# Jamari National Forest, Brazil Cedro rosa Calcium, Sulfur and d18O Data from 1832-2018 CE #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/37445 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-tree-37445.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Tree Ring # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/wwd6-rt20 # # Science_Keywords: #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/isotope/southamerica/ortega_rodriguez2023/ortega_rodriguez2023-jace.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; JACE Calcium, Sulfur and d18O Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-02-15 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-04-11 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Jamari National Forest, Brazil Cedro rosa Calcium, Sulfur and d18O Data from 1832-2018 CE #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Ortega Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-6801) #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Ortega Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Andrea Hevia, Daniela Granato-Souza, Bruno Cintra, Bruna Hornink, Laia Andreu-Hayles, Gabriel Assis Pereira, Fidel A Roig, Mario Tomazello-Filho # Published_Date_or_Year: 2023-05-01 # Published_Title: Climate variability of the southern Amazon inferred by a multi-proxy tree-ring approach using Cedrela fissilis Vell # Journal_Name: Science of The Total Environment # Volume: 871 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: 162064 # DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162064 # Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723006800?via%3Dihub # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The analysis of climate variability and development of reconstructions based on tree-ring characteristics in tropical forests have been increasing in recent decades. In the Amazon region, ring width and stable isotope long-term chronologies have been used for climatic studies, however little is known about the potentiality of wood traits such as density and chemical concentrations. In this study, we used well-dated rings of Cedrela fissilis Vell. from the drought-prone southern Amazon basin to assess the potential of using inter-annual variations of annually-resolved ring width, wood density, stable Oxygen isotope (d18OTR) measured in tree-ring cellulose and concentration of Sulfur (STR) and Calcium (CaTR) in xylem cells to study climate variability. During wet years, Cedrela fissilis produced wider and denser rings with higher CaTR and lower STR, as well as depleted d18OTR values. During dry years, a wider range of responses was observed in growth, density and STR, while lower CaTR and enriched d18OTR values were found. The annual centennial chronologies (1835-2018) showed good skills to