Botuverá Cave, Brazil Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Botuverá Cave, Brazil Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data LAST UPDATE: 3/2005 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Francisco W. da Cruz Jr., University of Massachusetts and Universidade de São Paulo. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2005-027 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Cruz, F.W., Jr., et al. 2005. Botuverá Cave, Brazil Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2005-027. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Cruz, F.W., Jr., S.J. Burns, I. Karmann, W.D. Sharp, M. Vuille, A.O. Cardoso, J.A. Ferrari, P.L. Silva Dias, and O. Viana Jr.. 2005. Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil. Nature, vol. 434, No. 7029, pp. 63-66, 3 March 2005. ABSTRACT: During the last glacial period, large millennial-scale temperature oscillations—the 'Dansgaard/Oeschger' cycles—were the primary climate signal in Northern Hemisphere climate archives from the high latitudes to the tropics. But whether the influence of these abrupt climate changes extended to the tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere, where changes in insolation are thought to be the main direct forcing of climate, has remained unclear. Here we present a high-resolution oxygen isotope record of a U/Th-dated stalagmite from subtropical southern Brazil, covering the past 116,200 years. The oxygen isotope signature varies with shifts in the source region and amount of rainfall in the area, and hence records changes in atmospheric circulation and convective intensity over South America. We find that these variations in rainfall source and amount are primarily driven by summer solar radiation, which is controlled by the Earth's precessional cycle. The Dansgaard/ Oeschger cycles can be detected in our record and therefore we confirm that they also affect the tropical hydrological cycle, but that in southern subtropical Brazil, millennial-scale climate changes are not as dominant as they are in the Northern Hemisphere. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: South America, subtropical Brazil PERIOD OF RECORD: 116 KYrBP - present DESCRIPTION: The Botuverá Cave (27° 13' 24" S, 49° 09'20" W, 230m above sea level) Bt2 stalagmite is a continuous record of paleoclimate changes over subtropical Brazil for the last 116,00 years. The oxygen stable isotope (per mil VPDB) data set has a resolution of ~150 years and its age model is based on 20 U/Th ages. DATA: 1. Botuverá Cave