Morocco Millennial Palmer Drought Severity Index Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Morocco Millennial Palmer Drought Severity Index Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 4/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: J. Esper, D.C. Frank, U. Büntgen, A. Verstege, J. Luterbacher, and E. Xoplaki. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-032 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Esper, J., et al. 2009. Morocco Millennial Palmer Drought Severity Index Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-032. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Esper, J., D.C. Frank, U. Büntgen, A. Verstege, J. Luterbacher, and E. Xoplaki 2007 Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L17702. doi:10.1029/2007GL030844 ABSTRACT: Cedrus atlantica ring width data are used to reconstruct long-term changes in the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) over the past 953 years in Morocco, NW Africa. The reconstruction captures the dry conditions since the 1980s well and places this extreme period within a millennium-long context. PDSI values were above average for most of the 1450-1980 period, which let recent drought appear exceptional. However, our results also indicate that this pluvial episode of the past millennium was preceded by generally drier conditions back to 1049. Comparison of PDSI estimates with large-scale pressure field reconstructions revealed steady synoptic patterns for drought conditions over the past 350 years. The long-term changes from initially dry to pluvial to recent dry conditions are similar to PDSI trends reported from N America, and we suggest that they are related to long-term temperature changes, potentially teleconnected with ENSO variability and forced by solar irradiance changes. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Northwestern Africa PERIOD OF RECORD: 1049 - 2001 AD FUNDING SOURCES: EC projects Millennium (grant 017008) and CIRCE (grant 036961), the SNSF project EuroTrans (grant 200021-105663), and the SNSF through the National Centre for Competence in Climate Research (NCCR-Climate). DESCRIPTION: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) reconstruction for the past 953 years in Morocco, NW Africa, based on Cedrus atlantica tree ring width data. DATA: Year PDSI 1049 -1.05 1050 -0.52 1051 -0.08 1052 -1.21 1053 -0.15 1054 -0.08 1055 0.32 1056 -2.55 1057 1.27 1058 0.25 1059 1.71 1060 -2.42 1061 -2.49 1062 -0.66 1063 -2.26 1064 -2.20 1065 -0.86 1066 -1.48 