# Peltier - Southwest Ecological Memory Project Site P1 - PIED - ITRDB AZ613 #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/35496 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-tree-35496.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Tree Ring # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/northamerica/usa/az613-rwl-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: Raw Measurements - NOAA Template File; az613-rwl-noaa.txt # # Related_Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/northamerica/usa/az613.rwl # Related_Online_Description: RWL File; Raw Measurements - Tucson Decadal File # # Supplemental_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/correlation-stats/az613.txt # Supplemental_Description: Text File; Correlation Stats # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2022-01-31 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2022-01-31 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Peltier - Southwest Ecological Memory Project Site P1 - PIED - ITRDB AZ613 #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Peltier, D.M.P.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-9055); Yocom, L.L.; Nguyen, P.; Bangs, M.; Wilson, M. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: These tree ring data were collected to assess the climate memory of tree growth around the southwestern US in "ecologically sampled" trees. Trees were from a range of size classes and vigors, but were all dominant or co-dominant. NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2022-04-04. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Drew M.P. Peltier, Jessica Guo, Phiyen Nguyen, Michael Bangs, Michelle Wilson, Kimberly Samuels-Crow, Larissa L. Yocom, Yao Liu, Michael K. Fell, John D. Shaw, David Auty, Christopher Schwalm, William R.L. Anderegg, George W. Koch, Marcy E. Litvak, Kiona Ogle # Journal_Name: Tree Physiology # Published_Title: Temperature memory and non-structural carbohydrates mediate legacies of a hot drought in trees across the southwestern USA # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022 # Volume: 42 # Pages: 71-85 # Issue: 1 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab091 # Full_Citation: None # Abstract: Trees are long-lived organisms that integrate climate conditions across years or decades to produce secondary growth. This integration process is sometimes referred to as 'climatic memory.' While widely perceived, the physiological processes underlying this temporal integration, such as the storage and remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are rarely explicitly studied. This is perhaps most apparent when considering drought legacies (perturbed post-drought growth responses to climate), and the physiological mechanisms underlying these lagged responses to climatic extremes. Yet, drought legacies are likely to become more common if warming climate brings more frequent drought. To quantify the linkages between drought legacies, climate memory and NSC, we measured tree growth (via tree ring widths) and NSC concentrations in three dominant species across the southwestern USA. We analyzed these data with a hierarchical mixed effects model to evaluate the time-scales