widawski) 40-62 (White Mountain Research Station Symposium, 1992). # " " " 4540 160 0 More winter rainfall (p. 59). 38 " # Alkali Basin, CO 38.72501 -106.918497 2800 0 1 11590 190 4540 160 Pollen data interpreted to reflect warm and moist conditions between 10,000 and 4000 14C yr BP 39 Markgraf, V. & Scott, L. Lower timberline in central Colorado during the past 15,000 yr. Geology 9, 231-234, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<231:LTICCD>2.0.CO;2 (1981). # Kirman Lake, CA 38.34 -119.6472222 2174 0 9050 8050 Higher lake levels inferred from diatoms (p. 5). 40 MacDonald, G. M. et al. Prolonged California aridity linked to climate warming and Pacific sea surface temperature. Scientific Reports 6, 33325, doi:10.1038/srep33325 # " " " 1 8050 3050 High salinity, low lake levels, high C:N ratio, indicate dry conditions between 8000 and 3000 cal yr BP as the "most notable" feature of this lake record over the Holocene (p. 2). 40 " # " " " 0 3050 1050 Generally wetter conditions after ~3000 cal yr BP, containing some marked drier intervals 40 " # " " " 1 1050 750 Dry conditions during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (p. 3) 40 " # " " " 0 750 165 Wet conditions during the Little Ice Age (p. 3). 40 " # Hidden Lake, CA 38.26111111 -119.5194444 2390 0 0 10650 7250 Relatively cool and wet conditions (p. 361) 41 Potito, A. P., Porinchu, D. F., MacDonald, G. M. & Moser, K. A. A late Quaternary chironomid-inferred temperature record from the Sierra Nevada, California, with connections to northeast Pacific sea surface temperatures. Quaternary Research 66, 356-363, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.05.005 (2006). # " " " 1 7250 4550 Drop in lake level inferred from midges, followed by higher lake level through present 41 # " " " 0 4550 0 Drop in lake level inferred from midges, followed by higher lake level through present 41 # Mono Lake, CA 38.007778 -118.990624 1946 1 10820 3820 100 Lowstand prior to 3770 14C yr BP to perhaps 10,770 14C yr BP 42 Stine, S. Late Holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 78, 333-381, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90221-R (1990). # Mono Lake, CA 38.007778 -118.990624 1946 1 10150 150 5810 110 Increases in Sarcobatus and Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus indicate more aridity between 9000-5000 14C yr BP, with establishment of lower concentrations after 2000 14C yr BP (p. 246). Sarcobatus pollen decreases after ~5000 14C yr BP to maintain lower levels (Fig. 3, p. 247); 43 Davis, O. K. Pollen Analysis of a Late-Glacial and Holocene Sediment Core from Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Quaternary Research 52, 243-249, doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2063 (1999). # " " " 0 5810 110 700 Increases in Sarcobatus and Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus indicate more aridity between 9000-5000 14C yr BP, with establishment of lower concentrations after 2000 14C yr BP (p. 246). Sarcobatus pollen decreases after ~5000 14C yr BP to maintain lower levels (Fig. 3, p. 247); 43 # Sierra Nevada, CA 37.908333 -119.258333 1550 1 11590 190 5200 150 Water table low between 10,000 and 4500 14C yr BP, followed by wetter conditins after 4500 to 3000 14C yr BP till present (p. 725). 44 Anderson, R. S. & Smith, S. J. Paleoclimatic Interpretations of Meadow Sediment and Pollen Stratigraphies from California. Geology 22, 723-726 (1994). # " " " 0 5200 0 Deposition of peats indicates transition to wetter climate at ~4500 14C yr BP 44 # Lake Emma, CO 37.902524 -107.615243 3730 1 10960 180 3370 100 Treeline higher than modern from 9580 +/- 130 to 3320 +/- 100 14C yr BP, from krumholz wood fragments. 45 Carrara, P. E., Mode, W. N., Rubin, M. & Robinson, S. W. Deglaciation and postglacial timberline in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Quaternary Research 21, 42-55, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90088-7 (1984). # Tioga Pass Pond, CA 37.9 -119.25 2816 1 1 7460 90 6910 130 Low lake levels in Early Holocene precede higher in the Late Holocene 46 Anderson, R. S. Holocene Forest Development and Paleoclimates within the Central Sierra-Nevada, California. Journal of Ecology 78, 470-489 (1990). # Little Molas Lake, CO 37.74 -107.71 3330 1 10620 4150 Warm conditions prevailed from 10,570 to 6700 cal yr BP, with warmth terminating at 4100 cal yr BP (p. 513-514) 47 Toney, J. L. & Anderson, R. S. A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history. The Holocene 16, 505-517, doi:10.1191/0959683606hl946rp (2006). # " " " 0 4150 0 Cooler conditions with the onset of the neoglacial (p. 514) 47 # Little Molas Lake, CO 37.74 -107.71 3330 1 6250 5950 Driest conditions of the Holocene between 6200 and 5900 cal yr BP (p. 505). 48 Toney, J. L. & Anderson, R. S. A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history. The Holocene 16, 505-517, doi:10.1191/0959683606hl946rp (2006). # " " " 0 4150 2590 Wetter conditions after 4100 cal yr BP and before 2540 cal yr BPinferred from lowests fire frequency (p. 505). 