# Kingston, New Mexico Greenland Stadial 20 Speleothem Stable Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23330 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/newmexico/kingston2017d13c.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description: 
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Dataset DOI: 
#
# Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2018-01-18
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2018-01-18
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Kingston, New Mexico Greenland Stadial 20 Speleothem Stable Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Polyak, V.J.; Asmerom, Y.; Lachniet, M.S.
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Speleothem stable isotope (d13C and d18O) data from speleothem KR1 collected near Kingston, New Mexico, USA, 
#	for the interval 86-69 KYrBP.  Data also available in GSA Data Repository 2017282.
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Victor J. Polyak, Yemane Asmerom, Matthew S. Lachniet
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2017-09-01     
#	Published_Title: Rapid speleothem d13C change in southwestern North America coincident with Greenland stadial 20 and the Toba (Indonesia) supereruption
#	Journal_Name: Geology
#	Volume: 45
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 9
#	Pages: 843-846
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1130/G39149.1
#	Online_Resource: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/45/9/843/353465/rapid-speleothem-13c-change-in-southwestern-north
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: The characteristics of Greenland ice core stadial 20 (GS-20), the first stadial of Marine Isotope Stage 4 at the onset of the most recent glacial period, have been linked to atmospheric aerosol forcing associated with the massive 74 ka Toba (Indonesia) supereruption. More precise 40Ar/39Ar dates are available for the timing of the Toba supereruption, but while greatly improved, ice core records are not tied to absolute chronologies over this specific time interval to test for synchronicity. Here we show a rapid transition to drought conditions in the southwestern United States from a rise in a moisture-sensitive d13C time series of stalagmite KR1 from southwestern New Mexico (USA) at precisely 74.19 +/- 0.22 ka. The rapid rise in d13C in stalagmite KR1 is synchronous with the Toba supereruption 40Ar/39Ar dates within 2S absolute age error, and shows a distinct peak that started and ended abruptly, and lasted ~1560 yr. The d18O time series follows Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, and the absence of a prominent d18O anomaly at 74 ka suggests that the atmospheric response in the southwestern United States was dominated by moisture and atmospheric CO2, not temperature or moisture source variations. The coincidence of the initiation of southwest aridity at the time of the Toba supereruption is consistent with an interpretation that the eruption caused far-reaching climate change; however, climatic anomalies such as this Greenland stadial would thus likely require long process-time feedback systems related to glacial thresholds to sustain the less than decadal-long volcanic-induced atmospheric interferences. The debate regarding the role of the Toba supereruption as a possible trigger of GS-20 requires robust chronologies to resolve and advance our understanding of the potential climatic triggers and feedbacks related to this event. Our chronology offers an independent tie to the Greenland ice core record and supports the possibility of a Toba supereruption trigger of GS-20.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation 