of influence of past climate (memory) on tree growth. We then evaluated the role of climate memory and the degree to which variation in NSC concentrations were related to forward-predicted growth during the hot 2011-2012 drought and subsequent 4-year recovery period. Populus tremuloides exhibited longer climatic memory compared to either Pinus edulis or Juniperus osteosperma, but following the 2011-2012 drought, P. tremuloides trees with relatively longer memory of temperature conditions showed larger (more negative) drought legacies. Conversely, Pinus edulis trees with longer temperature memory had smaller (less negative) drought legacies. For both species, higher NSC concentrations followed more negative (larger) drought legacies, though the relevant NSC fraction differed between P. tremuloides and P. edulis. Our results suggest that differences in tree NSC are also imprinted upon tree growth responses to climate across long time scales, which also underlie tree resilience to increasingly frequent drought events under climate change. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1458867, 1643245 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Southwest Ecological Memory Project Site P1 # Location: Arizona # Northernmost_Latitude: 36.5 # Southernmost_Latitude: 36.5 # Easternmost_Longitude: -112.7 # Westernmost_Longitude: -112.7 # Elevation_m: 1680 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: AZ613 # First_Year: 1930 # Last_Year: 2016 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: ring width # Notes: None #-------------------- # Species # Species_Name: Pinus edulis Engelm. # Common_Name: pinyon # Tree_Species_Code: PIED #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables format: shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_CE age,,,year Common Era,,tree ring,,,N, ## AZP0102B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0102B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0102C_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0102C; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0103C_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0103C; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0103B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0103B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0104B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0104B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0104A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0104A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0104C_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0104C; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0105C_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0105C; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0105B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0105B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0106B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0106B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0106A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0106A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0108A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0108A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