48 # " " " 1 0 2590 1850 Cooler and drier conditions (p. 514) from charcoal increases 48 # San Luis Lake, CO 37.675 -105.723 2293 1 10550 6750 High d18O and inferred low lake levels between 10500 and 6700 cal yr BP, and 2500 and 0 yr BP (p. 146). 49 Yuan, F., Koran, M. R. & Valdez, A. Late Glacial and Holocene record of climatic change in the southern Rocky Mountains from sediments in San Luis Lake, Colorado, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 392, 146-160, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.016 (2013). # " " " 0 6750 2550 Relatively wet during the Middle Holocene from 6700 to 2500 cal yr BP (p. 153). 49 " # " " " 1 2500 0 High d18O and inferred low lake levels between 10500 and 6700 cal yr BP, and 2500 and 0 yr BP 49 " # Starkweather Pond, CA 37.66666667 -119.0666667 3030 1 1 10150 50 8350 100 Low lake levels in Early Holocene precede higher in the Late Holocene between 9000 and 7500 14C yr BP (p. 483). 50 Anderson, R. S. Holocene Forest Development and Paleoclimates within the Central Sierra-Nevada, California. Journal of Ecology 78, 470-489 (1990). # " " " 0 6910 130 0 Effective precipitation increased after ~6000 14C yr BP 50 " # Hunters Lake, CO 37.60833333 -106.8444444 3516 1 8650 4750 Driest interval of the Holocene between 8600 to 4700 cal yr BP; after 4700 cal yr BP winter precipitation likely increased (p. 103-4). 51 Anderson, R. S., Allen, C. D., Toney, J. L., Jass, R. B. & Bair, A. N. Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 96-114, doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07028 (2008). # " " " 0 4750 0 Driest interval of the Holocene between 8600 to 4700 cal yr BP; after 4700 cal yr BP winter precipitation likely increased (p. 103-4). 51 # Barrett Lake, CA 37.6 -119 2816 1 1 8910 150 6340 120 Low lake levels in Early Holocene precede higher in the Late Holocene 52 Anderson, R. S. Holocene Forest Development and Paleoclimates within the Central Sierra-Nevada, California. Journal of Ecology 78, 470-489 (1990). # " " " 0 6340 0 Low lake levels in Early Holocene precede higher in the Late Holocene 52 # Laurel Creek Canyon, CA 37.571937 -118.914573 3000 1 13000 190 5100 120 No moraines between 13,600 +/- 120 14C yr BP (16,410 +/- 190 cal yr BP; truncated to 13 ka )and 4450 +/- 60 14C yr BP 53 Pohl, M.M., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G., 1996. Assessing AMS 14C ages of detrital organics from Holocene and late-Pleistocene moraines, east-central Sierra Nevada, California, USA. The Holocene 6, 463-467. # 0 5100 120 3010 90 Moraines formed between 4450 +/- 60 14C yr BP and 2875 +/- 60 14C yr BP 53 # White Mountains, CA 37.511943 -118.208741 3390 1 8095 6850 Peak Holocene deuterium isotope values 54 Feng, X. H. & Epstein, S. Climatic Implications of an 8000-Year Hydrogen Isotope Time-Series from Bristlecone-Pine Trees. Science 265, 1079-1081 (1994). # " " " 0 6850 0 Decreasing deuterium isotope values to present (p. 1079) 54 # White Mountains, CA 37.511943 -118.208741 3390 1 7450 4200 Treeline was higher than modern from 7400 yr ago (5400 BC) to 2200 BC (p. 632). 55 LaMarche Jr, V. C. Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California. Quaternary Research 3, 632-660, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(73)90035-5 (1973). # " " " 3500 0 Cooler and wetter conditions (p. 632), came in two steps with coldest conditions since AD 1100 55 # Lower Pahranagat Lake, NV 37.220522 -115.086614 970 1 11700 120 6340 120 No peats deposited prior to 5500 14C yr BP (generalized radiocarbon date, p. 355); lake/marsh since then. 56 Wigand, P. E. & Rhode, D. in Great Basin Aquatic Systems History Vol. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 309-367 (Smithsonian, 2002). # " " " 0 6340 120 0 No peats deposited prior to 5500 14C yr BP (generalized radiocarbon date, p. 355); lake/marsh since then. 56 " # Sierra Nevada, CA 37.103727 -118.514308 3740 1 13100 80 3470 70 No glaciation in the Sierra Nevada followed by neoglaciation in the Lower Conness Lake watershed after 3200 14C yr BP (Konrad and Clark, 1998, p. 279). 57 Clark, D. H. & Gillespie, A. R. Timing and significance of late-glacial and Holocene cirque glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, California. Quaternary International 38-39, 21-38 (1997). Konrad, S. K. & Clark, D. H. Evidence for an early Neoglaciol glacier advance from rock glaciers and Lake sediments in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 30, 272-284 (1998). # " " " 0 3470 0 Neoglaciation in the Sierra Nevada 57 # NV, NM, UT, Nmex 37 -112 1000 0 11750 170 8910 150 Deuterium isotope data on middens show near-modern values between 13,000 and 8000 14C yr BP, higher than modern values between 8000 and 4000 14C yr BP, and modern values between 4000 and 0 14C yr BP 58 Long, A., Warneke, L. A., Betancourt, J. L., and Thompson, R. S., 1990, Deuterium variations in plant cellulose from fossil packrat middens, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 380-396. Generalized lat/long # " " " 1 8910 150 4540 160 Deuterium isotope data on middens show near-modern values between 13,000 and 8000 14C yr BP, higher than modern values between 8000 and 4000 14C yr BP, and modern values between 4000 and 0 14C yr BP 58 " Generalized lat/long # " " " 0 4540 160 0 0 Deuterium isotope data on middens show near-modern values between 13,000 and 8000 14C yr BP, higher than modern values between 8000 and 4000 14C yr BP, and modern values between 4000 and 0 14C yr BP 58 " Generalized lat/long # Fracas Lake, AZ 36.630724 -112.238659 2518 0 0 11050 8050 Lake levels were highest during Early Holocene, when it was cooler and wetter (p. 179) 59 Weng, C. & Jackson, S. T. Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 153, 179-201 (1999). # " " " 1 1 8550 2750 Lake level declines after 8500 cal yr BP (calibrated using Calib 3), then low sedimentation rates until 2700 yr BP. Wet and cool conditions return, inferred from aquatic plants after 2000 yr cal BP, with more sphagnum in Fracas (p. 193-194). 59 " # " " " 0 0 2000 0 Lake level declines after 8500 cal yr BP (calibrated using Calib 3), then low sedimentation rates until 2700 yr BP. Wet and cool conditions return, inferred from aquatic plants after 2000 yr cal BP, with more sphagnum in Fracas (p. 193-194). 59 # Cirque Peak, CA 36.47688 -118.237032 3550 1 7210 310 3860 70 Foxtail pine tree line rise of 65-68 m above modern timberline from 6300 +/- 300 yr BP to 3530 +/- 50 yr BP (p. 242). 60 Scuderi, L. A. Late-Holocene Upper Timberline Variation in the Southern Sierra-Nevada. Nature 325, 242-244 (1987). # " " " 0 3860 0 Foxtain pine tree line fall after ~3400 14C yr BP 60 # Owens Lake, CA 36.43624 -117.960058 1085 1 9300 140 5880 90 Hiatus between 14C dates of 8280 +/- 120 and 5090 +/- 80 14C yr BP. Was a shallow lake depositing oolites until A.D. 1913 61 Bischoff, J. L., Stafford Jr, T. W. & Rubin, M. in An 800,000-Year Paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California Vol. Special Paper 317 91-98 (Geological Society of America, 1997). Smith, G. I., Bischoff, J. L. & Bradbury, J. P. in An 800,000-Year Paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California Vol. Special Paper 317 143-160 (Geological Society of America, 1997). # " " " 0 5880 87 Was a shallow lake depositing oolites from after the hiatus until A.D. 1913 61 # Ash Meadows, NV 36.411199 -116.319016 670 0 6150 90 3220 130 Transition from dry to wet climate deposited peats at 5320 +/- 70 14C yr BP (p. 133, Table IV) lasted through ~3000 14C yr BP (p. 146). 62 Mehringer, P. J., Jr. & Warren, C. N. Marsh, dune and Archaeological chronology, Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, Nevada. 120-150 (Reno, 1976). # " " " 1 3220 130 470 100 Dune sediments and weathering profile from 3000 to 400 14C yr BP (p. 146) 62 " # " " " 0 470 100 0 0 Peat resumes at ~400 14C yr BP (p. 146) 62 " # Bear Lake, AZ 36.371137 -112.147173 2778 0 0 11050 8050 Lake levels were highest during Early Holocene, when it was cooler and wetter (p. 179) 63 Weng, C. & Jackson, S. T. Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 153, 179-201 (1999). # " " " 1 6650 4280 Shallowest between 6600 and 4230 calendar yr BP (p. 194). Transition from peat to gytjja at 4200 calendar yr BP indicates rising lake levels (p. 191). 63 # " " " 0 4280 0 Shallowest between 6600 and 4230 calendar yr BP (p. 194). Transition from peat to gytjja at 4200 calendar yr BP indicates rising lake levels (p. 191). 63 # Las Vegas Valley, NV 36.349439 -115.285492 780 0 11700 8590 60 Black mats deposited from beginning of Holocene to 8530 +/- 100 cal yr BP (Table S2). 64 Springer, K. B., Manker, C. R. & Pigati, J. S. Dynamic response of desert wetlands to abrupt climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 14522-14526, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513352112 (2015). # " " " 1 8590 60 0 14C date of youngest Black Mat is 8530 +/- 100 cal yr BP; arid after this to modern (p. 14524, Table S2). 64 # Las Vegas Valley, NV 36.349439 -115.285492 780 1 8910 150 6340 120 Deposition of eolian and fluvial deposits from 8000 14C yr BP to 5500 14C yr BP (p. 353). 65 Quade, J. Late Quaternary environmental changes in the upper Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. Quaternary Research (New York) 26, 340-357 (1986). # Tule Springs, NV 36.349439 -115.285492 780 1 8350 100 6340 120 Dearth of paleobotanic data indicating severe drought due to hiatuses and packrats retreating from valley bottoms (p. 338) 66 Wigand, P. E. & Rhode, D. in Great Basin Aquatic Systems History Vol. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 309-367 (Smithsonian, 2002). # Chihuahueños bog, NM 36.04851 -106.506238 2925 0 11750 8550 Increase in aquatic algae, transition from a small pond to a wetland indicates wet conditions that were terminated at 8500 cal yr BP (p. 271-272). 67 Anderson, R. S. et al. Development of the mixed conifer forest in northern New Mexico and its relationship to Holocene environmental change. Quaternary Research 69, 263-275, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2007.12.002 (2008). # " " " 1 8550 6450 Dessicated between 8500 to 6400 calendar yr BP; it was the driest time period in the Holocene (p. 272) 67 # " " " 0 6450 0 Water tables rose after 6400 cal yr BP (p. 272) 67 # Tulare Lake, CA 36.037353 -119.780688 54 0 11680 210 7880 90 Early Holocene was wet, from 10,100 to ca 7000 14C yr BP (p. 254-5, ) 68 Davis, O. K. Pollen analysis of Tulare Lake, California: Great Basin-like vegetation in Central California during the full-glacial and early Holocene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 107, 249-257, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(99)00020-2 (1999). # " " " 1 1 7880 90 4540 160 Lake lowstand; Xerophytic steppe plan invasion indicates drier conditions between 8000 and 4000 14C yr BP relative to before and after (p. 249). 