calibrate models for reconstructions of local precipitation, evapotranspiration (P-PET), Amazon-wide rainfall and climate modes related to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies such as El Niño South Oscillation (ENSO), Tropical Northern Atlantic (TNA), and the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) oscillations. CaTR explained 42 % of the total variance of local precipitation (1975-2018), RW explained 30 % of the P-PET variance (1975-2018), while d18OTR explained 60 % and 57 % of the variance of Amazon rainfall (1960-2018) and El Niño 3.4 (1920-2018), respectively. Our results show that a multi-proxy tropical tree-ring approach can be used for high-reliable reconstructions of atmospheric and hydroclimatic variability over Amazon basin at inter-annual and multidecadal time scales. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do São Paulo (FAPESP) # Grant: 2018/22914-8; 2017/50085-3 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Jamari National Forest Rondonia # Location: Brazil # Northernmost_Latitude: -9.25 # Southernmost_Latitude: -9.25 # Easternmost_Longitude: -63.25 # Westernmost_Longitude: -63.25 # Elevation_m: 115 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: JACE Ca, S, d18O Ortega Rodriguez2023 # First_Year: 1832 # Last_Year: 2018 # Time_Unit: year Common Era # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Species # Species_Name: # Common_Name: # Tree_Species_Code: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_AD age,,,year Common Era,,tree ring,,,N, ## d180_c09c delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c09c ## d180_c17d delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c17d ## d180_c21d delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c21d ## d180_c25c delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c25c ## d180_c26c delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c26c ## d180_c29b delta 18O,wood,,per mil PDB,,tree ring,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Cedrela fissilis; c29b ## Ca_c09b calcium,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c09b ## Ca_c15a calcium,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c15a ## Ca_c15b calcium,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c15b ## Ca_c17b calcium,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c17b ## Ca_c28b calcium,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c28b ## S_c08c sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c08c ## S_c09b sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c09b ## S_c13-1a sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c13-1a ## S_c15b sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c15b ## S_c25b sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c25b ## S_c28a sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c28a ## S_c29b sulfur,wood,,count per second,,tree ring,,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Cedrela fissilis; elemental analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Data is presented in counts per second (cps); c29b #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: na age_AD d180_c09c d180_c17d d180_c21d d180_c25c d180_c26c d180_c29b Ca_c09b Ca_c15a Ca_c15b Ca_c17b Ca_c28b S_c08c S_c09b S_c13-1a S_c15b S_c25b S_c28a S_c29b 1901 na na na na na na 5628.4 na na 5429.3 na 33.8 57.9 na na na 31.1 na 1902 na na na na na na 4969.4 na na 6727.9 na 30.3 52 na na na 28.9 na 1903 na na na na na na 5059.6 na na 6388.8 na 30.5 49 na na na 29.6 na 1904 na na na na na na 5303.2 na na 6325.8 na 35.5 46.5 na na na 27.8 na 1905 na na na na na na 5304.7 na na 6238.5 na 31.8 48.8 na na na 25.4 na 1906 na na na na na na 4985.9 na na 7102.5 na 34.6 45.8 na na na 30.9 na 1907 na na na na na na 5406.9 na na 6146.6 na 32.8 44.8 na na na 31.1 na 1908 na na na na na na 5995.9 na na 6242.6 na 30.1 48 na na na 32.4 na 1909 na na 23.6 na na na 5713 na na 6425.4 na 28.8 50.7 na na na 31.4 na 1910 na na 22.9 na na na 5520.1 na na 6480.6 na 29.6 47 na na na 32 na 1911 na na 23.4 na 23.2 na 5467.5 na na 7567.6 na 33.1 46.4 na na na 29.3 na 1912 na na 27.3 na 25.6 na 5370.1 na na 7118.3 na 34.1 47.3 na na na 26.8 na 1913 22.1 na 22.8 na 23.7 na 5704 na na 7067.2 na 30.6 47.5 na na na 28.4 na 1914 23.1 na 24 na 25.3 na 5677.3 na na 7237.5 na 36.1 45.4 na na na 26.7 na 1915 24.4 na 23.9 na 24.7 na 5751.9 na na 6841.8 na 28.5 41.4 na na na 28.1 na 1916 22.5 na 23.4 na 23.3 na 5439.1 na na 6497.5 na 35.4 44.6 na na na 30.4 na 1917 22.2 23.6 22 na 22.4 22.3 5507.4 na na 7186.7 na 32.7 44.3 na na 30 26.7 na 1918 23 23 23 na 22.1 21.8 5610 na na 7023.4 na 32.1 44.3 na na 28.5 26.8 na 1919 24.3 24.6 23.8 23.7 24.7 23.5 5509.8 na na 7059.4 na 34.4 45.9 na na 27.8 28.3 na 1920 23.6 23.7 22.7 23.1 24.3 23.7 6073.6 na na 7311.6 na 31.6 45.3 na na 26.7 25.2 na 1921 21.8 na 22.1 22.5 22.7 23.3 5788.6 na na 8735.8 na 31.1 47.7 na 31.4 29.2 32.1 37.7 1922 23.8 na 23.3 na 22.2 23.1 5435.9 na na 6934.9 na 32.6 52.7 na 31.8 30.8 29.9 31.7 1923 20.9 21.6 21.5 22.7 21.4 21.6 5184.9 na na 6608.8 na 30.6 44.9 na 34.5 33.7 24.6 33.6 1924 26 25.7 25.5 na 24.3 24.9 5255.5 na na 6635 na 30.2 50.2 na 33.1 31.7 27.1 33.8 1925 21.8 21.5 21.5 na 22.4 22.1 4698.5 na na 6859.7 na 32.8 51.1 na 33 30.4 27.6 32 1926 na 26.9 na 26.5 26 25.6 5011.8 na na 7051.6 na 37.1 42.6 na 41.7 28.2 30 31.1 1927 22.8 na 22.4 22 21.6 22.9 5112.4 na na 7450.1 na 36.8 44.1 na 31 25.3 27.2 32.9 1928 21.8 na 24.5 24 22.1 24.5 6162.8 na na 6823.9 na 33.4 45.7 na 31.4 25.5 28.2 31.9 1929 25.2 21.8 22.8 21.6 24.5 na 5344 na na 6694.4 na 34 54 na 29.2 23.8 27.6 30.5 1930 22 23.3 