0108B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0108B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0112A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0112A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0113A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0113A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0113B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0113B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## AZP0115B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: AZP0115B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 #--------------------- # Data: # Missing_Values: NA age_CE AZP0102B_raw AZP0102C_raw AZP0103C_raw AZP0103B_raw AZP0104B_raw AZP0104A_raw AZP0104C_raw AZP0105C_raw AZP0105B_raw AZP0106B_raw AZP0106A_raw AZP0108A_raw AZP0108B_raw AZP0112A_raw AZP0113A_raw AZP0113B_raw AZP0115B_raw 1930 NA NA NA 0.529 0.31 0.374 0.319 0.676 0.468 0.865 0.648 0.161 0.186 0.345 0.362 0.676 NA 1931 NA NA NA 0.51 0.376 0.488 0.377 0.902 0.409 0.604 0.402 0.066 0.15 0.208 0.298 0.386 NA 1932 NA NA NA 1.12 0.584 0.608 0.475 0.835 0.686 1.004 0.729 0.155 0.153 0.195 0.371 0.341 NA 1933 NA NA NA 0.307 0.135 0.154 0.058 0.452 0.327 0.575 0.368 0.114 0.303 0.39 0.061 0.099 NA 1934 NA NA NA 0.439 0.123 0.155 0.098 0.38 0.147 0.444 0.197 0.199 0.027 0.101 0.071 0.086 NA 1935 NA NA NA 0.413 0.391 0.335 0.269 0.503 0.295 0.687 0.484 0.314 0.159 0.214 0.26 0.326 NA 1936 NA NA NA 0.325 0.16 0.142 0.088 0.309 0.238 0.149 0.136 0.14 0 0.052 0.057 0.063 NA 1937 NA NA NA 1.476 0.395 0.497 0.326 0.821 0.447 0.683 0.436 0.271 0.274 0.251 0.33 0.384 NA 1938 NA NA NA 1.066 0.493 0.498 0.446 0.685 0.615 0.698 0.484 0.195 0.166 0.263 0.315 0.256 NA 1939 0.879 0.85 NA 0.469 0.293 0.308 0.306 0.481 0.331 0.298 0.257 0.045 0.053 0.139 0.141 0.183 NA 1940 0.824 0.679 NA 0.719 0.534 0.501 0.392 0.43 0.341 0.688 0.623 0.25 0.241 0.318 0.309 0.333 NA 1941 1.389 1.215 NA 1.18 0.683 0.801 0.621 0.509 0.549 0.821 0.497 0.333 0.342 0.49 0.394 0.499 NA 1942 0.91 0.797 NA 0.954 0.818 0.755 0.661 0.772 0.48 0.611 0.515 0.349 0.363 0.732 0.339 0.364 NA 1943 0.977 0.796 NA 1.307 0.637 0.512 0.482 0.773 0.478 0.715 0.542 0.376 0.299 0.659 0.335 0.322 NA 1944 0.781 0.557 NA 0.8 0.503 0.507 0.396 0.713 0.413 0.669 0.444 0.469 0.471 0.621 0.3 0.296 NA 1945 0.831 0.606 NA 0.943 0.534 0.423 0.404 0.582 0.568 0.62 0.426 0.232 0.274 0.481 0.275 0.4 NA 1946 0.218 0.161 NA 0.582 0.334 0.257 0.19 0.343 0.265 0.244 0.211 0.086 0.1 0.209 0.064 0.08 NA 1947 0.653 0.495 NA 0.521 0.389 0.366 0.292 0.387 0.202 0.475 0.327 0.228 0.213 0.251 0.214 0.205 NA 1948 0.844 0.679 NA 0.722 0.616 0.551 0.468 0.613 0.373 0.689 0.473 0.52 0.482 0.316 0.395 0.382 NA 1949 0.798 0.846 NA 0.637 0.49 0.478 0.383 0.555 0.4 0.751 0.43 0.48 0.456 0.363 0.209 0.232 NA 1950 0.645 0.732 NA 0.589 0.314 0.224 0.178 0.352 0.174 0.597 0.391 0.139 0.104 0.217 0.141 0.133 NA 1951 0.469 0.614 NA 0.298 0.268 0.176 0.13 0.294 0.161 0.176 0.034 0 0.059 0.191 0.063 0.158 NA 1952 0.904 0.797 NA 0.639 0.68 0.578 0.455 0.61 0.462 0.797 0.592 0.053 0.404 0.396 0.39 0.456 NA 1953 0.662 0.499 NA 0.78 0.346 0.293 0.178 0.317 0.206 0.58 0.291 0.381 0.239 0.214 0.264 0.287 NA 1954 0.732 0.558 NA 0.993 0.64 