# Lapa Grande Cave, Brazil Holocene Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#               World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, 
# plus the Online Resource and date accessed.
#
#
# Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:13540
#
# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/brazil/lapagrande2011lg3.txt
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2012-11-16
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Lapa Grande Cave, Brazil Holocene Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Strikis, N.M.; Cruz, F.W.; Cheng, H.; Karmann, I.; Edwards, R.L.; Vuille, M.; Wang, X.; de Paula, M.S.; Novello, V.F; Auler, A.S.
#--------------------
# Description_and_Notes
# 
# Stable oxygen isotope record of LG3 and LG11 stalagmite from Lapa Grande cave, central-eastern Brazil. The Lapa Grande record spans from 1.3 to 10.2 kyr B.P. with a hiatus from 6.2 to 5.9 kyr B.P..
# 
#--------------------
# Publication
#	Authors: Nicolas M. Strikis, Francisco W. Cruz, Hai Cheng, Ivo Karmann, R. Lawrence Edwards, Mathias Vuille, Xianfeng Wang, Marcos S. de Paula, Valdir F. Novello, and Augusto S. Auler 
#       Published_Date_or_YEAR: 2011-10-04
#	Published_Title: Abrupt variations in South American monsoon rainfall during the Holocene based on a speleothem record from central-eastern Brazil 
#	Journal_Name: Geology
#	Volume: 39
#	Issue: 11
#	Pages: 1075-1078
#	DOI: 10.1130/G32098.1
#	Abstract: Well-dated high-resolution oxygen isotope records of speleothems in central-eastern Brazil spanning from 1.3 to 10.2 kyr B.P. reveal that the occurrence of abrupt variations in monsoon precipitation is not random. They show a striking match with Bond events and a significant pacing at ~800 yr, a dominant periodicity present in sea surface temperature records from both the North Atlantic and equatorial Pacific Oceans that is possibly related to periods of low solar activity (high 14C based on the atmospheric 14C record). The precipitation variations over central-eastern Brazil are broadly antiphased with the Asian and Indian Monsoons during Bond events and show marked differences in duration and structure between the early and late Holocene. Our results suggest that these abrupt multicentennial precipitation events are primarily linked to changes in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Anomalous cross-equatorial flow induced by negative AMOC phases may have modulated not only the monsoon in South America but also affected El Nino-like conditions in the tropical Pacific during the Holocene.
#
#---------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil 
#	Grant: 
#-------------------- 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: U.S. National Science Foundation 
#	Grant: 0502535 and 1103403
#-------------------- 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Brazil CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)