1067 -2.19 1068 -3.17 1069 -3.57 1070 -2.22 1071 -2.40 1072 -2.80 1073 -6.06 1074 -4.77 1075 -3.72 1076 -5.65 1077 -3.38 1078 -2.85 1079 -4.09 1080 -1.86 1081 -4.62 1082 -3.05 1083 -3.70 1084 -4.22 1085 -5.21 1086 -5.10 1087 -4.35 1088 -4.12 1089 -4.16 1090 -3.50 1091 -3.74 1092 -2.76 1093 -4.32 1094 -4.45 1095 -3.44 1096 -2.14 1097 -3.72 1098 -3.15 1099 -2.63 1100 -3.62 1101 -2.78 1102 -3.11 1103 -5.58 1104 -4.13 1105 -4.72 1106 -3.72 1107 -4.55 1108 -4.38 1109 -3.18 1110 -2.62 1111 -3.74 1112 -2.50 1113 -1.78 1114 -3.91 1115 -2.59 1116 -1.42 1117 -3.59 1118 -4.70 1119 -2.85 1120 -3.41 1121 -4.15 1122 -3.38 1123 -4.44 1124 -3.09 1125 -3.65 1126 -4.30 1127 -4.16 1128 -3.14 1129 -3.10 1130 -0.95 1131 -2.36 1132 -2.19 1133 -0.42 1134 -0.26 1135 -0.68 1136 0.36 1137 -0.56 1138 -1.38 1139 -0.84 1140 -4.49 1141 -2.52 1142 -1.68 1143 -1.70 1144 -4.82 1145 -3.50 1146 -4.99 1147 -2.28 1148 -2.64 1149 -3.39 1150 -2.72 1151 -3.18 1152 -2.14 1153 -5.46 1154 -3.48 1155 -3.54 1156 -3.31 1157 -3.06 1158 -5.94 1159 -4.29 1160 -3.08 1161 -3.25 1162 -5.77 1163 -2.14 1164 -6.41 1165 -4.87 1166 -4.07 1167 -2.35 1168 -1.50 1169 -2.82 1170 -1.61 1171 -0.83 1172 -0.59 1173 -1.38 1174 -0.95 1175 1.12 1176 -4.12 1177 -0.22 1178 -3.42 1179 -2.55 1180 -1.00 1181 -0.56 1182 -2.87 1183 -1.76 1184 -0.90 1185 -1.67 1186 -5.96 1187 -2.56 1188 -2.57 1189 -1.70 1190 -3.25 1191 -5.33 1192 -1.54 1193 -3.38 1194 -4.25 1195 -3.01 1196 -3.46 1197 -4.93 1198 -5.35 1199 -5.69 1200 -3.32 1201 -4.52 1202 -3.76 1203 -2.92 1204 -3.87 1205 -2.00 1206 -4.88 1207 -2.21 1208 -2.95 1209 -2.91 1210 -2.86 1211 -3.22 1212 -2.53 1213 -1.74 1214 -0.21 1215 -3.50 1216 -5.98 1217 -0.89 1218 -4.86 1219 -2.78 1220 -4.25 1221 -5.62 1222 -0.39 1223 -5.44 1224 -5.88 1225 -4.21 1226 -4.38 1227 -3.25 1228 -3.56 1229 -5.74 1230 -2.37 1231 -2.33 1232 -2.28 1233 -2.81 1234 -4.13 1235 -3.28 1236 -2.40 1237 -6.37 1238 -2.79 1239 -6.11 1240 -3.47 1241 -4.60 1242 -4.68 1243 -4.38 1244 -3.81 1245 -4.47 1246 -4.01 1247 -4.64 1248 -4.34 1249 -5.92 1250 -2.92 1251 -3.99 1252 -4.63 1253 -3.24 1254 -4.23 1255 -3.37 1256 -2.70 1257 -0.64 1258 -2.02 1259 -0.80 1260 -1.62 1261 0.02 1262 -0.96 1263 -3.32 1264 -1.78 1265 -3.14 1266 -4.77 1267 -3.99 1268 -4.31 1269 -2.88 1270 -2.45 1271 -2.73 1272 -1.63 1273 -2.89 1274 -1.09 1275 -3.25 1276 -4.06 1277 -2.64 1278 -3.70 1279 -4.26 1280 -3.01 1281 -3.42 1282 -1.66 1283 -3.55 1284 -1.77 1285 -1.75 1286 0.35 1287 0.58 1288 -0.08 1289 -0.39 1290 -1.73 1291 -2.36 1292 -3.47 1293 -3.01 1294 -3.72 1295 -3.19 1296 -3.17 1297 -1.92 