68 # " " " 0 4540 160 2620 120 Late Holocene highstand between ca. 4000 and 2500 14C yr BP (p. 255) 68 # " " " 1 2620 120 0 Declining precipitation/lowstand from ca. 2500 14C yr BP to present 68 # Tulare Lake, CA 36.037353 -119.780688 54 0 9650 7950 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 Negrini, R. M. et al. The Rambla highstand shoreline and the Holocene lake-level history of Tulare Lake, California, USA. Quaternary Sci Rev 25, 1599-1618, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.014 (2006). # " " " 1 7950 6950 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 0 6950 5850 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 1 5850 3650 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 0 3650 3050 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 1 3050 1050 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 0 1050 150 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # " " " 1 150 50 Lake high and low stands digitized from Figure 10, p. 1611. 69 " # Chaco Canyon, NM 36.03333333 -107.9 1900 0 12430 260 10820 240 Mesic forests in two packrat middens dated to 10,600 +/- 200 and 9460 +/- 160 14C yr BP 70 Betancourt, J. L. & Van Devender, T. R. Holocene Vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Science 214, 656-658, doi:10.1126/science.214.4521.656 (1981). # " " " 1 6400 110 50 All middens younger than 5550 14C yr BP suggest a decrease in effective moisture (p. 657). 70 " # Grand Canyon, AZ 35.973597 -112.126558 2000 0 11750 8910 150 Early Holocene wetter than today, possibly warmer than today (p. 256). 71 Cole, K. L., 1990, Late Quaternary vegetation gradients through the Grand Canyon, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 240-258. Lat/long for Tusuyan, AZ # " " " 1 1 8910 150 4540 160 Greater evaporative stress than is the case today, and warmer with less mean annual precipitation (p. 256) 71 " # " " " 0 4540 160 0 Greater evaporative stress than is the case today, and warmer with less mean annual precipitation (p. 256) 71 # Grand Canyon, AZ 35.758048 -113.451801 390 0 11700 110 9540 110 Woodlands disappeared from low altitudes by 8500 14C yr BP (p. 311) indicating warming following an approximately 4000 yr transition (p. 325). 72 Mead, J. I. The last 30,000 years of faunal history within the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Quaternary Research 15, 311-326, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90033-8 (1981). # " " " 1 9540 110 0 Woodlands disappeared from low altitudes by 8500 14C yr BP (p. 311) indicating warming following an approximately 4000 yr transition (p. 325). 72 # McCullough Range, NV 35.75 -115.166667 1045 1 1 7710 100 5860 130 Wamer and drier plant assemblages between 6800 and 5060 14C yr BP, compared to more mesic conditions during the late Holocene (p. 427, 432). 73 Spaulding, W. G. A Middle Holocene Vegetation Record from the Mojave Desert of North-America and Its Paleoclimatic Significance. Quaternary Research 35, 427-437 (1991). # " " " 5860 130 0 Wamer and drier plant assemblages between 6800 and 5060 14C yr BP, compared to more mesic conditions during the late Holocene (p. 427, 432). 73 # China Lake, CA 35.743336 -117.618309 665 0 12900 9350 Organic-rich/high groundwater deposits cease around 9300 cal yr BP (p. 134). 74 Rosenthal, J. S., Meyer, J., Palacios-Fest, M. R., Young, D. C., Ugan, A., Byrd, B. F., Gobalet, K., and Giacomo, J., 2017, Paleohydrology of China Lake basin and the context of early human occupation in the northwestern Mojave Desert, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 167, p. 112-139. # " " " 1 9350 0 Organic-rich/high groundwater deposits cease around 9300 cal yr BP (p. 134). 74 # Silver Lake, CA 35.342593 -116.114425 277 0 11750 7450 Wet early Holocene interval (p. 174) 75 Kirby, M. E. et al. Evidence for insolation and Pacific forcing of late glacial through Holocene climate in the Central Mojave Desert (Silver Lake, CA). Quaternary Research 84, 174-186, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.07.003 (2015). # " " " 1 7450 4250 Mid-Holocene dry interval, evidenced by mudcracks and peak eolian activity (p. 181). Late Holocene return to wetter conditions at 4200 cal yr BP (p. 182). 75 # " " " 0 4250 0 Return to ephemeral lakes in Late Holocene (p. 174). 75 # Cavenee Cave, NM 35.08 -106.13 2030 1 8540 137 0 Youngest age of cave rafts, drying thereafter indicates lowering of groundwater table (p. 1). 76 Polyak, V. J. & Asmerom, Y. Orbital control of long-term moisture in the southwestern USA. Geophysical Research Letters 32, n/a-n/a, doi:10.1029/2005gl023919 (2005). # Stoneman Lake, AZ 34.77885 -111.51865 2047 0 0 10150 8910 Cool and wet Early Holocene between 9000 and 8000 14C yr BP (p. 188, 193). 