23.6 22 22.6 22.9 5701.7 na na 6456.6 na 35.3 47.7 na 33.2 27.9 26.2 36.4 1931 23.7 24.9 23.3 24.1 24.7 25.1 6085.6 na na 6780.2 na 35.8 48.1 na 30.4 28 22.9 34.1 1932 22.8 25.9 25.7 22.4 23.1 23 5914.4 na na 6358.6 na 38 43.4 na 33.2 22.8 27 31.3 1933 25.4 25 23.9 24.8 na 25.1 6919.3 na na 6622.4 na 39.8 42.9 na 35.2 23 26 31.5 1934 19.1 21.9 21.4 21.3 na 19.8 6021.8 na na 6735.6 na 38 41.1 na 32.8 25.7 27.6 33.8 1935 23.2 23.4 24 22.9 24.3 24 6650.7 na na 6390.5 na 38.8 37.5 na 29.1 26.2 33.7 35.8 1936 24 24.1 na 23.9 24 24 7779.4 na na 6571.1 na 35.2 39.6 na 28.7 22.4 33.1 32.8 1937 23.4 24.1 na 23 24.6 25.7 6899.1 na na 6460.6 na 34.6 46.9 na 28.4 25.2 25.3 32.3 1938 24.1 23.8 24 22.6 23.3 24.1 6697 na na 6120.2 na 34.5 46 na 27.7 26.2 30.5 34.9 1939 22.7 24.1 22.7 22.1 23.2 21.7 6272.5 na na 6339.6 na 36.1 45.1 na 28 27.9 23 37.3 1940 24.8 24.2 24.5 23.9 24.5 24.6 8753.2 na na 6634.5 na 34.4 41.5 na 27.6 26.2 28.4 39.9 1941 24.4 24.9 24.8 23.8 24.4 25.8 6702.6 na na 6765.5 na 28.2 51.7 na 27.4 26 27.2 37.8 1942 25.2 23.8 23.4 24.8 23.8 na 6396.2 na na 7458.4 na 28.6 55.6 na 26.3 26.8 24.4 39.4 1943 22.7 23.3 24.6 21.3 21.7 na 7481.5 na na 7184.7 na 33.4 45.6 na 29 25.8 25.3 34.6 1944 24.1 24.4 23.9 23 24.4 24.6 7104.7 na na 7694.9 na 33.4 58.1 na 26.8 28.3 27.8 34.7 1945 24.9 24.7 22.7 23 23.9 24.7 10606 na na 7585.4 na 30.5 54 na 27.9 30.3 23.8 34 1946 22.3 22.8 23.9 22.8 23.4 22.8 7793.5 na na 8027.6 na 29.1 60.4 na 26.3 29.4 31.6 34.9 1947 24.4 23.5 24.4 24.4 24.8 22.2 6798.6 na na 7671 na 32.4 80.7 na 26.3 23.6 26.2 35.9 1948 24.7 24.7 24.2 24.2 23.9 25.6 5239.4 na na 6245.5 na 31.3 43.2 na 25.3 26.2 27.5 31.7 1949 22.1 22.4 21.8 23.4 22.3 22.6 5594.8 na na 6052.3 na 31.5 51.6 na 24.2 28.3 29 36.9 1950 23 na 22 24.1 24.3 24.6 6515.3 na na 6000.2 na 32.1 43.3 na 28.6 25.1 23.2 33 1951 24.7 na 23.5 23.3 24.4 23.8 6501.2 na na 6248.7 na 30.6 43.6 na 26.3 32.8 31.9 37 1952 26.3 22.8 25 23.3 23.2 23.1 5653.7 na na 6023.1 na 32.2 46 na 25.1 30.2 25.8 32.5 1953 21.8 21.8 23 22 22.5 21.6 5419.3 na na 6193.8 na 33.4 44.4 na 28 27 48.1 33 1954 23 23.2 22.7 22.7 23.2 22.8 5548.1 na na 6446.2 na 33.8 42 na 26.4 28.4 30.4 34 1955 24.8 24.3 24.3 24 25.2 23.1 5462.5 na na 6920 na 34.8 44.4 na 27.5 28.6 26.2 32.3 1956 23.6 22.4 22.3 21.5 22.2 22.5 5307.7 na na 6193.8 na 39 41.1 na 26.9 26.3 22.2 33.2 1957 24.3 22.7 21.6 21.9 22.7 24.5 5217.6 na na 5995.3 na 38 43.4 na 32.1 32.4 33.4 31.1 1958 23.3 24.3 24.1 23.1 24.6 24.4 5931.4 na na 6687.6 na 38.8 43.7 na 28.3 31.4 27.1 33.3 1959 22.6 23.3 23.5 24.2 23.9 22.9 5645.9 na na 6482.2 na 37.7 43 na 26.9 32.1 28.2 32.5 1960 24.9 24.9 25.5 22.5 25.5 25.2 5759.9 na na 5792.3 na 37.8 39.5 na 25.7 35.6 28.5 30.8 1961 23.4 22.5 22.9 23.4 23.2 23.2 5660 na na 5878.1 na 35.4 41.7 na 23.7 37.3 26.5 34.7 1962 22 22.8 23.5 22.2 22.8 