#	Grant: ATM-0703353, AGS-1405557, EAR-0326902, EAR-0521196 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Kingston
#	Location: North America>United States Of America>New Mexico
#	Country: United States Of America
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 32.9167
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.9167
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -107.7167
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -107.7167
# 	Elevation:  
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: KR-1-d13C
#	Earliest_Year: 86094
#	Most_Recent_Year: 69324
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 0.158 m
#	Notes: Stalagmite KR-1 was collected from a small cave near Kingston, New Mexico
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: All errors are absolute 2 sigma
#
# Distance (mm)		238U conc	error	232Th conc	error								age (uncorrected)		Age (corrected)	
# from top		(ppb)	abs	(ppb)	abs	230Th/232Thact	230Th/238Uact		d234Umeas		d234Uinit		years BP		years BP	
# 7		129.7	± 0.1	51	± 37	3107	0.403	± 0.001	1160	± 2	1235	± 2	22119	± 73	22114	± 73
# 13.5		162.1	± 0.1	64	± 83	3866	0.500	± 0.002	1128	± 2	1222	± 2	28553	± 144	28548	± 144
# 22		494.5	± 0.4	68	± 32	19947	0.893	± 0.001	825	± 2	1003	± 2	69167	± 150	69165	± 150
# 31		141.1	± 0.1	27	± 43	15582	0.961	± 0.002	928	± 2	1133	± 2	70634	± 178	70635	± 178
# 40.5		396.5	± 0.2	0	± 41	3442266	0.933	± 0.003	856	± 2	1047	± 3	71566	± 356	71566	± 356
# 48		513.2	± 0.5	108	± 43	13031	0.897	± 0.001	769	± 2	944	± 2	72593	± 174	72590	± 174
# 51.5		432.6	± 0.3	8	± 45	148852	0.950	± 0.001	862	± 2	1059	± 2	73046	± 161	73046	± 161
# 57		279.9	± 0.2	14	± 42	57672	0.954	± 0.001	858	± 2	1057	± 2	73676	± 164	73676	± 164
# 62		335.8	± 0.2	84	± 38	11348	0.934	± 0.001	816	± 2	1006	± 2	73926	± 158	73922	± 158
# 63		341.4	± 0.4	0	± 41	35796	0.942	± 0.002	825	± 2	1018	± 2	74304	± 214	74303	± 214
# 69.5		309.5	± 0.2	22	± 45	39776	0.945	± 0.001	826	± 2	1019	± 2	74568	± 176	74567	± 176
# 70.5		252.9	± 0.2	67	± 95	10841	0.945	± 0.002	824	± 2	1017	± 2	74655	± 265	74651	± 265
# 72		413.1	± 0.3	90	± 58	13388	0.949	± 0.002	821	± 2	1015	± 2	75301	± 209	75298	± 209
# 77.5		393.7	± 0.2	72	± 45	15740	0.946	± 0.001	802	± 2	994	± 2	76062	± 173	76060	± 173
# 82.5		392.3	± 0.2	85	± 42	13305	0.945	± 0.002	779	± 2	969	± 2	77343	± 256	77340	± 256
# 86		210.2	± 0.2	258	± 35	2504	1.005	± 0.002	877	± 2	1093	± 2	77868	± 236	77851	± 236
# 100		241.8	± 0.1	33	± 58	22225	1.008	± 0.003	853	± 2	1068	± 2	79682	± 299	79680	± 299
# 118.5		240.0	± 0.1	31	± 51	23791	1.021	± 0.001	854	± 2	1073	± 2	81101	± 186	81099	± 186
# 132.5		296.3	± 0.1	29	± 28	31991	1.031	± 0.001	853	± 2	1076	± 2	82235	± 178	82234	± 178
# 141		319.3	± 0.2	195	± 45	6863	1.034	± 0.002	846	± 2	1069	± 2	83043	± 236	83037	± 236
# 158		298.3	± 0.3	27	± 38	36316	1.060	± 0.002	844	± 2	1077	± 2	86096	± 246	86095	± 246
# 
# extra data processed for d234U only			
# d234U data for Table DR1			
# 			abs error
# distance	age	d234U	2-sigma
# 26	70045	1040	± 5
# 32	70731	1092	± 5
# 34	70896	1048	± 4
# 36	71067	1079	± 5
# 39	71367	1079	± 6
# 42.5	71804	984	± 4
# 45	72161	1040	± 4
# 60	73913	1022	± 6
# 62	73922	992	± 6
# 66	74333	1004	± 3
# 69.5	74567	1019	± 2
# 80	76706	988	± 5
# 85	77668	1046	± 7
# 90	78449	1039	± 6
# 96	79236	1064	± 5
# 99.5	79625	1044	± 6
# 
# 
# all data used for curve in Figure 2	
# 	
# age	d234U
# 69165	1003
# 69450	1040
# 70141	1091
# 70430	1047
# 70740	1078
# 71232	1079
# 71566	1047
# 71819	984
# 72231	1040
# 72629	944
# 73237	1060
# 73794	1057
# 74045	1022
# 74219	992
# 74303	1018
# 74633	1004
# 75461	1015
# 76257	995
# 76792	988
# 77340	969
# 77734	1046
# 77851	1093
# 78755	1040
# 79870	1066
# 80490	1046
# 81573	1074
# 82234	1076
# 83037	1069
# 86095	1077
#  	
#----------------