#	Grant:  
#-------------------- 
# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Lapa Grande Cave
#	Location: South America>Brazil
#	Country: Brazil 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -14.4227
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -14.4227 
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -44.3656
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -44.3656
# 	Elevation:  m 
#------------------   
# Data_Collection  
#	Core_Name: LG3
#	First_Year: 5870
#	Last_Year: 1290
#	Time_Unit: Calendar Years before present 
#	Core_Length:  m  
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology 
#
# 
#------------------
# Variables
# 
# End Description/Documentation (lines begin with #)
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: material, error, units, anomaly, period, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
# Data line format: tab-delimited text, variable short name as header

age_calkaBP	Age (calendar ka BP), , ,cal kyr BP, , , , , N
d18OcarbVPDB	delta18O calcium carbonate (per mil VPDB), , , permil VPDB, , , , , N

age_calkaBP	d18OcarbVPDB
1.29	-6.14
1.3	-6.48
1.31	-6.05
1.32	-6.18
1.33	-5.83
1.34	-5.91
1.36	-5.99
1.37	-5.83
1.38	-5.4
1.4	-5.82
1.41	-5.83
1.42	-5.2
1.43	-5.28
1.44	-5.48
1.45	-5.98
1.46	-6.28
1.47	-6.46
1.48	-6.06
1.49	-6.09
1.5	-6.2
1.51	-6.06
1.52	-5.92
1.53	-6.42
1.55	-6.11
1.56	-6.19
1.57	-5.85
1.58	-6.42
1.59	-6.28
1.6	-5.97
1.61	-5.88
1.62	-6.43
1.63	-6.47
1.64	-6.67
1.65	-6.37
1.66	-6.18
1.67	-6.32
1.68	-6.49
1.69	-6.65
1.7	-6.44
1.71	-6.39
1.72	-6.34
1.73	-6.08
1.74	-6.12
1.75	-6.27
1.76	-6.36
1.77	-6.16
1.78	-6.44
1.8	-5.87
1.81	-6.34
1.82	-6.35
1.82	-6.05
1.82	-5.29
1.83	-4.96
1.83	-4.9
1.83	-4.89
1.84	-5.01
1.84	-5.25
1.84	-5.63
1.84	-6.06
1.85	-5.76
1.85	-6.15
1.85	-6.1
1.86	-7.04
1.86	-6.94
1.86	-7.07
1.87	-7.28
1.87	-7.09
1.87	-7.11
1.88	-7.09
1.88	-6.95
1.88	-6.64
1.89	-6.75
1.89	-6.68
1.89	-7.27
1.9	-6.86
1.9	-6.83
1.9	-6.55
1.9	-6.51
1.91	-6.29
1.91	-6.54
1.91	-6.6
1.92	-6.38
1.92	-6.26
1.92	-6.65
1.92	-6.53
1.93	-6.6
1.93	-6.59
1.93	-6.6
1.93	-6.7
1.93	-6.79
1.93	-7.06
1.94	-6.68
1.94	-6.82
1.94	-6.68
1.94	-6.69
1.94	-7.48
1.95	-6.71
1.95	-6.56
1.95	-6.75
1.95	-6.5
1.95	-6.38
1.96	-6.35
1.96	-6.21
1.96	-6.11
1.96	-6.66
1.96	-6.61
1.96	-5.99
1.97	-6.39
1.97	-6.26
1.97	-6.68
1.97	-6.18
1.97	-6.35
1.98	-7.06
1.98	-6.96
1.98	-6.48
1.98	-6.45
1.98	-6.13
1.98	-6.46
1.99	-6.49
1.99	-6.42
1.99	-6.28
1.99	-6.23
1.99	-6.32
1.99	-6.41
2	-6.35
2	-6.43
2	-6.7
2	-6.53
2	-6.42
2	-6.46
2.01	-6.61
2.01	-6.24
2.01	-6.05
2.01	-6.14
2.01	-6.19
2.02	-6.35
2.03	-6.35
2.03	-6.12
2.04	-6.17
2.04	-6.29
2.05	-6.3
2.05	-6.93
2.06	-6.51
2.06	-6.98
2.07	-6.35
2.07	-6.12
2.08	-5.92
2.08	-5.86
2.09	-5.96
2.09	-5.81
2.1	-5.92
2.1	-5.77
2.11	-5.92
2.11	-5.83
2.12	-6.56
2.12	-5.83