1298 -2.91 1299 -2.80 1300 -2.00 1301 -4.42 1302 -4.56 1303 -2.15 1304 -2.96 1305 -2.40 1306 -2.37 1307 -2.46 1308 -3.81 1309 -5.12 1310 -3.83 1311 -4.52 1312 -3.17 1313 -4.26 1314 -2.78 1315 -2.76 1316 -1.70 1317 -2.39 1318 -3.49 1319 -1.81 1320 -2.83 1321 -4.24 1322 -2.60 1323 -3.91 1324 -3.63 1325 -0.65 1326 -4.27 1327 0.33 1328 -0.92 1329 0.54 1330 0.68 1331 0.02 1332 1.66 1333 1.08 1334 -2.09 1335 -3.26 1336 -2.36 1337 -3.79 1338 -2.11 1339 -2.33 1340 -1.78 1341 -3.73 1342 -2.97 1343 -3.87 1344 -3.79 1345 -2.95 1346 -3.85 1347 -3.72 1348 -3.61 1349 -4.27 1350 -3.77 1351 -4.63 1352 -3.76 1353 -3.60 1354 -3.40 1355 -3.53 1356 -3.47 1357 -3.65 1358 -3.86 1359 -3.88 1360 -3.57 1361 -2.83 1362 -1.18 1363 -0.70 1364 -3.70 1365 0.01 1366 -2.10 1367 -2.63 1368 -1.67 1369 -0.57 1370 -4.01 1371 -0.98 1372 -1.86 1373 -3.97 1374 -1.58 1375 -1.47 1376 -4.78 1377 -1.64 1378 -2.13 1379 -2.66 1380 -0.28 1381 -1.52 1382 -2.25 1383 -2.92 1384 -0.71 1385 -3.66 1386 -2.95 1387 -0.29 1388 -2.26 1389 -2.92 1390 -0.94 1391 -2.94 1392 0.29 1393 -2.73 1394 0.32 1395 -5.25 1396 -2.45 1397 -1.94 1398 -1.58 1399 -1.61 1400 -2.71 1401 -1.88 1402 -3.42 1403 -3.20 1404 -3.82 1405 -4.03 1406 -3.30 1407 -2.83 1408 -1.55 1409 -2.47 1410 -2.52 1411 -0.98 1412 -0.35 1413 -4.99 1414 -1.33 1415 -5.84 1416 -1.88 1417 -2.50 1418 -1.44 1419 -0.33 1420 -1.42 1421 -2.08 1422 -3.94 1423 -1.61 1424 -2.59 1425 -3.24 1426 -2.92 1427 -1.39 1428 -2.28 1429 -0.81 1430 -1.68 1431 -1.05 1432 -0.71 1433 -1.88 1434 -1.92 1435 0.27 1436 0.68 1437 -0.05 1438 -3.27 1439 -0.75 1440 -2.78 1441 0.94 1442 0.26 1443 0.48 1444 1.11 1445 -2.31 1446 0.76 1447 0.93 1448 2.23 1449 -3.42 1450 1.16 1451 0.65 1452 3.52 1453 1.79 1454 1.23 1455 0.90 1456 -2.34 1457 -3.76 1458 -1.69 1459 -2.60 1460 -1.04 1461 1.72 1462 1.24 1463 0.15 1464 1.77 1465 -1.42 1466 -1.16 1467 -1.75 1468 -4.91 1469 -4.62 1470 -1.54 1471 -0.17 1472 -1.47 1473 -0.57 1474 -0.94 1475 1.66 1476 2.06 1477 1.19 1478 -0.66 1479 -1.06 1480 -0.36 1481 -1.50 1482 -0.97 1483 -2.74 1484 -2.63 1485 -2.54 1486 -0.95 1487 -2.45 1488 -0.96 1489 -0.65 1490 -1.37 1491 0.96 1492 0.29 1493 -3.99 1494 -0.11 1495 0.50 1496 -1.29 1497 -1.71 1498 -1.75 1499 -0.76 1500 -3.03 1501 -1.07 1502 -1.63 1503 -0.22 1504 -1.06 1505 -0.89 1506 -0.36 1507 -0.09 1508 -2.12 1509 -1.27 1510 -1.80 1511 -2.05 1512 -2.71 1513 -0.86 1514 -0.55 1515 -3.71 1516 -1.21 1517 -1.56 1518 -1.42 1519 -0.50 1520 -1.00 1521 -5.25 1522 -2.66 1523 -2.22 1524 -2.44 1525 -3.52 1526 -4.72 1527 -3.24 1528 -3.16 1529 -4.37 1530 -2.06 1531 -2.97 1532 -1.10 1533 -1.30 1534 -0.54 1535 -1.73 1536 -1.29 1537 -0.31 1538 -1.43 1539 -0.68 1540 -0.55 1541 -2.16 1542 -3.07 1543 -0.48 1544 -0.37 1545 -4.92 1546 -0.94 1547 -0.52 1548 -1.33 1549 -2.57 1550 -1.12 1551 -1.39 1552 -0.76 1553 -0.41 1554 0.72 1555 -2.30 1556 0.89 1557 -0.74 1558 -0.82 1559 0.16 1560 -0.46 1561 0.94 1562 0.77 1563 0.72 1564 1.61 1565 0.28 1566 1.11 1567 3.26 1568 1.00 1569 -0.23 1570 0.94 1571 0.38 1572 -2.97 1573 -0.49 1574 -2.89 1575 -1.39 1576 -1.42 1577 1.39 1578 0.73 1579 -2.70 1580 -0.99 1581 -0.98 1582 -0.81 1583 -1.13 1584 -0.33 1585 -1.58 1586 -1.92 1587 -2.16 1588 -1.00 1589 -2.99 1590 -0.92 1591 -1.35 1592 -0.90 1593 -2.16 1594 -0.90 1595 -2.06 1596 -0.24 1597 -0.23 1598 0.10 1599 0.71 1600 -1.64 1601 0.01 1602 1.36 1603 -0.51 1604 -0.77 1605 -2.88 1606 -2.84 1607 -2.96 1608 -2.39 1609 -2.26 1610 -0.77 1611 -2.14 1612 1.32 1613 -4.91 1614 -2.67 1615 -2.68 1616 -2.96 1617 -2.79 1618 -0.68 1619 -0.52 1620 -0.53 1621 -1.27 1622 -1.23 1623 -0.82 1624 1.08 1625 -0.22 1626 -1.97 1627 -3.05 1628 -4.11 1629 -2.49 1630 -3.92 1631 -4.14 1632 -3.72 1633 -1.76 1634 -1.69 1635 -4.06 1636 0.09 1637 -1.58 1638 -3.62 1639 -1.67 1640 -1.87 1641 0.54 1642 0.26 1643 -1.54 1644 -1.78 1645 -1.58 1646 0.68 1647 -1.21 1648 -3.29 1649 -2.07 1650 -1.42 1651 -0.50 1652 -1.71 1653 -1.31 1654 -0.39 1655 -0.18 1656 -0.80 1657 -0.31 1658 -0.01 1659 0.98 1660 -1.93 1661 -4.66 1662 -0.07 1663 -0.18 1664 -0.55 1665 0.18 1666 0.33 1667 0.38 1668 -1.74 1669 0.33 1670 1.35 1671 -0.72 1672 -1.29 1673 -0.33 1674 -0.13 1675 -1.71 1676 -2.18 1677 -0.65 1678 0.07 1679 1.09 1680 -2.61 1681 3.23 1682 -1.39 1683 -5.12 1684 0.54 1685 -0.81 1686 1.33 1687 -3.60 1688 -0.81 1689 -2.37 1690 -2.58 1691 -0.47 1692 -0.22 1693 -3.72 1694 -1.70 1695 -1.35 1696 0.19 1697 -0.67 1698 -0.59 1699 -0.03 1700 0.79 1701 -3.08 1702 -2.03 1703 -3.12 1704 -0.47 1705 -0.80 1706 -1.04 1707 0.79 1708 -0.43 1709 -0.42 1710 -0.22 1711 0.91 1712 -1.83 1713 -2.12 1714 -2.38 1715 -1.32 1716 -0.86 1717 -1.41 1718 -1.71 1719 -0.41 1720 -1.96 1721 -2.61 1722 -2.05 1723 0.74 1724 -0.44 1725 -0.92 1726 0.82 1727 0.92 1728 0.45 1729 -1.12 1730 -0.73 1731 -1.45 1732 -2.07 1733 -2.28 1734 -5.92 1735 -1.99 1736 -1.81 1737 -2.46 1738 -5.67 1739 -3.43 1740 -1.48 1741 -1.27 1742 -1.84 1743 -0.04 1744 -2.84 1745 -0.39 1746 -1.10 1747 -1.81 1748 -2.53 1749 -2.08 1750 -2.68 1751 -0.94 1752 -0.41 1753 -1.95 1754 -0.46 1755 -1.75 1756 -1.50 1757 0.62 1758 0.01 1759 -3.37 1760 0.30 1761 -0.63 1762 1.01 1763 1.44 1764 -0.38 1765 -0.62 1766 0.64 