stalagmite BT2 Stable isotope data Column 1: Depth from surface, mm. Column 2: Age, years BP. Column 3: d13C, per mil VPDB Column 4: d18O, per mil VPDB Depth Age d13C d18O 0 0 -6.16 -3.05 1 120 -6.28 -2.65 2 241 -6.2 -2.52 3 361 -6.42 -2.62 4 482 -6.46 -3.23 5 602 -6.3 -3.12 6 723 -6.64 -3.03 7 963 -6.78 -3.49 8 1084 -6.29 -2.77 9 1204 -6.36 -2.92 10 1325 -5.95 -2.75 11 1445 -5.78 -2.38 12 1565 -6.15 -2.78 13 1686 -6.1 -2.69 14 1806 -6.35 -2.72 15 1927 -6.34 -2.89 16 2047 -6.23 -2.95 17 2168 -6.3 -2.8 18 2288 -5.98 -2.48 19 2422 -6.32 -3.18 20 2559 -6.19 -3.01 21 2695 -6.16 -2.66 22 2831 -6.09 -2.87 23 2967 -5.44 -2.98 24 3103 -6.53 -2.86 25 3239 -6.34 -3.22 26 3375 -6.29 -2.56 27 3511 -6.16 -3.74 28 3647 -5.63 -2.17 29 3783 -6.56 -3.28 30 3919 -6.17 -2.83 31 4055 -6.4 -2.99 32 4191 -6.5 -2.87 33 4327 -6.67 -3.01 34 4463 -6.44 -2.56 35 4599 -6.55 -2.99 36 4735 -6.11 -2.85 37 4871 -6.17 -2.78 38 5007 -6.05 -2.52 39 5144 -6.16 -3.6 40 5280 -5.34 -3.68 41 5416 -5.86 -2.87 42 5552 -5.37 -2.87 43 5688 -5.23 -2.9 44 5824 -5.39 -2.67 45 5960 -5.59 -3.07 46 6096 -5.29 -3.09 47 6232 -5.54 -2.35 48 6348 -6 -2.79 49 6446 -5.9 -2.49 50 6543 -5.82 -2.71 51 6640 -5.89 -2.49 52 6737 -5.89 -2.8 53 6835 -5.87 -2.31 54 6932 -5.93 -2.75 55 7029 -5.62 -2.05 56 7126 -5.74 -2.42 57 7223 -5.83 -2.32 58 7321 -5.85 -2.19 59 7418 -6.01 -2.79 60 7515 -5.64 -1.57 61 7612 -5.99 -2.37 62 7710 -6.14 -1.68 63 7807 -5.58 -1.51 64 7904 -5.93 -2.06 65 8001 -5.67 -2.83 66 8098 -6.1 -2 67 8196 -5.23 -1.27 68 8293 -6 -1.84 69 8390 -5.85 -2.05 70 8487 -6.27 -1.71 71 8584 -5.99 -1.53 72 8682 -5.66 -1.65 73 8779 -5.55 -1.82 74 8876 -5.99 -2.15 75 8973 -6.24 -2.92 76 9071 -5.74 -1.99 77 9163 -5.92 -1.74 78 9252 -5.32 -2.13 79 9342 -5.4 -2.05 80 9431 -5.2 -1.52 81 9521 -5.6 -2.08 82 9610 -5.18 -2 83 9700 -5.74 -2.29 84 9789 -6.02 -2.25 85 9879 -6.26 -1.89 86 9968 -5.88 -2.16 87 10058 -6.23 -2.19 88 10147 -6.18 -2.32 89 10237 -6.09 -1.98 90 10326 -5.75 -2.75 91 10416 -5.72 -3.15 92 10506 -5.64 -3.37 93 10595 -5.67 -3.64 94 10685 -5.71 -3.53 95 10774 -5.68 -3.41 96 10864 -5.27 -2.99 97 10953 -5.19 -3.33 98 11043 -5.09 -3.07 99 11222 -5.03 -2.03 100 11311 -5.62 -2.39 101 11401 -5.64 -2.27 102 11671 -5.1 -2.04 103 11961 -5.08 -1.82 104 12251 -5.03 -1.97 105 12541 -5.15 -2.2 106 12831 -5.71 -2.55 107 13121 -6.1 -2.32 108 13411 -5.79 -2.54 109 13701 -5.98 -2.82 110 13991 -6.27 -4.25 111 14281 -6.36 -4.37 112 14571 -6.24 -4.38 113 14781 -6.58 -4.41 114 14982 -5.92 -4.45 115 15183 -6.2 -4.32 116 15384 -5.88 -4.49 117 15585 -5.54 -4.36 118 15786 -5.91 -4.83 119 15987 -5.31 -4.35 120 16188 -5.67 -4.38 121 16389 -5.66 -4.45 122 16590 -5.21 -4.17 123 16791 -5.26 -4.29 124 16992 -4.85 -4.08 125 17193 -5.18 -3.77 126 17394 -5.21 -3.88 127 17595 -5.14 -4.58 128 17796 -5.07 -3.74 129 17997 -5.07 -3.49 130 18198 -4.93 -3.44 131 18399 -4.99 -3.41 132 18600 -5.19 -3.28 133 18782 -5.5 -3.35 134 18956 -4.61 -3.31 135 19130 -4.38 -3.06 136 19304 -3.6 -2.78 137 19477 -3.92 -3.23 138 19651 -3.98 -3.32 139 19825 -4.92 -3.7 140 19999 -4.67 -3.09 141 20173 -4.22 -2.87 142 20347 -4.7 -3.12 143 20521 -4.92 -3.51 144 20695 -5.22 -3.4 145 20869 -4.85 -3 146 21043 -5.22 -3.46 147 21216 -5.16 -3.8 148 21390 -4.4 -3.21 149 21564 -4.57 -3.07 150 21738 -4.71 -3.19 151 21912 -4.35 -2.96 152 22086 -4.37 -3.24 153 22260 -4.83 -3.09 154 22434 -4.44 -2.74 155 22608 -4.78 -3.11 156 22782 -4.39 -3.16 157 22955 -5.05 -2.8 158 23129 -4.54 -3.43 159 23303 -4.52 -3.36 160 23485 -3.58 -3.44 161 23676 -4.33 -2.8 162 23866 -4.49 -3.28 163 24057 -4.58 -2.98 164 24247 -4.27 -3 165 24438 -4.88 -3.05 166 24628 -4.92 -3.19 167 24819 -4.64 -2.79 168 25009 -4.77 -3.49 169 25199 -4.96 -3.89 170 25390 -4.72 -3.43 171 25580 -4.49 -2.79 172 25771 -4.21 -2.76 173 25961 -4.9 -2.95 174 26152 -5.33 -2.76 175 26342 -5.13 -2.82 176 26532 -4.77 -2.99 177 26913 -3.91 -2.23 178 27104 -5.42 -2.88 179 27294 -4.61 -2.31 180 27485 -5.05 -2.31 181 27675 -4.8 -1.96 182 27866 -4.6 -2.04 183 28056 -5.03 -2.38 184 28230 -4.96 -2.69 185 28379 -5.4 -2.91 186 28528 -4.78 -2.77 187 28678 -4.79 -2.86 188 28827 -4.91 -2.24 189 28977 -5.13 -1.75 190 29126 -4.84 -1.83 191 29275 -4.39 -2.18 192 29425 -5.15 -2.78 193 29574 -5.11 -3.46 194 29724 -4.46 -2.97 195 29873 -5.1 -3.18 196 30022 -5.01 -3.28 197 30172 -4.86 -3.31 198 30321 -4.56 -3.45 199 30471 -4.63 -3.55 200 30620 -5.3 -3.42 201 30919 -4.45 -2.22 202 31068 -3.69 -1.38 203 31217 -5.14 -3.17 204 31367 -4.9 -2.56 205 31516 -5.42 -3.18 206 31666 -5.38 -2.71 207 31815 -4.93 -2.97 208 32055 -4.96 -2.99 209 32305 -4.61 -2.54 210 32556 -4.47 -2.4 211 32806 -5.01 -2.54 212 33056 -5.31 -2.92 213 33306 -5.55 -3.14 214 33556 -5.72 -3.06 215 33807 -5.69 -3.5 216 34057 -5.53 -3.38 217 34307 -5.54 -2.71 218 34557 -5.67 -2.42 219 34807 -5.06 -2.66 220 35058 -4.78 -2.77 221 35308 -4.93 -2.98 222 35558 -4.47 -2.39 223 35808 -5 -2.76 224 36058 -5.27 -3.2 225 36309 -5.67 -2.42 226 36559 -5.71 -2.96 227 36809 -6.23 -3.62 228 37059 -6.04 -3.17 229 37309 -5.5 -2.85 230 37560 -5.36 -3.05 231 37810 -5.66 -4.01 232 38060 -5.26 -3.63 233 38249 -5.47 -3.59 234 38440 -5.2 -3.06 235 38630 -5.46 -3.22 236 38820 -5.18 -3.15 237 