# Midwest Brazil 1,500 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# 
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20043 
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/brazil/curupira2016.txt 
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2016-04-21
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Midwest Brazil 1,500 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data 
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Novello, V.F.; Vuille, M.; Cruz, F.W.; Strikis, N.M.; Saito de Paula, M.; Edwards, R.L.; Cheng, H.; Karmann, I.; Jaqueto, P.F.; Trindade, R.I.F.; Hartmann, G.A.; Moquet, J.S.
#---------------------------------------
# Description and Notes
#        Description: High-resolution (near annual) 1,500-year speleothem oxygen isotope (d18O) data from stalagmites collected in two caves (Curupira and Pau d'Alho) 
#	 located near Rosario Oeste City, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, as a paleorainfall proxy.  
#
#        Provided Keywords: South America Monsoon, speleothem, LIA, MCA, last millenium
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Valdir F. Novello, Mathias Vuille, Francisco W. Cruz, Nicolas M. Strikis, Marcos Saito de Paula, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, Ivo Karmann, Plinio F. Jaqueto, Ricardo I.F. Trindade, Gelvam A. Hartmann and Jean S. Moquet
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-04-21
# Published_Title: Centennial-scale solar forcing of the South American Monsoon System recorded in stalagmites
# Journal_Name: Scientific Reports
# Volume: 6
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report Number: 24762
# DOI: 10.1038/srep24762
# Online_Resource: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep24762
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: The South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is generally considered to be highly sensitive to Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature variations on multi-centennial timescales. The direct influence of solar forcing on moisture convergence in global monsoon systems on the other hand, while well explored in modeling studies, has hitherto not been documented in proxy data from the SAMS region. Hence little is known about the sensitivity of the SAMS to solar forcing over the past millennium and how it might compete or constructively interfere with NH temperature variations that occurred primarily in response to volcanic forcing. Here we present a new annually-resolved oxygen isotope record from a 1500-year long stalagmite recording past changes in precipitation in the hitherto unsampled core region of the SAMS. This record details how solar variability consistently modulated the strength of the SAMS on centennial time scales during the past 1500 years. Solar forcing, besides the previously recognized influence from NH temperature changes and associated Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts, appears as a major driver affecting SAMS intensity at centennial time scales.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)
#    Grant: 2012/01187-4, 2009/12902-3, 2012/03942-4, 2014/10095-1, 2015/08351-2, 2012/50260-6, 2013/50297
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: INCLINE/USP and PRIMO 
#    Grant: 
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation (NSF)