1767 1.90 1768 1.28 1769 0.74 1770 0.31 1771 1.10 1772 0.15 1773 -0.14 1774 0.53 1775 -0.66 1776 0.03 1777 -1.44 1778 0.39 1779 -2.42 1780 -2.54 1781 -3.21 1782 -1.27 1783 -1.49 1784 0.29 1785 1.57 1786 1.60 1787 0.54 1788 2.90 1789 -0.41 1790 -1.76 1791 -2.06 1792 -2.31 1793 -2.22 1794 -3.10 1795 -3.72 1796 -3.20 1797 -2.60 1798 -3.32 1799 -1.71 1800 -2.31 1801 -3.54 1802 -3.28 1803 -2.30 1804 -2.08 1805 -2.71 1806 -3.41 1807 -2.64 1808 -1.25 1809 -2.02 1810 -1.01 1811 -1.88 1812 -2.38 1813 -1.47 1814 -0.08 1815 -0.42 1816 -0.50 1817 -2.46 1818 -2.09 1819 -1.26 1820 -2.47 1821 -3.30 1822 -2.44 1823 -1.83 1824 -3.76 1825 -2.40 1826 -0.40 1827 -0.79 1828 -2.89 1829 -0.48 1830 -0.03 1831 -0.79 1832 1.43 1833 0.87 1834 -1.21 1835 1.75 1836 0.69 1837 2.75 1838 0.58 1839 -0.29 1840 0.17 1841 -2.62 1842 -1.15 1843 -1.95 1844 -1.54 1845 -0.57 1846 0.29 1847 -0.48 1848 0.17 1849 1.34 1850 -2.49 1851 0.43 1852 0.07 1853 0.47 1854 0.09 1855 1.73 1856 0.84 1857 0.73 1858 -0.67 1859 -2.39 1860 -0.60 1861 -1.11 1862 -3.38 1863 -1.48 1864 -1.79 1865 -0.89 1866 -1.45 1867 -3.92 1868 -1.92 1869 -2.81 1870 -1.15 1871 -1.88 1872 -1.33 1873 -1.09 1874 -3.91 1875 -1.19 1876 -1.42 1877 -3.19 1878 -5.31 1879 -2.99 1880 -2.32 1881 -3.41 1882 -5.72 1883 -3.42 1884 -2.04 1885 -1.75 1886 -1.26 1887 -3.92 1888 -0.56 1889 -1.58 1890 -1.75 1891 -1.85 1892 -4.05 1893 -2.56 1894 -1.69 1895 -2.17 1896 -1.36 1897 -3.87 1898 -1.77 1899 -1.88 1900 -1.60 1901 -0.33 1902 -0.79 1903 -0.75 1904 -1.12 1905 -2.32 1906 -0.34 1907 -0.35 1908 -0.59 1909 -1.79 1910 -1.52 1911 -0.77 1912 -0.39 1913 -1.13 1914 -1.14 1915 -2.02 1916 -1.90 1917 -2.42 1918 -2.87 1919 -2.75 1920 -1.53 1921 -0.45 1922 -0.19 1923 0.10 1924 -0.20 1925 -0.34 1926 -3.33 1927 0.00 1928 0.11 1929 -2.00 1930 -0.04 1931 -2.92 1932 -1.80 1933 -3.98 1934 -2.85 1935 -2.48 1936 -1.45 1937 -3.55 1938 -1.49 1939 -1.32 1940 -1.60 1941 0.47 1942 0.70 1943 1.50 1944 -0.39 1945 -4.84 1946 -0.56 1947 -0.75 1948 -1.19 1949 -1.94 1950 -3.41 1951 -1.11 1952 -2.31 1953 -1.09 1954 0.58 1955 0.72 1956 -0.03 1957 -2.22 1958 -1.51 1959 -1.30 1960 0.20 1961 -0.18 1962 1.06 1963 3.98 1964 2.44 1965 3.28 1966 0.97 1967 1.05 1968 1.44 1969 -0.72 1970 -0.14 1971 -0.72 1972 -1.20 1973 -0.70 1974 -1.05 1975 -0.45 1976 0.33 1977 -1.42 1978 -0.13 1979 -1.35 1980 -3.27 1981 -4.94 1982 -3.01 1983 -5.28 1984 -4.72 1985 -4.66 1986 -3.75 1987 -4.88 1988 -2.92 1989 -2.84 1990 -3.26 1991 -2.43 1992 -2.72 1993 -4.76 1994 -3.14 1995 -5.97 1996 -2.52 1997 -2.22 1998 -3.39 1999 -5.60 2000 -5.36 2001 -3.53