39010 -5.7 -3.56 238 39200 -5.61 -3.59 239 39390 -5.54 -3.41 240 39580 -5.58 -3.31 241 39770 -5.52 -2.81 242 39960 -6.13 -4.28 243 40150 -6.24 -3.88 244 40340 -6.1 -3.96 245 40530 -5.9 -4.36 246 40720 -5.99 -4.73 247 40910 -5.39 -4 248 41100 -5.47 -4.31 249 41290 -5.18 -4.52 250 41480 -6.02 -5.41 251 41670 -5.35 -5.23 252 41860 -5.97 -4.84 253 42050 -5.13 -4.27 254 42240 -5.28 -3.88 255 42430 -5.16 -3.68 256 42621 -5.3 -3.94 257 42811 -5.88 -4.5 258 43001 -5.15 -4.31 259 43191 -5.21 -3.93 260 43381 -5.4 -3.6 261 43571 -5.53 -4.46 262 43761 -4.98 -2.86 263 43951 -5.48 -3.73 264 44141 -5.41 -3.15 265 44331 -5.44 -3.58 266 44521 -5.54 -4.78 267 44711 -5.51 -4.95 268 44901 -4.84 -3.66 269 45091 -5.48 -4.5 270 45281 -5.53 -4.28 271 45471 -5.88 -4.74 272 45661 -5.67 -3.8 273 45851 -5.87 -4.29 274 46041 -4.91 -2.94 275 46231 -5.27 -3.47 276 46421 -4.83 -3.29 277 46611 -4.88 -4.16 278 46984 -4.98 -3.95 279 47404 -4.89 -3.94 280 47823 -5.02 -3.86 281 48242 -5.31 -3.81 282 48661 -4.88 -3.54 283 49080 -5.44 -3.2 284 49499 -5.3 -3.54 285 49918 -5.39 -3.12 286 50337 -5.58 -3.59 287 50757 -4.45 -2.84 288 51176 -4.83 -2.95 289 51595 -4.36 -2.56 290 52014 -3.49 -2.32 291 52433 -4.95 -2.79 292 52852 -5.6 -2.32 293 53271 -5.15 -1.97 294 53690 -4.29 -1.81 295 54110 -5.04 -1.78 296 54529 -5.15 -1.76 297 54948 -5 -1.4 298 55367 -4.61 -1.94 299 55786 -5.83 -2.91 300 56205 -5.41 -2.84 301 56624 -5.61 -2.19 302 57043 -5.43 -1.71 303 57463 -5.11 -1.57 304 57882 -5.44 -1.92 305 58301 -5.58 -1.88 306 58720 -5.52 -2.94 307 59139 -2.85 -1.9 308 59558 -4.78 -3.16 309 59977 -4.82 -3 310 60397 -5.51 -3.39 311 60816 -5.18 -3.12 312 61235 -5.48 -3.15 313 61654 -5.04 -3.13 314 62073 -4.91 -3.21 315 62292 -5.2 -3.18 316 62424 -5.33 -3.84 317 62556 -4.75 -3.83 318 62688 -4.69 -3.53 319 62820 -4.67 -3.17 320 62953 -4.84 -3.49 321 63085 -5.11 -2.87 322 63217 -5.41 -3.39 323 63349 -4.72 -3.3 324 63481 -4.84 -3.16 325 63614 -4.37 -2.57 326 63746 -5.85 -3.73 327 63878 -4.87 -3.22 328 64010 -5.03 -3.49 329 64142 -5.12 -3.79 330 64274 -4.67 -2.99 331 64407 -5.08 -3.08 332 64539 -4.56 -2.56 333 64671 -4.57 -3.46 334 64803 -4.75 -2.92 335 64935 -5.7 -3.91 336 65068 -4.37 -3.16 337 65200 -4.11 -3.14 338 65332 -5 -3.25 339 65464 -3.61 -2.07 340 65596 -4.78 -3.35 341 65729 -3.47 -0.36 342 65861 -3.33 -0.23 343 65993 -4.3 -2.01 344 66125 -4.32 -2.33 345 66257 -4.49 -2.77 346 66522 -5.45 -3.33 347 66654 -5.35 -3.02 348 66786 -5.05 -3.16 349 66918 -4.85 -2.88 350 67183 -5.58 -3.72 351 67420 -5.39 -3 352 67682 -5.91 -3.89 353 67944 -5.63 -3.69 354 68206 -5.03 -3.9 355 