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_mm	depth, , , mm, , , distance from top, ,N,
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N,
## age_calBPerr	age absolute error, , range, years, , ,  plus or minus, ,N,
## d13CcarbVPDB	delta13C, calcium carbonate, , per mil, ,speleothems,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_mm	age_calBP	age_calBPerr	d13CcarbVPDB
23	69324	205	-7.04
24	69486	186	-7.22
25	69648	172	-6.84
26	69811	166	-6.95
27	69973	167	-6.85
28	70135	176	-6.60
29	70297	192	-6.57
30	70459	213	-6.15
31	70621	238	-5.85
32	70722	218	-6.09
33	70822	207	-6.31
34	70923	208	-6.86
35	71023	218	-6.62
36	71123	239	-6.99
37	71224	266	-6.61
38	71324	298	-6.71
39	71424	334	-6.95
40	71525	373	-6.87
41	71646	366	-7.14
42	71788	316	-6.77
43	71930	270	-7.97
44	72072	233	-6.74
45	72214	210	-7.56
46	72356	204	-6.68
47	72498	218	-6.99
48	72631	208	-7.45
49	72756	176	-6.66
50	72881	169	-6.41
51	73005	189	-5.85
52	73121	191	-5.63
53	73229	165	-6.06
54	73337	154	-6.00
55	73445	161	-6.16
56	73553	183	-5.73
57	73661	215	-5.97
58	73744	190	-6.17
59	73828	177	-6.16
60	73912	178	-6.33
61	73995	193	-6.15
62	74079	220	-6.72
63	74155	224	-7.16
64	74224	203	-7.30
65	74293	190	-7.32
66	74362	184	-7.33
67	74431	187	-7.43
68	74500	198	-7.31
69	74569	217	-7.29
70	74744	194	-7.23
71	75023	189	-7.48
72	75302	265	-7.55
73	75440	222	-7.52
74	75579	192	-7.36
75	75717	181	-7.45
76	75855	192	-7.35
77	75994	222	-7.14
78	76186	220	-7.41
79	76432	192	-7.36
80	76677	192	-7.35
81	76923	222	-7.37
82	77169	271	-7.59
83	77380	268	-7.12
84	77556	231	-7.07
85	77733	239	-7.17
86	77909	289	-7.34
87	78036	270	-7.42
88	78163	251	-7.36
89	78290	234	-7.85
90	78416	220	-7.51
91	78543	208	-7.61
92	78670	200	-7.69
93	78797	195	-7.56
94	78924	193	-7.68
95	79051	196	-7.57
96	79177	203	-7.44
97	79304	213	-7.59
98	79431	225	-7.63
99	79558	241	-7.85
100	79685	258	-7.88
101	79761	245	-8.13
102	79838	232	-8.02
103	79914	220	-8.15
104	79991	210	-8.25
105	80068	201	-8.00
106	80144	194	-8.02
107	80221	189	-8.08
108	80297	185	-7.78
109	80374	184	-7.96
110	80451	184	-7.86
111	80527	187	-7.74
112	80604	192	-7.86
113	80680	199	-7.98
114	80757	207	-8.09
115	80833	217	-8.30
116	80910	228	-8.08
117	80987	240	-7.99
118	81063	254	-8.57
119	81142	251	-8.04
120	81222	234	-7.64
121	81302	218	-7.23
122	81382	205	-7.82
123	81462	194	-7.76
124	81542	186	-8.12
125	81623	181	-8.28
126	81703	180	-8.56
127	81783	183	-8.35
128	81863	189	-9.11
129	81943	198	-8.60
130	82023	210	-8.00
131	82104	224	-8.31
132	82184	241	-8.11
133	82272	236	-8.07
134	82369	215	-7.91
135	82466	202	-7.72
136	82563	199	-7.99
137	82660	207	-8.08
138	82757	224	-7.93
139	82854	248	-7.94
140	82951	278	-7.90
141	83048	312	-7.87
142	83227	294	-7.84
143	83407	278	-8.25
144	83586	263	-8.15
145	83765	250	-7.90
146	83944	239	-7.89
147	84123	232	-7.96
148	84302	227	-7.95
149	84481	225	-7.65
150	84660	227	-7.68
151	84840	232	-7.75
152	85019	239	-7.05
153	85198	250	-7.46
154	85377	263	-7.26
155	85556	278	-7.64
156	85735	294	-7.64
157	85914	312	-7.45
158	86094	332	-7.80