22.9 5669.3 na na 6183.2 na 32.7 41.4 35.8 24.8 32.4 26.8 29.2 1963 21.5 21 23.9 23 22.2 23.4 5925.3 na na 6891.6 na 29 65 33.4 28 29.9 29.9 26.8 1964 24.2 23.5 23.7 24.6 24 24.1 6558.2 na na 5861.9 na 32.6 36.9 35.8 29.3 26.8 27.7 27.6 1965 24.8 24.1 24.7 24.3 24.5 24.5 7092.7 na na 6167.5 na 41.3 37.6 32.2 26.4 28 31.1 28.7 1966 25.4 23.7 26.1 26.2 26.1 26 5833.1 na na 6100 na 32.6 41.5 35.6 27 24.8 32.1 29.2 1967 22.7 24 na 24.2 22.7 23.2 7564.7 na na 6326.4 na 32.9 41.7 35.8 27.9 22.1 31.5 30 1968 24.9 22.9 na 25.6 24.8 23.5 8963.2 na na 6852.7 na 30.5 41.1 35.8 27.7 23.4 36.1 30.4 1969 24.8 24.2 23.7 25 23.5 23.6 7961 na na 6719.9 na 28.9 47.2 33.7 25.5 21.9 34.7 31.1 1970 23.7 25.1 25.3 25 24.6 24.8 6568.6 na na 6355.6 na 34.1 41.4 34.6 27.9 22.1 31.1 30.8 1971 23.1 21.8 23.3 25.3 21.9 na 6097.4 na na 6040.9 na 34.1 44.3 35.3 25.8 28.5 31.2 34.8 1972 22.8 21.7 23 24.3 21.8 22.6 6067.1 na na 6509.6 na 32.6 43.3 37.2 23.7 25.8 29.4 29.3 1973 25.5 24.1 25.4 23.9 24.6 25.8 6054.7 na na 6440.6 na 29.8 37.8 35.3 29.6 19.8 38.1 30.1 1974 22.7 20.8 22.6 23.5 21.4 21.5 5119 na na 5819.3 na 32.7 43.6 35.9 25.7 20.3 30.5 35.2 1975 22 24 23.3 24.3 22.9 23.8 5139.2 5101.3 7575.2 5917.5 13298.3 30.1 41.9 31.6 25.9 29.4 27.4 31.3 1976 25 22.7 21.2 23.2 21.4 22.5 5441.3 5836.1 6996.4 6063.3 12074 32.3 40.6 33.2 28.3 23.6 29.9 32.5 1977 24.4 na 24.4 25 23.5 24.6 5356.6 5938.8 7102.7 6609.3 10659.7 30.7 42.8 31.4 23.5 19.9 30.6 31.7 1978 21.4 na na 24.7 24.3 24.7 5447.1 6676.9 8662.9 7103 11728.9 31.9 44.9 32.4 29.2 23.4 26.7 35.4 1979 22.4 na na 23.9 22.5 22.6 5141 7006.4 6939 6974.1 12349.1 27 41.8 32.4 27.5 25 26 36.4 1980 25.6 23.5 25.2 25.9 24.7 24.5 4995.6 5146.3 5504.8 6318.6 10626.5 28.8 49 29.6 23.5 22.7 31.1 34.6 1981 na 22.3 24.8 26.1 25.2 24.7 4652.4 4890.5 6033.6 6204.7 10894.2 31.3 42.9 31.5 25.4 22.5 30.7 38.7 1982 na 24.6 23.6 24.4 23.3 24.6 4779.1 5480.1 6334.2 5609.5 11166.2 27.7 40.6 32 28.6 22.7 29.1 37 1983 26 24.5 25.9 26 25.4 25.6 4987.6 7499.7 5081.9 6788.2 9437.1 26 37.5 27.1 25 19.9 22.5 33.1 1984 22.9 22.8 23.7 24.6 23.3 23.9 5259 6756.8 5860.2 6319.1 12056.1 29.3 40.5 29.9 24.1 15.8 25.2 32.6 1985 23.4 25.5 24.3 25.2 24.2 23.2 5198.6 5706.3 5907.3 6130.9 11770.3 32.7 40.5 30.4 30.2 20.1 28.3 31 1986 23.1 23.8 22.3 24 22.3 22.3 5967.7 5144.4 6234.8 6279.7 8973.3 29.4 45 30.5 27 19.7 24.5 32.1 1987 25 24 25.1 25.4 25.2 25.1 6163.7 5220.7 5069.2 6184 11435.9 31.1 40.9 30.9 25.2 19.4 24.1 28.8 1988 25.6 23.1 25.4 24.4 24.3 23.1 6108.6 6824.7 6057.6 6714.9 11154.9 35 42.7 28.7 26.7 20.5 33 28.5 1989 22.1 21.9 21.6 23.3 21.8 21.8 5867.2 8718.7 6775.3 6914.7 9489.1 37.5 39.3 29.6 27.9 23.4 25.5 29.8 1990 23.5 24.2 23.2 24.3 23.7 na 6126.6 5127.7 5837.1 6714.9 9672 40.5 41.3 28.7 26.2 23.7 27.2 28.7 1991 23.4 23.6 23.1 24.1 23.1 na 6239.7 4963.7 7529.3 