68468 -5.6 -3.91 356 68730 -5.29 -3.28 357 68992 -5.73 -3.17 358 69254 -5.72 -3.16 359 69516 -4.83 -2.89 360 69778 -4.38 -2.79 361 70040 -6.09 -3.16 362 70302 -4.49 -3.32 363 70564 -6.18 -3.06 364 70827 -6.02 -3.11 365 71089 -4.82 -2.67 366 71351 -6.9 -3.53 367 71613 -4.18 -3.31 368 71875 -4.74 -3.95 369 72137 -5.77 -3.93 370 72399 -5.4 -4.14 371 72661 -5.93 -4.16 372 72923 -5.29 -4.14 373 73185 -6.02 -4.61 374 73447 -5.4 -3.17 375 73709 -6 -3.08 376 73971 -6.29 -3.12 377 74233 -5.59 -2.79 378 74495 -5.72 -2.71 379 74757 -5.74 -3.04 380 75019 -5.85 -2.54 381 75222 -5.83 -2.57 382 75364 -5.22 -2.6 383 75506 -6.32 -2.7 384 75649 -5.82 -2.62 385 75791 -6.34 -3.2 386 75934 -6.22 -2.97 387 76076 -6.71 -2.8 388 76218 -5.69 -2.42 389 76361 -5.94 -2.92 390 76503 -5.46 -3.23 391 76645 -5.8 -3.73 392 76788 -5.62 -3.46 393 76930 -5.8 -3.09 394 77072 -5.6 -3.37 395 77215 -6.2 -3.34 396 77357 -6.24 -3.63 397 77500 -6.13 -3.57 398 77642 -6.23 -3.42 399 77784 -5.2 -3.19 400 77927 -5.32 -2.87 401 78069 -5.72 -1.8 402 78211 -5.16 -1.91 403 78354 -5.65 -2.2 404 78496 -5.62 -1.81 405 78638 -5.36 -2.06 406 78781 -6.19 -1.89 407 78923 -6.54 -2.3 408 79066 -6.3 -2.08 409 79208 -6.25 -2.02 410 79350 -6.43 -2.02 411 79493 -6.34 -2.01 412 79635 -5.95 -1.86 413 79777 -6.36 -2.02 414 79920 -5.81 -2 415 80062 -6.17 -1.65 416 80147 -5.26 -1.6 417 80218 -6.32 -2.24 418 80289 -6.21 -2.01 419 80360 -6.02 -1.78 420 80432 -5.9 -1.52 421 80503 -5.34 -1.75 422 80574 -5.79 -1.43 423 80645 -6.01 -1.96 424 80717 -5.64 -1.55 425 80788 -5.98 -1.5 426 80859 -5.95 -1.83 427 80930 -6.27 -1.62 428 81001 -5.89 -1.5 429 81073 -5.46 -1.22 430 81144 -6 -1.42 431 81215 -5.68 -1.02 432 81286 -6.32 -1.65 433 81358 -6.85 -2.63 434 81429 -6.88 -2.08 435 81500 -6.56 -1.74 436 81571 -6.32 -1.69 437 81642 -5.92 -1.14 438 81714 -5.5 -1.47 439 81785 -5.86 -1.45 440 81856 -5.69 -1.6 441 81927 -6.15 -1.32 442 81999 -5.57 -1.16 443 82070 -6.17 -1.34 444 82141 -5.97 -1.54 445 82212 -5.7 -1.18 446 82283 -6.17 -1.45 447 82355 -6.26 -1.53 448 82426 -6.11 -1.46 449 82497 -5.95 -1.36 450 82568 -5.8 -1.3 451 82665 -6.2 -1.51 452 82773 -6.39 -1.82 453 82880 -6.05 -1.41 454 82988 -6.19 -1.93 455 83095 -6.48 -2.07 456 83203 -6 -1.78 457 83310 -6.44 -1.82 458 83418 -5.82 -1.65 459 83525 -5.67 -1.73 460 83633 -5.85 -1.78 461 83740 -6.14 -1.75 462 83848 -6.04 -1.85 463 83955 -5.15 -1.51 464 84063 -5.13 -2.19 465 84170 -5.21 -2.15 466 84278 -5.64 -3.25 467 84385 -6.29 -3.02 468 84493 -6.26 -2.75 469 84600 -6.12 -3.67 470 84707 -6.01 -3.91 471 84815 -6.05 -3.76 472 84922 -6.16 -4.21 473 85030 -6.3 -4.32 474 85137 -6.24 -4.28 475 85245 -6.08 -3.91 476 85352 -5.78 -4.08 477 85460 -5.81 -4.33 478 85567 -5.85 -4.22 479 85675 -6.36 -4.46 480 85782 -6.08 -4.49 481 85890 -6.17 -3.89 482 85997 -6.45 -4.68 483 86105 -5.97 -3.79 484 86212 -6.53 -4.17 485 86320 -5.7 -3.9 486 86427 -5.36 -3.84 487 86535 -6.32 -4.27 488 86642 -6.21 -4.34 489 86750 -6.2 -4.02 490 86857 -6.51 -4.35 491 86965 -6.47 -4.64 492 87072 -6.48 -4.74 493 87180 -6.21 -4.64 494 87287 -6.57 -4.44 495 87395 -6.66 -4.42 496 87502 -6.07 -3.94 497 87610 -6.5 -3.33 498 87717 -5.99 -3.07 499 87824 -6.41 -3.38 500 87932 -6.22 -3.22 501 88039 -6.41 -3.52 502 88147 -6.38 -3.22 503 88254 -6.75 -3.75 504 88362 -6.47 -3.75 505 88469 -6.45 -3.26 506 88577 -6.65 -3.62 507 88684 -6.6 -3.8 508 88792 -6.64 -3.73 509 88899 -6.55 -3.73 510 89007 -6.87 -4.12 511 89114 -6.36 -3.72 512 89222 -6.46 -3.62 513 89329 -6.22 -3.61 514 89437 -5.72 -3.83 515 89544 -6.15 -3.84 516 89652 -6.34 -3.92 517 89759 -6.29 -4.2 518 89867 -6.38 -4.07 519 89974 -6.52 -4.61 520 90082 -6.39 -4.13 521 90189 -6.59 -4.4 522 90297 -6.35 -4.28 523 90404 -6.22 -4.43 524 90512 -6.46 -4.36 525 90619 -6.22 -3.94 526 90726 -6.45 -4.2 527 90834 -6.27 -4.22 528 90941 -6.14 -3.97 529 91049 -6.4 -4.57 530 91156 -6.56 -4.23 531 91264 -6.48 -4.36 532 91371 -6.45 -4.51 533 91479 -6.42 -4.33 534 91586 -6.45 -4.26 535 91801 -6.49 -4.45 536 91909 -6.69 -4.5 537 92016 -6.72 -4.55 538 92124 -6.78 -4.33 539 92231 -6.55 -4.23 540 92339 -6.93 -4.32 541 92446 -7.16 -4.57 542 92554 -7.21 -3.75 543 92661 -5.81 -4.28 544 92769 -6.29 -4.47 545 92942 -6.06 -4.13 546 93134 -5.73 -3.67 547 93325 -5.75 -3.84 548 93517 -5.64 -3.61 549 93708 -6.02 -4.13 550 93899 -6.27 -3.89 551 94091 -5.59 -3.82 552 94282 -5.51 -3.49 553 94474 -5.85 -3.46 554 94665 -6.26 -3.61 555 94856 -5.96 -3.53 556 95048 -4.59 -2.7 557 95239 -6.22 -3.41 558 95431 -5.74 -3.15 559 95622 -6.43 -3.36 560 95813 -6.13 -3.06 561 96005 -6.29 -3.16 562 96196 -6.01 -3.02 563 96388 -5.85 -2.73 564 96579 -5.77 -2.56 565 96770 -5.72 -2.66 566 96962 -6.12 -3.24 567 97153 -5.48 -2.64 568 97345 -5.52 -2.46 569 97536 -5.28 -2.06 570 97727 -5.73 -2.18 571 97919 -5.6 -1.79 572 98110 -5.95 -2.83 573 98302 -5.43 -2.19 574 98493 -5.12 -2.06 575 98684 -5.23 -1.96 576 98876 -4.75 -1.5 577 99067 -5.3 -1.81 578 99259 -6.38 -1.88 579 99450 -6.23 -2.29 580 99642 -5.77 -1.49 581 99833 -5.58 -1.54 582 100024 -5.48 -2.03 583 100216 -5.49 -1.78 584 100407 -5.94 -1.49 585 100599 -5.26 -1.57 586 100790 -5.76 -1.66 587 100981 -5.68 -1.06 588 101173 -5.45 -1.6 589 101364 -5.23 -0.94 590 101556 -5.68 -0.96 591 101747 -5.32 -1.23 592 101938 -5.49 -1.09 593 102130 -5.55 -1.09 594 102321 -5.61 -0.67 595 102513 -4.25 -0.27 596 102704 -5.16 -1.17 597 102895 -5.45 -0.5 598 103087 -5.46 -1.01 599 103278 -5.39 -0.98 600 103470 -4.95 -0.73 601 103661 -5.26 -1.03 602 103825 -5.01 -0.48 603 103981 -5.24 -1.3 604 104136 -4.65 -0.35 605 104292 -5.75 -1.11 606 104448 -4.84 -0.39 607 104603 -5.42 -0.77 608 104759 -5.79 -1.02 609 104914 -5.78 -1.06 610 105070 -4.98 -1.08 611 105226 -5.44 -1.27 612 105381 -4.86 -1.42 613 105537 -5.4 -2.24 614 105692 -5.36 -1.74 615 105848 -5.14 -1.95 616 106003 -4.77 -2.25 617 106159 -5.7 -2.89 618 106315 -5.65 -2.75 619 106470 -5.61 -1.76 620 106626 -5.15 -2.08 621 106781 -4.66 -1.43 622 106937 -5.09 -1.01 623 107092 -5.16 -1.01 624 107248 -4.71 -0.7 625 107404 -5.1 -1.06 626 107559 -5.7 -1.43 627 107715 -5.53 -1.6 628 107870 -4.92 -0.87 629 108026 -5.4 -1.48 630 108182 -5.81 -1.96 631 108337 -5.45 -1.54 632 108493 -5.32 -1.34 633 108648 -5.73 -1.5 634 108804 -5.7 -1.85 635 108959 -5.33 -1.99 636 109115 -5.65 -1.69 637 109271 -5.81 -2.52 638 109426 -5.75 -1.99 639 109582 -5.79 -2.03 640 109737 -5.67 -1.83 641 109893 -5.32 -2.8 642 110049 -5.21 -2.34 643 110204 -5.84 -2.2 644 110360 -5.44 -2.34 645 110515 -5.22 -2.49 646 110670 -5.53 -2.14 647 110798 -5.34 -2.39 648 110925 -5.44 -2.92 649 111053 -5.76 -3.87 650 111181 -5.28 -4.3 651 111308 -5.13 -4.51 652 111436 -5.15 -3.21 653 111564 -4.92 -4.27 654 111691 -4.82 -3.32 655 111819 -4.98 -4.63 656 111947 -5.66 -3.47 657 112075 -5.38 -4.18 658 112202 -5.54 -3.36 659 112330 -4.93 -3.74 660 112458 -5.35 -2.47 661 112585 -5.13 -3.13 662 112713 -5.2 -2.69 663 112841 -4.86 -2.94 664 112968 -4.9 -2.8 665 113096 -5.25 -3.13 666 113224 -5.73 -3.28 667 113351 -5.37 -3.27 668 113479 -5.75 -3.02 669 113607 -5.41 -3.53 670 113734 -5.44 -3.29 671 113862 -5.88 -3.33 672 113990 -6.37 -3.09 673 114117 -5.85 -3.47 674 114245 -6.11 -3.52 675 114373 -5.89 -4.08 676 114500 -6.24 -4.11 677 114628 -6.43 -4.12 678 114756 -6.15 -4.17 679 114883 -6.35 -3.86 680 115011 -5.88 -4.14 681 115139 -6.8 -4.18 682 115266 -6.06 -3.76 683 115394 -5.44 -3.89 684 115522 -5.86 -3.98 685 115650 -5.64 -4.02 686 115777 -5.75 -3.51 687 115905 -5.49 -3.73 688 116033 -5.91 -3.75 689 116160 -5.88 -4.02 2. Supplementary Table 1. U-Th analytical results and ages for speleothem from Botuverá Cave Sample cm. 230Th/232Th 230Th/238U 234U/238U 230Th/238U 234U/238U Age (Kyr) Initial 234U/238U (Measured) (Measured) (Detritus-corr.) (Detritus-corrected) Bt2-3a 1.91 31.32 0.103 ± 5 4.735 ± 0.33 0.102 ± 5.3 4.745 ± 0.32 2.35 ± 0.13 4.771 ± 0.015 Bt2-6a 4.85 55.33 0.246 ± 0.84 4.281 ± 0.34 0.243 ± 1 4.293 ± 0.33 6.3 ± 0.07 4.352 ± 0.014 Bt2-9a 7.73 55.64 0.379 ± 4.8 4.634 ± 0.17 0.376 ± 4.9 4.654 ± 0.28 9.07 ± 0.46 4.749 ± 0.014 Bt2-11a 10.31 117.96 0.453 ± 3.9 4.466 ± 0.33 0.452 ± 3.9 4.472 ± 0.35 11.43 ± 0.47 4.587 ± 0.016 Bt2-12a 11.41 106.28 0.592 ± 1.6 4.606 ± 0.32 0.591 ± 1.7 4.622 ± 0.35 14.62 ± 0.26 4.775 ± 0.016 Bt2-14a 13.43 123.87 0.699 ± 3.1 4.331 ± 0.24 0.698 ± 3.1 4.347 ± 0.3 18.62 ± 0.63 4.528 ± 0.014 Bt2-17a 16.15 293.43 0.836 ± 1.2 4.208 ± 0.31 0.836 ± 1.2 4.218 ± 0.31 23.38 ± 0.32 4.435 ± 0.014 Bt2-19a 18.66 201.41 0.929 ± 4.4 3.943 ± 0.35 0.929 ± 4.4 3.954 ± 0.37 28.2 ± 1.4 4.199 ± 0.02 Bt2-21a 21.11 247.77 0.86 ± 1.3 3.28 ± 0.31 0.86 ± 1.3 3.287 ± 0.33 31.81 ± 0.49 3.502 ± 0.011 Bt2-23a 23.6 153.82 1.18 ± 3.7 3.832 ± 0.27 1.181 ± 3.7 3.85 ± 0.36 38 ± 1.6 4.174 ± 0.02 Bt2-25a 28.12 671.02 1.178 ± 4 3.23 ± 0.33 1.178 ± 4 3.233 ± 0.3 46.6 ± 2.2 3.548 ± 0.019 Bt2-27a 31.83 659 1.459 ± 1.1 3.165 ± 0.56 1.46 ± 1.1 3.169 ± 0.57 62.12 ± 0.99 3.585 ± 0.019 Bt2-30a 35.62 557.37 1.681 ± 0.81 3.424 ± 0.31 1.683 ± 0.8 3.43 ± 0.32 67.13 ± 0.75 3.938 ± 0.013 Bt2-32a 38.65 379.69 2.06 ± 1.2 3.839 ± 0.27 2.065 ± 1.2 3.852 ± 0.32 75 ± 1.2 4.525 ± 0.017 Bt2-34a 42.12 841.73 2.088 ± 1.1 3.714 ± 0.38 2.091 ± 1.1 3.72 ± 0.39 80 ± 1.3 4.41 ± 0.018 Bt2-36a 45.63 759.79 2.285 ± 1.3 3.967 ± 1.02 2.288 ± 1.3 3.973 ± 1.03 82.5 ± 1.9 4.753 ± 0.042 Bt2-40a 55.12 450.15 2.277 ± 1.7 3.64 ± 0.92 2.282 ± 1.7 3.651 ± 0.93 92.6 ± 2.6 4.444 ± 0.039 Bt2-42b 60.82 884.2 2.259 ± 1.4 3.348 ± 0.47 2.263 ± 1.4 3.366 ± 0.37 103.2 ± 2.3 4.168 ± 0.023 Bt2-44a 65.3 587.54 2.358 ± 0.93 3.352 ± 0.89 2.362 ± 0.9 3.359 ± 0.9 110.4 ± 2.2 4.224 ± 0.031 Bt2-46a 68.66 427.26 2.246 ± 2.8 3.124 ± 0.49 2.252 ± 2.8 3.133 ± 0.51 114.7 ± 5.1 3.949 ± 0.044 Samples weighed ~0.4 g, and are listed in order of increasing distance from the top of the speleothem. Median U content was 0.042 ppm (range = 0.026 to 0.080) and median Th content was 0.50 ppb (range = 0.16 to1.7). Isotope ratios are activity ratios and their errors are relative (%). All errors are 95% confidence intervals. Detritus-correction assumed detrital U and Th with 232Th/238U = 1.21 ± 0.6, 230Th/238U = 1.0 ± 0.1, 234U/238U = 1.0 ± 0.1, and zero error correlations. Ages were calculated using half-lives for 230Th of 75,690 and 234U of 245,250 years. Age-errors are absolute (kyr). Initial 234U/238U ratios were backcalculated from the present day, detritus corrected 234U/238U, and the 230Th/U age.