0.605 0.447 0.697 0.568 0.942 0.59 0.24 0.297 0.323 0.409 0.402 NA 1955 0.487 0.319 NA 0.678 0.228 0.235 0.226 0.237 0.079 0.459 0.13 0.336 0.14 0 0.088 0.217 NA 1956 0.42 0.269 NA 0.215 0.126 0.136 0.085 0.283 0.098 0.264 0 0.105 0.069 0.119 0.059 0.117 NA 1957 0.492 0.383 NA 0.799 0.587 0.628 0.476 0.702 0.464 0.793 0.572 0.07 0.326 0.373 0.407 0.32 NA 1958 0.6 0.583 NA 0.895 0.657 0.808 0.555 0.639 0.556 0.856 0.487 0.337 0.354 0.397 0.384 0.326 NA 1959 0.469 0.428 NA 0.072 0.179 0.276 0.149 0.308 0.204 0.402 0.204 0.334 0 0.058 0.021 0 NA 1960 0.723 0.515 0.453 1.269 0.701 0.879 0.472 0.758 0.712 1.211 0.724 0.399 0.375 0.403 0.385 0.521 NA 1961 0.676 0.658 0.603 0.773 0.473 0.515 0.272 0.472 0.258 0.518 0.31 0.135 0.139 0.227 0.206 0.201 NA 1962 0.809 0.729 0.297 0.535 0.569 0.543 0.378 0.527 0.37 0.544 0.397 0.257 0.276 0.16 0.193 0.199 NA 1963 0.456 0.395 0.313 0.561 0.088 0.235 0.085 0.181 0.098 0.2 0.124 0.074 0.074 0.061 0.076 0.119 NA 1964 0.724 0.677 0.354 0.721 0.241 0.474 0.224 0.537 0.426 0.593 0.418 0.336 0.335 0.21 0.287 0.199 NA 1965 1.211 1.337 0.747 1.155 0.505 0.727 0.345 0.177 0.163 0.481 0.341 0.467 0.459 0.375 0.196 0.307 0.574 1966 1.047 1.116 0.868 1.047 0.509 0.743 0.348 0.324 0.059 0.72 0.624 0.483 0.475 0.337 0.296 0.419 0.434 1967 1.085 1.093 0.962 1.367 0.528 0.813 0.5 0.353 0.193 0.647 0.432 0.457 0.471 0.57 0.376 0.52 0.375 1968 1.316 1.258 0.735 1.51 0.608 0.862 0.458 0.307 0.166 0.523 0.339 0.327 0.311 0.533 0.305 0.456 0.349 1969 1.108 1.198 0.553 1.495 0.739 0.91 0.608 0.38 0.202 1.075 0.754 0.449 0.462 0.477 0.313 0.555 0.577 1970 0.898 0.891 0.51 0.992 0.49 0.58 0.491 0.225 0.241 0.505 0.367 0.278 0.233 0.338 0.156 0.325 0.285 1971 0.767 0.769 0.617 1.02 0.501 0.541 0.5 0.224 0.131 0.677 0.322 0.286 0.305 0.287 0.197 0.386 0.368 1972 0.616 0.609 0.512 0.991 0.688 0.711 0.4 0.301 0.1 0.972 0.523 0.41 0.392 0.552 0.173 0.325 0.188 1973 0.835 0.836 0.616 0.836 0.945 0.892 0.797 0.568 0.295 0.856 0.491 0.644 0.643 0.56 0.221 0.427 0.519 1974 0.528 0.564 0.152 0.328 0.371 0.338 0.366 0.216 0.133 0.43 0.189 0.095 0.096 0.19 0.033 0.056 0.226 1975 0.77 0.915 0.329 0.624 0.578 0.629 0.677 0.261 0.248 0.775 0.527 0.438 0.435 0.499 0.23 0.385 0.522 1976 0.88 1.078 0.655 1.317 0.856 0.909 0.745 0.537 0.423 0.853 0.567 0.503 0.502 0.688 0.37 0.439 0.439 1977 0.455 0.52 0.204 0.569 0.269 0.437 0.367 0.247 0.139 0.224 0.149 0.175 0.169 0.39 0.061 0.133 0.209 1978 0.815 0.961 0.606 1 0.668 0.876 0.35 0.57 0.413 1.171 0.855 0.685 0.709 0.678 0.432 0.358 0.44 1979 0.73 0.8 0.836 1.748 0.651 0.984 0.337 0.573 0.486 1.08 0.919 0.835 0.824 0.658 0.43 0.426 0.457 1980 0.85 1.189 0.881 1.618 0.633 0.618 0.36 0.62 0.447 0.803 0.733 0.632 0.643 0.801 0.562 0.487 0.447 1981 1.096 1.357 0.444 1.728 0.622 0.631 0.22 0.436 0.299 0.824 0.787 0.463 0.482 0.694 0.361 0.353 0.265 1982 1.139 1.647 0.305 1.287 0.645 0.802 0.261 0.398 0.335 0.447 0.384 0.494 0.487 0.727 0.506 0.457 0.368 1983 1.378 1.928 0.753 2.509 0.764 0.942 0.337 0.611 0.442 0.58 0.599 0.667 0.708 0.768 0.837 0.861 0.604 1984 1.335 1.56 0.746 2.066 0.591 0.493 0.169 0.509 0.249 0.451 0.574 0.519 0.55 0.545 0.505 0.6 0.35 1985 1.123 1.504 0.687 1.233 0.64 0.781 0.307 0.657 0.496 0.616 0.693 0.658 0.657 0.442 