77 Hasbargen, J. A Holocene paleoclimatic and environmental record from Stoneman Lake, Arizona. Quaternary Research 42, 188-196 (1994). # " " " 1 1 8910 160 2020 130 Generalized dates for "…hot, dry middle Holocene" (p. 193). A wetter Late Holocene began 2000 14C yr BP (p. 193). 77 # " " " 0 2020 0 Aquatic macrophytes most common, indicating wetter conditions (p. 192); a lake has occupied the caldera for the last 2000 14C yrs (p. 193). 77 # Lake Estancia, NM 34.658487 -105.925742 1856 1 7910 90 6220 110 Extreme drought and low ground water levels between 7000 and 5400 14C yr BP, followed by rising groundwater table in the Late Holocene (p. 937). 78 Menking and Anderson 2003 # " " " 0 6220 110 0 Rising water table levels to the present (p. 939). 78 " # Montezuma Well, AZ 34.649079 -111.752319 1125 0 12930 10150 Low calcite concentratin indicates wetter conditions than Middle Holocene (p. 200). 79 Blinn, D. W., Hevly, R. H. & Davis, O. K. Continuous Holocene record of diatom stratigraphy, paleohydrology, and anthropogenic activity in a spring-mound in Southwestern United States. Quaternary Research 42, 197-205 (1994). # " " " 1 10150 50 5810 110 Periodically shallow to dry between 9000 and 5000 14C yr BP, based on diatoms preferring high ion concentrations and calcite concentrations (p. 201). It was deeper prior to and after (~4000 14C yr BP, p. 202) these intervals. 79 # " " " 0 5810 0 Low calcite concentration indicates wetter conditions than Middle Holocene (p. 201), with wetter conditions after 4000 14C yr BP based on diatom assemblages. 79 # Montezuma Well, AZ 34.649079 -111.752319 1125 0 12920 8910 Early Holocene moist period prior to ~8000 14C yr BP; beginning of core dated to 10,975 +/- 95 14C yr BP (p. 110, 111) 80 Davis, O. K. & Shafer, D. S. A Holocene climatic record for the Sonoran Desert from pollen analysis of Montezuma Well, Arizona, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 92, 107-119 (1992). # " " " 1 1 8910 150 3220 130 Low lake levels evidenced from pollen indicating marsh vegetation between 8000 to 6500 14C yr BP (p. 111), but with possibly more summer monsoon moisture due to higher Quercus prior to 6800 14C yr BP. Low pollen accumulation rate coincides with arid conditions between 8000 and 3000 14C yr BP (p. 111). 80 # " " " 0 3220 130 0 Greater pollen accumulation and return to wetter conditions (p. 111) 80 # Potato Lake, AZ 34.462564 -111.345985 2222 1 11490 170 3080 100 Lacks mid-Holocene sediment and probably dried out between 9890 +/- 240 and 2890 +/- 70 14C yr BP (Table 2, p. 353, and p. 356). Lake rose after 2890 14C yr BP. 81 Anderson, R. S. A 35,000 year vegetation and climate history from Potato Lake Arizona. Quaternary Research 40, 351-359 (1993). # " " " 0 3080 100 0 Lake sedimentation resumed after 2890 14C yr BP due to higher effective moisture. 81 # Santa Barbara Basin, CA 34.28176667 -120.0360333 -580 1 8450 7350 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 Du, X., Hendy, I. & Schimmelmann, A. A 9000-year flood history for Southern California: A revised stratigraphy of varved sediments in Santa Barbara Basin. Marine Geology 397, 29-42, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2017.11.014 (2018). # " " " 0 7350 7150 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 1 7150 6950 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 0 6950 6650 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 1 6650 5550 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 0 5550 5250 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 1 5250 4550 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 0 4550 2050 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # " " " 1 2050 1150 Flood and no-flood layers, from Figure 7. Digitized, rounded to nearest 50 years, and converted to yr B2k 82 " # Lower Bear Lake, CA 34.25294 -116.918188 2044 1 8350 7050 Dry and pluvial events 83 Kirby, M. E., Zimmerman, S. R. H., Patterson, W. P. & Rivera, J. J. A 9170-year record of decadal-to-multi-centennial scale pluvial episodes from the coastal Southwest United States: a role for atmospheric rivers? Quaternary Sci Rev 46, 57-65, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.008 (2012). Glover, K. C. Southern California climate and vegetationover the past 125,000 years from lake sequences in the San Bernardino Mountains PhD thesis, University of California Los Angeles, (2016). # " " " 0 7050 6450 Dry and pluvial events 83 " " # " " " 1 6450 3450 Dry and pluvial events 83 " " # " " " 0 3450 3050 Dry and pluvial events 83 " " # " " " 1 3050 950 Dry and pluvial events 83 " " # Dry Lake, CA 34.120238 -116.828005 2767 0 9050 6450 Larger lake area during Early Holocene wet interval between ~9000 cal yr BP and the sediment color change at ~6400 cal yr BP (p. 139-140). 84 Bird Broxton, W., Kirby Matthew, E., Howat Ian, M. & Tulaczyk, S. Geophysical evidence for Holocene lake-level change in southern California (Dry Lake). Boreas 39, 131-144, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00114.x (2009). # " " " 1 6450 0 Smaller lake area and depth indicated by a sediment color change at 6400 cal yr BP indicates a Late Holocene drying trend (p. 140). Inferred age of 5550 cal yr BP from GPR-interpolated sediment boundary is less certain. 