2.13	-5.87
2.13	-6.21
2.14	-5.85
2.14	-6.25
2.15	-6.2
2.15	-6.05
2.16	-6.25
2.16	-7.86
2.17	-7.28
2.17	-7.06
2.17	-6.24
2.17	-6.54
2.17	-6.58
2.17	-7.31
2.17	-6.52
2.17	-6.53
2.18	-6.2
2.18	-6.38
2.18	-6.25
2.18	-5.75
2.18	-6.23
2.19	-6.01
2.19	-6.1
2.19	-6.53
2.19	-6.48
2.19	-6.39
2.19	-5.66
2.19	-6.22
2.19	-6.52
2.2	-5.61
2.2	-6.25
2.2	-6.29
2.2	-5.39
2.2	-5.94
2.21	-5.68
2.21	-6.07
2.21	-6.2
2.21	-6.02
2.21	-5.93
2.21	-6.12
2.21	-5.66
2.22	-5.84
2.22	-5.84
2.22	-5.74
2.22	-5.72
2.22	-5.98
2.22	-5.81
2.23	-5.88
2.23	-6.03
2.23	-6.03
2.23	-5.82
2.23	-6.2
2.23	-5.85
2.23	-5.99
2.24	-6.04
2.24	-5.99
2.24	-6.03
2.24	-5.4
2.24	-5.99
2.24	-7.1
2.25	-7.12
2.25	-6.56
2.25	-6.89
2.25	-6.77
2.25	-6.75
2.25	-6.9
2.25	-6.89
2.26	-6.74
2.26	-6.8
2.26	-6.76
2.26	-6.55
2.26	-7.54
2.26	-6.65
2.27	-6.39
2.27	-6.32
2.27	-6.21
2.28	-6.33
2.28	-6.33
2.29	-6.22
2.29	-6.42
2.29	-6.37
2.3	-6.46
2.3	-6.27
2.31	-6.64
2.31	-6.49
2.31	-6.64
2.32	-6.39
2.32	-6.21
2.33	-5.89
2.33	-6.04
2.33	-6.35
2.34	-6.06
2.34	-5.81
2.35	-5.99
2.35	-6.07
2.35	-5.85
2.36	-6.06
2.36	-6.24
2.37	-6.21
2.37	-6.09
2.37	-6.11
2.38	-5.82
2.39	-5.85
2.4	-5.86
2.42	-5.86
2.43	-6
2.44	-5.87
2.46	-5.75
2.47	-5.35
2.49	-5.22
2.5	-5.41
2.51	-5.77
2.53	-6.2
2.54	-6.1
2.56	-6.26
2.57	-5.56
2.58	-6.32
2.6	-6.16
2.61	-6.9
2.62	-6.77
2.64	-7.17
2.65	-7.31
2.67	-7.05
2.68	-7.54
2.7	-7.25
2.71	-7.12
2.73	-6.37
2.75	-5.82
2.77	-5.97
2.79	-6.31
2.81	-6.3
2.82	-5.96
2.84	-5.9
2.86	-5.84
2.88	-6.24
2.9	-6.28
2.91	-5.97
2.93	-5.67
2.95	-5.84
2.97	-6.3
2.99	-5.66
3	-5.96
3.02	-6.41
3.04	-6.86
3.06	-5.41
3.08	-5.47
3.1	-5.52
3.11	-5.75
3.13	-5.43
3.15	-5.52
3.17	-5.49
3.19	-6.42
3.2	-7.73
3.22	-7.71
3.24	-5.53
3.26	-5.16
3.28	-5.79
3.29	-5.41
3.31	-5.3
3.33	-5.74
3.35	-5.59
3.37	-6.02
3.38	-6.27
3.4	-5.79
3.42	-5.8
3.44	-6.05
3.46	-6.02
3.48	-5.42
3.49	-6.22
3.51	-6.2
3.53	-5.88
3.55	-5.71
3.56	-5.7
3.58	-5.87
3.6	-5.14
3.64	-5.76
3.67	-5.75
3.71	-5.62
3.74	-6.29
3.78	-5.51
3.81	-6
3.85	-6.18
3.89	-5.71
3.92	-6.16
3.96	-7.09
3.99	-5.88
4.03	-6.46
4.06	-6.01
4.1	-5.85
4.13	-6.11
4.17	-6.03
4.21	-5.96
4.24	-5.21
4.28	-5.8
4.31	-5.7
4.35	-6.1
4.38	-5.32
4.42	-5.06
4.45	-5.33
4.49	-5.32
4.53	-6.05
4.56	-5.14
4.6	-5.7
4.63	-5.4
4.67	-4.74
4.7	-5.47
4.74	-5.25
4.77	-5.26
4.81	-7.4
4.84	-6.68
4.88	-5.19
4.92	-5.71
4.94	-5.95
4.96	-6.11
4.99	-6.1
5.01	-8.34
5.03	-7.39
5.06	-5.75
5.08	-5.33
5.1	-6.2
5.13	-6.62
5.15	-7.25
5.17	-6.93
5.2	-6.06
5.22	-5.44
5.25	-5.83
5.27	-5.67
5.29	-6.47
5.32	-5.73
5.34	-6.39
5.36	-5.17
5.39	-5.44
5.41	-5.13
5.43	-6.84
5.46	-7.57
5.48	-6.09
5.49	-5.17
5.5	-4.87
5.52	-4.62
5.53	-5.04
5.54	-5.08
5.55	-6.05
5.57	-6.57
5.58	-5.83
5.59	-5.64
5.6	-5.48
5.61	-6.25
5.63	-5.82
5.64	-5.63
5.65	-5.69
5.66	-5.92
5.67	-6.55
5.69	-6.7
5.7	-5.72
5.71	-5.69
5.72	-5.72
5.75	-6.04
5.76	-6.24
5.77	-6.15
5.79	-6.17
5.8	-6.39
5.81	-6.28
5.83	-6.23
5.84	-6.01
5.85	-5.38
5.87	-5.69
5.87	-6.03