# Gray et al. 2004 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) Index Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), # and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/6324 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-6324.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Patterns Reconstruction #------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/amo-gray2004-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Index Reconstruction Data # # Original_Source_URL: # Original_Source_Description: # #------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2004-10-01 #------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2022-03-31 #------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Gray et al. 2004 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) Index Reconstruction #------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Gray, S.T.; Betancourt, J.L.; Graumlich, L.J.; Pederson, G.T. #------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Reconstruction of North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index based on tree ring chronologies from eastern North America, western Europe, Scandinavia and the Middle East. These data represent a tree-ring based reconstruction of annual sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) for the North Atlantic Ocean (0-70°) and a reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index derived from these SSTA values. The AMO is the leading mode of low frequency, North Atlantic SST variability. Over the instrumental period (1856-Present) the AMO exhibited a 65-80 yr cycle (0.4 ° C range), with warm phases at roughly 1860-1880 and 1930-1960 and cool phases during 1905-1925 and 1970-1990.The AMO appears to have returned to a warm phase beginning in the mid 1990s. The AMO has been linked to multi-year precipitation anomalies over North America, and appears to modulate the strength of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere. Multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic is also thought to play a role in Atlantic hurricane formation, rainfall over the Caribbean and northeastern Brazil, African drought frequency, and winter temperatures in Europe. Instrumental observations capture only two full cycles of the AMO, so a need exists for developing proxies to assess low-frequency North Atlantic SST variations and their climatic effects. These SSTA and AMO reconstructions span the period from A.D. 1567 to 1990 and were developed using 12 tree-ring records from eastern North America, western Europe, Scandinavia, and the Middle East. We first reconstructed annual SSTA values for the North Atlantic and then smoothed this time series with a 10-yr moving average to produce the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index. Correlations between the observed and reconstructed SSTA and AMO values were high (r = 0.64 and 0.81, respectively) and numerous tests confirmed that the model has significant skill in predicting SSTA values. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Gray, S.T., L.J. Graumlich, J.L. Betancourt, and G.T. Pederson # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Published_Title: A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2004-06-17 # Volume: 31 # Issue: 12 # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2004GL019932 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We present a tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) which demonstrates that strong, low-frequency (60–100 yr) variability in basin-wide (0–70°N) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has been a consistent feature of North Atlantic climate for the past five centuries. Intervention analysis of reconstructed AMO indicates that 20th century modes were similar to those in the preceding ∼350 yr, and wavelet spectra show robust multidecadal oscillations throughout the reconstruction. Though the exact relationships between low-frequency SST modes, higher frequency (∼7–25 yr) atmospheric modes (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation), and terrestrial climates must still be resolved, our results confirm that the AMO should be considered in assessments of past and future Northern Hemisphere climates. #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: North Atlantic Ocean # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Northernmost_Latitude: 70 # Southernmost_Latitude: 0 # Easternmost_Longitude: 0 # Westernmost_Longitude: -80 # Elevation_m: #------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Gray2004AMO # First_Year: 1567 # Last_Year: 1990 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: reconstructions # Notes: #------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: 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