84 # Joshua Tree, CA 34 -116 930 11105 8050 Mesic species present in middens from 11,055 cal yr BP to around 8000 cal yr BP (p. 230). 85 Holmgren Camille, A., Betancourt Julio, L. & Rylander Kate, A. A long-term vegetation history of the Mojave–Colorado desert ecotone at Joshua Tree National Park. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 222-236, doi:10.1002/jqs.1313 (2009). # " " " 1 8050 4050 More xeric plant species in middens between 8000 and 4000 cal yr BP (p. 230-231.) 85 # " " " 4050 0 Fewer xeric plant species in midden after 4000 cal yr BP 85 # Eagle Eye Mountain, AZ 33.89 -113.17 790 0 10030 160 4540 160 Wetter than present in the Middle Holocene (8900 to 4000 14C yr BP) from summer moisture relative to the Late Holocene (4000 14C yr BP to present). 86 McAuliffe, J. R. & Van Devender, T. R. A 22,000-year record of vegetation change in the north-central Sonoran Desert. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141, 253-275, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00054-6 (1998). # " " " 1 4540 160 0 Wetter than present in the Middle Holocene (8900 to 4000 14C yr BP) from summer moisture relative to the Late Holocene (4000 14C yr BP to present). 86 # Western United States 33 -115 500 0 11750 8930 Peak in packrat midden dates 87 Webb, R. H., and Betancourt, J. L., 1990, The spatial and temporal distribution of radiocarbon ages from packrat middens, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 85-102. # " " " 1 8930 3240 Trough in packrat midden dates, recalibrated into years B2k. 87 # " " " 0 3240 0 Peak in packrat midden dates 87 # Sonoran Desert 32.2226 -110.974646 720 0 11750 8910 150 Winter rainfall regime in the Early Holocene 88 Van Devender, T. R., 1990, Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of the Sonoran Desert, United States and Mexico, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 134-163. # " " " 0 8910 150 4540 160 Summer rainfall greater than today throughout the Sonoran Desert (p. 158). 88 " # " " " 1 4540 160 0 0 Modern climate regime established (p. 159) 88 " # Guadalupe Mountains, NM 32.148 -104.557 1630 0 12427 10476 Stalagmites grew in Guadalupe Mountains between 12425 +/- 520 and 10474 +/- 320 cal yr before AD 2002 89 Polyak, V. J., Rasmussen, J. B. T. & Asmerom, Y. Prolonged wet period in the southwestern United States through the Younger Dryas. Geology 32, 5, doi:10.1130/g19957.1 (2004). # " " " 1 10476 4050 No speleothem growth in the Guadalupe Mountains 90 Polyak, V. J. & Asmerom, Y. Late Holocene Climate and Cultural Changes in the Southwestern United States. Science 294, 148-151, doi:10.1126/science.1062771 (2001). Polyak, V. J., Rasmussen, J. B. T. & Asmerom, Y. Prolonged wet period in the southwestern United States through the Younger Dryas. Geology 32, 5, doi:10.1130/g19957.1 (2004). # " " " 0 4050 0 Stalagmites begin growing around 4000 cal yr BP following Middle Holocene aridity 91 Polyak, V. J. & Asmerom, Y. Late Holocene Climate and Cultural Changes in the Southwestern United States. Science 294, 148-151, doi:10.1126/science.1062771 (2001). # Willcox Playa/Lake Cochise, AZ 32.134951 -109.852603 1262 0 11050 10080 Early Holocene lake transgression around or before 8910 +/- 280 14C yr BP, maximum age unknown but highstand followed dessication, which followed high stands of pluvial Lake Cochise 92 Waters, M. R. Late Quaternary lacustrine history and paleoclimatic significance of pluvial Lake Cochise, southeastern Arizona. Quaternary Research 32, 1-11, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90027-6 (1989). # " " " 1 10080 360 6530 50 No sediments deposited between 8910 +/- 280 (age of highstand lake deposit before hiatus) and 5690 +/- 40 (the oldest age of the post-hiatus marl) (Table 1 and p. 6). No lakes were present during this time (p. 9). 92 # " " " 0 6530 5150 140 Two marl units representing highstands between 5690 +/- 40 and 4450 +/- 100 14C yr BP (p. 6), but upper marl could be as young as 3190 +/- 60. 92 # " " " 1 5150 0 Since the upper marl unit was deposited as early as ~3000 14C yr BP or 4450 +/- 100 14C yr BP, only ephemeral lakes in the basin, so slightly wetter than Middle Holocene but still mostly dry. 92 # Pink Panther Cave, NM 32.083 -105.1667 1244 0 11170 9410 Low d18O values suggest wet conditions between 11240 and 9240 cal yr B2k 93 Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V., Burns, S. & Rassmussen, J. Solar forcing of Holocene climate: New insights from a speleothem record, southwestern United States. Geology 35, 1, doi:10.1130/g22865a.1 (2007). # " " " 1 9410 6600 High d18O values between 10,000 and 7000 cal yr BP (p. 2) indicate aridity 93 # " " " 0 6600 4520 Wetter conditions 93 # " " " 1 4520 3450 Drier conditions 93 # " " " 0 3450 0 Wetter conditions 93 # San Pedro River, AZ 32.025298 -110.312065 1080 0 11700 8350 Conditions not conducive to arroyo formation 94 Waters, M. R. & Haynes, C. V. Late Quaternary arroyo formation and climate change in the American southwest. Geology 29, 399-402 (2001). # " " " 1 8350 100 4540 160 Arroyo cutting after 7500 14C yr BP on the San Pedro River (p. 400) until ~4000 14C yr BP 94 # " " " 0 4540 0 Transition to wetter and more variable climate re-initiated arroyo formation 94 # San Pedro Valley, AZ 32 -110.3 1200 1 10130 90 0 Groundwater discharge deposition ceased and climate transitioned to arid; youngest date on the Earl marl is 8950 +/- 40 14C yr BP (Table 2, p. 291). 