8263.5 13442.6 38.4 38.9 30.9 23.8 23.6 24.8 28.1 1992 26.6 24.8 26 25.8 25.4 25.2 6012.5 5035.6 8115.2 6590.6 12170.9 38.3 41.1 28.7 29 21.5 35.4 28 1993 23.3 23 23.5 23.7 22.9 23.5 5539.2 6566.1 7909.6 6513.9 9467.4 34.7 36.7 31.3 26.5 22.3 24 29.8 1994 23.1 21 22.5 23.5 21 20.9 5350.3 8193.8 8032.1 7483.6 13218.8 38.6 37.1 28.6 27.4 24.1 20.6 26.7 1995 24.8 23.8 24.8 25.1 23.1 25.7 5079.1 7317.6 7306.9 7348.9 12744.2 35 37 28.5 23.6 22.8 22.7 26.4 1996 22.7 22.4 21.9 23.9 22.6 22.1 4985.8 6539.4 7162.8 7394.9 12134.1 31.5 45.4 27.5 20.4 20.6 29.4 30.2 1997 24.1 24.4 24.1 25 23.3 23.5 4903.8 4911.4 7208.6 7119.9 10720.1 29.2 51.4 26.3 25.6 21.6 21.5 26.4 1998 25.5 25.5 25.1 25.7 25.7 26.1 4846.3 4620.5 6431.5 6260.6 9108 26.8 38.6 30.9 24.4 19.7 29.8 31.2 1999 24.1 21.4 22.3 23.8 21.5 21.6 5142.7 4679.3 7006.9 6482.6 10603.9 30.6 33.9 31.8 24 19.5 26.5 32.7 2000 23.8 21.7 23.8 24.4 23.2 22.9 4963 5231.3 6149.1 6609.7 12318.8 27.5 37.1 28.1 28.4 24.3 23.7 32.9 2001 23.8 22.2 23.4 24.1 24.1 22.5 4715.2 5469.8 5989.6 6623.5 11586.3 29.8 42.1 28.1 23.8 20.9 30.7 34.1 2002 24.8 23.6 24.1 24.9 24.2 23.9 4532 4503 6752.4 7047.4 11062.8 28.9 40.9 28.6 24.7 21.6 22.9 32 2003 25.7 25.4 26 25.2 25 25.1 4397.1 4350.7 7145.1 6692.8 12822.1 29.4 39.2 27.1 23.9 21.9 23.4 33.6 2004 24.6 23.2 24.5 24.3 24.2 23.7 4181.9 4634.6 7190.7 6485.6 11566.1 25.2 38 28.3 22.8 18.9 31.3 33.7 2005 na 23.4 25.9 23 24.1 22.9 4307.9 5547.6 6128.9 5968 9994 27 32.7 27.6 25.8 22.3 23.3 28.9 2006 na 22.7 22.4 22.3 22.4 22.2 4298.5 5220.7 6334.8 6321.5 11826.9 25.9 30.4 27.8 24.9 18.7 23.8 30.2 2007 23.1 24.7 na 24.1 24.5 24.5 4239.3 5551.5 5905.5 6446.4 12058.5 26.3 30.9 26.3 23.1 24.3 29.2 25.1 2008 22.3 22.6 na 21.8 23.5 21.9 4174.5 4774 6141.9 6144.5 10243.1 29.9 31.7 25.4 23.6 22.2 24.7 27.4 2009 20.3 17.8 21.1 21.1 20.7 18.3 3922.8 4423.5 6335 5560.8 11002.1 27.2 27.7 26.5 22.6 22.9 22.9 29.5 2010 22.8 23.8 24.6 23.3 23.6 23.5 3945.6 4302.6 6340.2 5281.4 10866.2 30.4 32.9 27 25.3 18.9 22.8 24.5 2011 24.8 20.7 22.8 22.9 na 22.1 3870.7 4959.1 6160.3 5360.1 9982 30.2 32.5 31.5 25.6 20.3 26.8 28.5 2012 22.7 21 21.3 21.7 na 21.7 3862.4 4877.5 6371.1 5711.7 11475.6 24.4 31.2 23.3 22.9 22.8 28 25.6 2013 24.9 23.7 na 24.1 24.1 24.8 3821.5 4326.7 6504 5444.1 11584.8 24.8 30.6 23.7 23.9 22.3 29.7 27 2014 23.2 23.5 23.4 na 23.6 22.9 3884.1 6424.7 6026.4 5970.9 10690.7 23.9 32.2 21.7 23 23.2 28.4 24.8 2015 25.1 25.5 23.7 na 25.2 24.1 3941.3 7471.6 6208.1 6371 9015.8 23.1 31.6 25 21.3 22.2 24.5 29.2 2016 26.3 26.6 28.1 26.6 26.3 26.6 3614.7 5443.1 5780 6537.8 8720 23.8 31 27.3 22.4 23 22.3 26.8 2017 23.7 21.1 21.8 23.2 21.8 21.3 3549.7 4813.5 6134.6 6935.3 7828.6 26.9 33.8 24.4 20.2 23.9 22.1 31.6 2018 23.9 24.5 24 23.5 23.9 24.1 3555.4 4417.8 5287.4 7828.1 8290.1 24.7 33.7 24.3 20.1 21.6 21.9 27.4