0.559 0.521 0.508 1986 0.84 1.134 0.605 1.36 0.708 0.822 0.377 0.523 0.353 0.702 0.722 0.57 0.601 0.539 0.5 0.378 0.472 1987 0.893 1.017 0.39 1.311 0.596 0.691 0.304 0.455 0.289 0.548 0.727 0.383 0.348 0.357 0.4 0.28 0.389 1988 1.184 1.324 0.701 1.24 0.773 0.962 0.492 0.463 0.39 0.532 0.526 0.478 0.494 0.525 0.625 0.432 0.558 1989 0.5 0.534 0.295 0.568 0.413 0.339 0.187 0.232 0.157 0.232 0.154 0.089 0.073 0.071 0.058 0.046 0.148 1990 0.722 0.745 0.418 1.141 0.395 0.297 0.193 0.22 0.189 0.228 0.208 0.052 0.063 0.18 0.189 0.16 0.261 1991 0.546 0.443 0.197 0.529 0.586 0.452 0.351 0.347 0.344 0.356 0.486 0.28 0.305 0.17 0.248 0.162 0.297 1992 1.035 1.106 0.365 0.566 0.645 0.511 0.375 0.495 0.474 0.449 0.499 0.335 0.288 0.29 0.208 0.151 0.489 1993 1.083 1.399 0.228 0.281 0.881 0.517 0.448 0.363 0.44 0.555 0.636 0.471 0.447 0.366 0.332 0.312 0.674 1994 0.792 1.139 0.216 0.245 0.721 0.438 0.427 0.264 0.378 0.345 0.352 0.29 0.281 0.347 0.159 0.161 0.397 1995 0.89 1.34 0.832 1.621 1.221 0.917 0.818 0.555 0.648 0.742 0.699 0.593 0.61 0.592 0.447 0.422 0.706 1996 0.645 0.953 0.214 1.321 0.438 0.356 0.284 0.307 0.272 0.176 0.29 0.176 0.158 0.212 0.169 0.257 0.314 1997 0.977 1.058 0.324 1.276 0.621 0.492 0.445 0.335 0.324 0.363 0.323 0.301 0.258 0.459 0.19 0.156 0.324 1998 1.129 0.974 0.3 0.952 0.676 0.695 0.544 0.464 0.404 0.41 0.468 0.384 0.406 0.389 0.356 0.358 0.482 1999 1.073 0.731 0.47 1.147 0.58 0.606 0.33 0.426 0.38 0.227 0.286 0.117 0.161 0.35 0.246 0.459 0.297 2000 0.632 0.452 0.168 0.51 0.338 0.284 0.194 0.271 0.191 0.046 0.123 0.075 0.068 0 0.024 0.042 0.16 2001 0.759 0.861 0.363 1.03 0.821 0.745 0.466 0.482 0.401 0.496 0.5 0.347 0.36 0.275 0.394 0.513 0.524 2002 0.114 0.08 0 0 0.023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.019 2003 0.372 0.359 0.441 0.857 0.425 0.425 0.259 0.378 0.254 0.201 0.32 0.057 0.049 0.098 0.088 0.156 0.366 2004 0.404 0.475 0.146 0.382 0.325 0.457 0.159 0.243 0.236 0.195 0.296 0.04 0.052 0.044 0.06 0.097 0.225 2005 0.791 0.704 0.445 0.645 0.828 0.786 0.495 0.52 0.417 0.668 0.643 0.431 0.39 0.417 0.315 0.341 0.653 2006 0.601 0.538 0.171 0.691 0.539 0.499 0.451 0.275 0.222 0.34 0.308 0.177 0.178 0.163 0.137 0.147 0.369 2007 0.57 0.383 0.043 0.372 0.266 0.277 0.173 0.141 0.163 0.28 0.231 0.146 0.147 0.163 0.108 0.151 0.207 2008 0.806 0.686 0.326 1.129 0.694 0.688 0.445 0.361 0.385 0.526 0.573 0.306 0.324 0.24 0.303 0.409 0.521 2009 0.789 0.753 0.65 1.115 0.712 0.706 0.533 0.49 0.43 0.585 0.569 0.348 0.347 0.295 0.423 0.561 0.527 2010 0.823 0.813 0.685 0.936 0.757 0.63 0.561 0.537 0.429 0.666 0.634 0.434 0.398 0.295 0.305 0.405 0.489 2011 0.84 0.949 0.985 1.13 1.171 0.828 0.724 0.592 0.454 0.784 0.819 0.465 0.487 0.381 0.585 0.561 0.56 2012 0.584 1.133 0.53 0.887 0.7 0.416 0.414 0.329 0.229 0.271 0.265 0.099 0.101 0.146 0.228 0.083 0.155 2013 1.162 1.168 0.479 0.972 0.396 0.316 0.393 0.191 0.228 0.332 0.278 0.163 0.163 0.108 0.184 0.196 0.232 2014 0.926 1.022 0.497 1.169 0.82 0.701 0.762 0.51 0.434 0.433 0.405 0.232 0.267 0.31 0.357 0.466 0.313 2015 1.088 0.951 0.469 0.624 0.592 0.673 0.805 0.314 0.34 0.1 0.155 0.178 0.154 0.309 0.443 0.42 0.22 2016 0.931 1.044 0.353 0.929 0.814 0.709 0.839 0.348 0.458 0.316 0.307 0.249 0.204 0.409 0.351 0.457 0.191