95 Pigati, J. S., Bright, J. E., Shanahan, T. M. & Mahan, S. A. Late Pleistocene paleohydrology near the boundary of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, southeastern Arizona, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 286-300, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.022 (2009). # Santa Cruz River, AZ 31.947618 -110.958224 890 0 11700 8910 Conditions not conducive to arroyo formation 96 Waters, M. R. & Haynes, C. V. Late Quaternary arroyo formation and climate change in the American southwest. Geology 29, 399-402 (2001). # " " " 1 8910 150 6460 110 Arroyo cutting sometime between 8000 and 5600 14C yr BP on the Santa Cruz River (p. 400). 96 # " " " 0 6460 0 Transition to wetter and more variable climate re-initiated arroyo formation 96 # Chihuahuan Desert 31.761888 -106.484996 1100 0 11750 8910 150 Early Holocene had more winter rainfall than today (p. 126). 97 Van Devender, T. R., 1990, Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of the Chihuahuan Desert, United States and Mexico, in Betancourt, J. L., Van Devender, T. R., and Martin, P. S., eds., Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 years of biotic change: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 104-133. Lat/long for El Paso, TX # " " " 0 1 8910 150 4540 160 "Dramatically increased summer temperatured produced maximum summer monsoonal rainfall in the Chihuahuan Desert" (p. 126). 97 " # " " " 1 4540 160 0 0 Modern regime established with more droughts; sites are "as hot and dry today at most sites as at any time in the past". 97 " # Whitewater Draw, AZ 31.663912 -109.699608 1260 0 11700 7620 Conditions not conducive to arroyo formation 97 " # " " " 1 7620 80 Arroyo cutting after 6700 14C yr BP on the Whitewater Draw 97 # Puerto Blanco Mountains, AZ 31.585 -112.475 960 0 8890 180 6080 120 Middle Holocene summer-wetter, from increased riparian tree Cercidium florium between 7970 +/- 130 to 5240 +/- 90 14C yr BP (Table 1, p. 55) 98 Van Devender, T. R. Holocene vegetation and climate in the Puerto Blanco Mountains, southwestern Arizona. Quaternary Research 27, 51-72, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90049-4 (1987). # " " " 1 3760 90 0 0 Late Holocene summer rainfall decline (Table 1, p. 55). 98 " # # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Matthew S. Lachniet, Yemane Asmerom, Victor Polyak, Rhawn Denniston # Published_Date_or_Year: 2020-07-01 # Published_Title: Great Basin Paleoclimate and Aridity Linked to Arctic Warming and Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 35 # Edition: # Issue: 7 # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2019PA003785 # Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019PA003785 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The arid southwestern United States is susceptible to sustained droughts that impact water resources and economic activity for millions of residents. Previous work has not systematically investigated the structure, timing, and possible forcings of Holocene Great Basin sub-orbital hydroclimate changes, impeding our ability to understand the potential future controls on Southwestern aridity. The objective of this paper is to constrain the potential forcings on Holocene aridity and temperature, via comparison of new high-resolution speleothem data, an Aridity Index synthesizing hydroclimate records, and linkages of Southwestern paleoclimate to other regions. The high-resolution data from Leviathan Cave provide a paleoclimate record since 13,400 yr ago: A cool Younger Dryas was followed by two pronounced Middle Holocene aridity intervals between 9,850 and 5,310 yr B2k characterized by low growth rates and high d18O and d13C values. Subsequently, stalagmite d18O values show near-modern levels for the last four millennia during which time growth rates were high and d13C values were low in response to wetter conditions. The regional Aridity Index documents that Middle Holocene drying coincided with a warm Arctic and decreased sea ice extent, a warm western tropical Pacific, and a large sea surface temperature gradient across the tropical Pacific, all of which likely responded to northern hemisphere summer insolation forcing. Our data suggest that extreme Middle Holocene aridity is more severe than the short medieval droughts evident in the tree ring record, and such extreme aridity may represent a worst-case analog for future climate. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Leviathan Cave # Location: North America>United States Of America>Nevada # Country: United States Of America # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.89 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.89 # Easternmost_Longitude: -115.58 # Westernmost_Longitude: -115.58 # Elevation: 2400 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Leviathan2020iso # Earliest_Year: 13358 # Most_Recent_Year: -10 # Time_Unit: Cal. year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## depth depth, , , millimeter, , speleothems, , ,N, ## age_calBP age, , , calendar years before present, , speleothems, , ,N, Ages reported in years before CE 2000 ## d18O delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil VPDB, ,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18Oivc delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil VPDB, ,speleothems,corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ice volume corrected ## d13C delta 13C, calcium carbonate, , per mil VPDB, ,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # depth age d18O d18Oivc d13C 0.6 -10.0 -10.8 -10.8 -2.7 0.7 -5.0 -11.3 -11.3 -3.4 0.8 -0.1 -11.4 -11.4 -4.0 0.9 4.9 -12.1 -12.1 -5.6 1 9.8 -11.7 -11.7 -4.9 1.1 14.8 -10.9 -10.9 -2.7 1.2 19.8 -10.9 -10.9 -3.1 1.3 24.7 -11.0 -11.0 -3.2 1.4 29.7 -11.2 -11.2 -3.5 1.5 34.6 -11.5 -11.5 -4.4 1.6 39.6 -11.4 -11.4 -4.5 1.7 44.6 -12.0 -12.0 -5.5 1.8 49.5 -11.8 -11.8 -5.1 1.9 54.5 -11.9 -11.9 -5.6 2 59.4 -12.1 -12.1 -5.9 2.1 64.4 -12.4 -12.4 -6.4 2.2 69.3 -11.9 -11.9 -5.3 2.3 74.3 -11.8 -11.8 -5.1 2.4 79.3 -11.9 -11.9 -5.1 2.5 84.2 -11.9 -11.9 -5.3 2.6 89.2 -11.9 -11.9 -5.2 2.7 94.1 -12.1 -12.1 -5.4 2.8 99.1 -11.6 -11.6 -5.2 2.9 104.1 -11.8 -11.8 -5.3 3 109.0 -11.5 -11.5 -5.3 3.1 114.0 -11.5 -11.5 -5.2 3.2 118.9 -11.6 -11.6 -5.2 3.3 123.9 -11.9 -11.9 -5.2 3.4 128.9 -11.8 -11.8 -5.2 3.5 133.8 -11.8 -11.8 -5.0 3.6 138.8 -11.6 -11.6 -4.7 3.7 143.7 -11.7 -11.7 -4.4 3.8 148.7 -11.5 -11.5 -4.0 3.9 153.7 -11.5 -11.5 -4.0 4 158.6 -11.3 -11.3 -3.6 4.1 163.6 -11.1 -11.1 -3.3 4.2 168.5 -11.2 -11.2 -3.1 4.3 173.5 -11.3 -11.3 -3.4 4.4 178.5 -10.9 -10.9 -2.9 4.5 183.4 -11.2 -11.2 -3.0 4.6 188.4 -11.2 -11.2 -3.1 4.7 193.3 -10.9 -10.9 -2.6 4.8 198.3 -11.2 -11.2 -3.3 4.9 203.2 -10.9 -10.9 -2.6 5 208.2 -11.4 -11.4 -3.4 5.1 213.2 -11.2 -11.2 -2.8 5.2 218.1 -11.5 -11.5 -3.1 5.3 223.1 -11.5 -11.5 -3.4 5.4 228.0 -11.7 -11.7 -3.6 5.5 233.0 -11.6 -11.6 -3.7 5.6 238.0 -11.8 -11.8 -4.2 5.7 242.9 -11.7 -11.7 -4.3 5.8 247.9 -11.6 -11.6 -4.4 5.9 252.8 -11.4 -11.4 -4.3 6 257.8 -11.5 -11.5 -4.4 6.1 262.8 -11.4 -11.4 -4.4 6.2 267.7 -11.5 -11.5 -4.4 6.3 272.7 -11.4 -11.4 -4.2 6.4 277.6 -11.5 -11.5 -4.0 6.5 282.6 -11.2 -11.2 -3.2 6.6 287.6 -11.1 -11.1 -2.9 6.7 292.5 -11.1 -11.1 -2.8 6.8 297.5 -10.9 -10.9 -3.0 6.9 302.4 -11.1 -11.1 -3.5 7 307.4 -11.4 -11.4 -4.2 7.1 309.9 -11.7 -11.7 -4.6 7.2 312.4 -11.8 -11.8 -4.9 7.3 314.8 -11.6 -11.6 -5.0 7.4 317.3 -11.4 -11.4 -4.6 7.5 319.8 -11.2 -11.2 -4.2 7.6 322.3 -11.1 -11.1 -4.0 7.7 324.8 -11.0 -11.0 -3.9 7.8 327.3 -11.1 -11.1 -4.4 7.9 329.7 -10.9 -10.9 -4.3 8 332.2 -10.9 -10.9 -4.5 8.1 334.7 -10.8 -10.8 -4.3 8.2 337.2 -11.0 -11.0 -4.3 8.3 339.7 -11.0 -11.0 -4.6 8.4 342.1 -11.1 -11.1 -4.8 8.5 344.6 -11.0 -11.0 -5.0 8.6 347.1 -11.1 -11.1 -5.1 8.7 349.6 -11.0 -11.0 -5.1 8.8 352.1 -11.1 -11.1 -4.9 8.9 354.6 -11.0 -11.0 -4.6 9 357.0 -11.0 -11.0 -4.4 9.1 359.5 -10.8 -10.8 -4.2 9.2 362.0 -10.9 -10.9 -4.3 9.3 364.5 -10.7 -10.7 -3.8 9.4 367.0 -10.9 -10.9 -4.6 9.5 369.5 -11.0 -11.0 -4.8 9.6 371.9 -10.8 -10.8 -4.7 9.7 374.4 -10.8 -10.8 -4.8 9.8 376.9 -11.0 -11.0 -5.0 9.9 379.4 -10.9 -10.9 -4.5 10 381.9 -11.0 -11.0 -4.7 10.1 384.3 -11.0 -11.0 -5.0 10.2 386.8 -11.0 -11.0 -5.0 10.3 389.3 -11.1 -11.1 -4.9 10.4 391.8 -11.0 -11.0 -4.8 10.5 394.3 -11.3 -11.3 -5.0 10.6 396.8 -11.2 -11.2 -5.0 10.7 399.2 -11.2 -11.2 -5.0 10.8 401.7 -11.4 -11.4 -5.3 10.9 404.2 -11.4 -11.4 -5.4 11 406.7 -11.4 -11.4 -5.4 11.1 409.2 -11.4 -11.4 -5.3 11.2 411.7 -11.5 -11.5 -5.5 11.3 414.1 -11.4 -11.4 -5.3 11.4 416.6 -11.4 -11.4 -5.1 11.5 419.1 -11.3 -11.3 -5.0 11.6 421.6 -11.4 -11.4 -5.2 11.7 424.1 -11.5 -11.5 -5.3 11.8 426.6 -11.5 -11.5 -5.4 11.9 429.0 -11.4 -11.4 -5.2 12 431.5 -11.5 -11.5 -5.2 12.1 434.0 -11.5 -11.5 -5.2 12.2 436.5 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 12.3 439.0 -11.6 -11.6 -5.2 12.4 441.4 -11.6 -11.6 -5.2 12.5 443.9 -11.4 -11.4 -4.4 12.6 446.4 -11.3 -11.3 -3.8 12.7 448.9 -11.3 -11.3 -3.8 12.8 451.4 -11.1 -11.1 -2.6 12.9 453.9 -11.3 -11.3 -4.1 13 456.3 -11.2 -11.2 -3.6 13.1 458.8 -11.0 -11.0 -2.2 13.2 461.3 -11.1 -11.1 -2.3 13.3 463.8 -11.1 -11.1 -2.4 13.4 466.3 -11.1 -11.1 -2.6 13.5 468.8 -11.1 -11.1 -2.8 13.6 471.2 -11.0 -11.0 -3.0 13.7 473.7 -10.9 -10.9 -2.9 13.8 476.2 -11.0 -11.0 -3.0 13.9 478.7 -11.0 -11.0 -3.0 14 481.2 -11.0 -11.0 -3.7 14.1 483.9 -11.0 -11.0 -3.6 14.2 486.7 -11.1 -11.1 -3.6 14.3 489.4 -11.1 -11.1 -3.6 14.4 492.2 -11.2 -11.2 -3.3 14.5 494.9 -11.3 -11.3 -3.6 14.6 497.6 -11.5 -11.5 -4.0 14.7 500.4 -11.3 -11.3 -3.7 14.8 503.1 -11.3 -11.3 -3.2 14.9 505.9 -11.6 -11.6 -4.4 15 508.6 -11.8 -11.8 -4.5 15.1 511.4 -11.4 -11.4 -3.7 15.2 514.1 -11.7 -11.7 -4.7 15.3 516.9 -11.6 -11.6 -4.8 15.4 519.6 -11.6 -11.6 -5.0 15.5 522.4 -11.8 -11.8 -5.3 15.6 525.1 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 15.7 527.9 -11.7 -11.7 -5.3 15.8 530.6 -11.7 -11.7 -5.5 15.9 533.3 -11.7 -11.7 -5.6 16 536.1 -11.8 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