#    Grant: AGS-1303828, 1103403
#---------------------------------------
# Site Information
# Site_Name: Curupira Cave 
# Location: South America>Brazil
# Country: Brazil
# Northernmost_Latitude: -15.2003
# Southernmost_Latitude: -15.2003
# Easternmost_Longitude: -56.7839
# Westernmost_Longitude: -56.7839
# Elevation: 
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Curupira2016CUR4 
#   First_Year: 1795 
#   Last_Year: 1971 
#   Time_Unit: AD
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
#     Chronology: 
# 
# Supplementary Table S1
# 
# Sample	238U		232Th		d234U*		230Th / 238U		230Th Age (yr)		230Th Age (yr)		d234UInitial**
# Number	(ppb)		(ppt)		(measured)		(activity)		(uncorrected)		(corrected)		(corrected)
# 
# Stalagmite ALHO6
# ALHO6-4	3206	+/-13	10287	+/-40	644.6	+/-3	0.00199	+/-0.00015	132	+/-10	75	+/-30	644.7	+/-3
# ALHO6-12	5336	+/-15	10317	+/-208	676	+/-3	0.0029	+/-0.0000	192	+/-1	158	+/-24	676	+/-3
# ALHO6-22	3197	+/-9	8900	+/-180	665	+/-3	0.0051	+/-0.0000	332	+/-2	284	+/-34	665	+/-3
# ALHO6-21	3848	+/-10	2125	+/-43	670	+/-3	0.0058	+/-0.0000	378	+/-2	368	+/-7	670	+/-3
# ALHO6-78	3856	+/-8	3544	+/-71	667	+/-2	0.0092	+/-0.0000	602	+/-2	586	+/-12	668	+/-2
# ALHO6-91	6413	+/-18	8156	+/-164	692	+/-3	0.0103	+/-0.0000	667	+/-3	645	+/-16	694	+/-3
# ALHO6-109	24042	+/-116	66334	+/-209	694	+/-4	0.01164	+/-0.001	751	+/-14	704	+/-27	695	+/-4
# ALHO6-139	4388	+/-12	17805	+/-359	655	+/-3	0.0153	+/-0.0001	1012	+/-5	941	+/-51	657	+/-3
# ALHO6-159	3683	+/-11	21570	+/-436	661	+/-3	0.0186	+/-0.0001	1227	+/-6	1,124	+/-73	663	+/-3
# ALHO6-171	3631	+/-12	10044	+/-203	691	+/-4	0.0187	+/-0.0001	1215	+/-6	1,167	+/-34	694	+/-4
# ALHO6-196	3585	+/-13	10282	+/-208	644	+/-4	0.0200	+/-0.0001	1331	+/-7	1,280	+/-37	647	+/-3
# ALHO6-223	4136	+/-17	20448	+/-417	630	+/-4	0.0223	+/-0.0001	1502	+/-10	1,414	+/-63	633	+/-4
# 
# Stalagmite CUR4
# CUR4-3	3550	+/-12	2591	+/-53	31	+/-2	0.0014	+/-0.0001	52	+/-1	45	+/-5	1890	+/-6	
# CUR4-13	2893	+/-7	1241	+/-25	77	+/-2	0.0020	+/-0.0001	78	+/-1	73	+/-3	1825	+/-4
# CUR4-32	2654	+/-6	638	+/-13	220	+/-5	0.0032	+/-0.0001	123	+/-1	120	+/-2	1851	+/-4
# CUR4-48	3171	+/-9	1792	+/-36	135	+/-3	0.0046	+/-0.0001	191	+/-1	185	+/-5	1644	+/-4
# 
# 
# Supplementary Table S1: U-Th ages from stalagmites ALHO6 and CUR4. Analytical errors are 2s of the mean.
# 
# * d234U = ([234U/238U]activity - 1) x 1000.
# ** d234Uinitial corrected was calculated based on 230Th age (T), i.e., d234Uinitial = d234Umeasured x eL234*T, and T is corrected age.
# *c [230Th/238U]activity = 1 - e-L230T + (d234Umeasured/1000)[L230/(L230 - L234)](1 - e-(L230 - -L234) T), where T is the age.
# Decay constants are 9.1577 x 10-6 yr-1 for 230Th, 2.8263 x 10-6 yr-1 for 234U, and 1.55125 x 10-10 yr-1 for 238U. Values from Cheng et al.5.
# *d The degree of detrital 230Th contamination is indicated by the [230Th/232Th] atomic ratio instead of the activity ratio.
# *e Age corrections were calculated using an average crustal 230Th/232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 x 10-6 +/- 2.2 x 10-6.
# Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the crustal 232Th/238U value of 3.8. The errors are arbitrarily assumed to be 50% 2.
# 
# 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_AD	age, , , AD, , , , ,N
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta18O, calcium carbonate, 0.1, per mil PDB, ,speleothem, , ,N 
#
#------------------------
# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
#
age_AD	d18OcarbVPDB
1971.0	-7.08
1969.6	-7.84
1969.0	-7.75
1968.3	-7.73
1967.7	-7.70
1967.0	-7.98
1966.4	-7.88
1965.0	-7.86
1963.6	-7.83
1962.2	-7.71
1962.0	-7.68
1961.7	-7.68
1961.5	-7.60
1961.2	-7.75
1961.0	
1960.7	-7.68
1960.5	-7.70
1960.2	-7.73
1959.9	-7.68
1959.7	-7.50
1959.4	-7.36
1959.2	-7.46
1958.9	-7.47
1958.7	-7.28
1958.4	-7.36
1958.2	-7.46
1957.9	-7.31
1957.7	-7.40
1957.4	-7.42
1957.2	-7.40
1956.9	-7.31
1956.7	-7.33
1956.4	-7.20
1956.2	-7.32
1955.9	-7.21
1955.7	-7.20
1955.4	-7.15
1955.2	-7.17
1954.9	-7.13
1954.7	-7.28
1954.4	-7.38
1954.2	-7.40
1953.7	-7.32
1953.2	-7.44
1952.7	-7.36
1952.2	-7.56
1951.7	-7.38
1951.2	-7.37
1950.7	-7.44
1950.2	-7.28
1949.7	-7.45
1949.2	-7.54
1948.7	-7.53
1948.2	-7.49
1947.7	-7.69
1947.2	-7.61
1946.7	-7.56
1946.2	-7.54
1945.7	-7.21
1945.2	-7.44
1944.7	-7.47
1944.2	-7.42
1943.7	-7.39
1943.2	-7.30
1942.7	-8.07
1942.2	-8.26
1941.7	-7.73
1941.2	-7.65
1940.7	-7.70
1940.2	-7.39
1937.0	-7.58
1933.7	-7.78
1933.3	-7.58
1932.9	-7.56
1932.5	-7.94
1932.1	-7.63
1931.8	-7.91
1931.4	-7.73
1931.0	-7.27
1930.6	-7.87
1930.2	-7.99
1929.8	-8.09
1929.4	-8.10
1929.0	-8.10
1928.6	-8.01
1928.2	-8.11
1927.8	-8.07
1927.4	-8.07
1927.0	-7.94
1926.6	-8.08
1926.2	-7.73
1925.8	-8.08
1925.4	-8.23
1925.0	-8.01
1924.6	-8.16
1924.2	-8.24
1923.8	-8.00
1923.4	-7.96
1923.0	-7.76
1922.6	-7.83
1922.2	-8.04
1921.9	-8.00
1921.5	-7.82
1921.1	-7.38
1920.7	-7.70
1920.3	-7.85
1919.9	-7.60
1919.5	-7.06
1919.1	-7.25
1918.7	-7.58
1918.3	-7.58
1917.9	-7.64
1917.5	-7.81
1917.1	-7.65
1916.7	-7.62
1916.3	-7.38
1915.9	
1915.5	-7.67
1915.1	-7.19
1914.7	-7.03
1914.3	-7.62
1913.9	-7.83
1913.5	-7.63
1913.1	-7.39
1912.7	-7.51
1912.3	-7.65
1912.0	-7.88
1911.6	-7.62
1911.2	-7.21
1910.8	-7.16
1910.4	-7.06
1910.0	-7.08
1909.6	-7.15
1909.2	-7.09
1908.8	-7.25
1908.4	-7.12
1908.0	-7.14
1907.6	-7.12
1907.2	-7.24
1906.8	-7.26
1906.4	-6.99
1906.0	-7.13
1905.6	-7.10
1905.2	-7.12
1904.8	-7.16
1904.4	-7.34
1904.0	-7.29
1903.6	-7.28
1903.2	-7.30
1902.8	-7.21
1902.4	-7.11
1902.1	-7.29
1901.7	-7.16
1901.3	-7.25
1900.9	-6.34
1900.5	-7.14
1900.1	-7.30
1899.7	-7.07
1899.3	-7.40
1898.9	-7.19
1898.5	-7.22
1898.1	-7.22
1897.7	-7.19
1897.3	-7.01
1896.9	-7.05
1896.5	-7.05
1896.1	-7.15
1895.7	-7.14
1895.3	-7.18
1894.9	-7.12
1894.5	-7.37
1894.1	-7.36
1893.7	-7.28
1893.3	-7.42
1892.9	-7.48
1892.5	-7.40
1892.2	-7.61
1891.8	-7.55
1891.4	-7.34
1890.9	-7.51
1890.5	-7.30
1890.0	-7.14
1889.5	-7.08
1889.1	-7.36
1888.6	-7.45
1888.2	-6.58
1887.2	-6.60
1886.1	-7.57
1885.1	-6.65
1884.1	-6.83
1883.1	-7.62
1882.0	-7.53
1880.7	-7.53
1879.3	-7.57
1878.0	-7.56
1876.6	-7.50
1875.3	-7.50
1873.9	-7.48
1872.5	-7.62
1871.2	-7.50
1869.8	-7.65
1868.5	-7.54
1867.1	-7.72
1865.8	-7.77
1864.4	-7.44
1863.0	-7.45
1861.7	-7.36
1860.3	-7.24
1859.0	-7.35
1857.6	-7.39
1856.3	-7.55
1854.9	-7.62
1853.5	-7.55
1852.2	-7.75
1850.8	-7.83
1849.5	-7.79
1848.1	-7.67
1846.8	-7.82
1845.4	-7.80
1844.0	-7.66
1842.7	-7.83
1841.3	-7.66
1840.0	-7.77
1838.6	-7.92
1837.3	-7.88
1835.9	-7.99
1834.5	-7.78
1833.2	-7.67
1831.8	-7.67
1830.5	-8.52
1829.1	-7.72
1827.8	-7.63
1826.4	-8.20
1825.0	-8.53
1823.6	-8.46
1822.3	-8.74
1820.9	-8.75
1819.6	-8.65
1816.9	-8.21
1815.5	-8.08
1814.1	-7.99
1812.8	-8.03
1811.4	-7.83
1810.1	-7.88
1808.7	-7.75
1807.4	-7.88
1806.0	-7.86
1804.6	-7.84
1803.3	-7.88
1801.9	-8.09
1800.6	-7.96
1799.2	-7.96
1797.9	-8.09
1796.5	-8.07
1795.1	-8.18