# 1,100 Year El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), # and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/11194 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-11194.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/c8ez-6f86 # # Science_Keywords: ENSO #------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/enso-li2011-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index Reconstruction Data # # Original_Source_URL: # Original_Source_Description: # #------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2011-05-16 #------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2024-01-31 #------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1,100 Year El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index Reconstruction #------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Li, J.; Xie, S.-P.; Cook, E.R.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-4176); Huang, G.; D'Arrigo, R.D.; Liu, F.; Ma, J.; Zheng, X.-T. #------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: An index of canonical ENSO variability for the past 1,100 years, derived from the first principal component of tree-ring based North America Drought Atlas (NADA). This index comprises interannual ENSO variability only, as a 9-year Lanczos highpass filter was applied on time series at each NADA grid point. A 21-year running biweight variance was calculated to measure changes in ENSO amplitude. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Li, J., S.-P. Xie, E.R. Cook, G. Huang, R. D'Arrigo, F. Liu, J. Ma, and X.-T. Zheng # Journal_Name: Nature Climate Change # Published_Title: Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium # Published_Date_or_Year: 2011-05-06 # Volume: 1 # Issue: 2 # Pages: 114-118 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1086 # Full_Citation: Li, J., S.-P. Xie, E.R. Cook, G. Huang, R. D'Arrigo, F. Liu, J. Ma, and X.-T. Zheng. 2011. Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 114-118, May 2011 doi:10.1038/nclimate1086 # Abstract: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) conditions in the tropical Pacific at intervals of 2–8 years. The amplitude of ENSO variability affects the occurrence and predictability of climate extremes around the world, but our ability to detect and predict changes in ENSO amplitude is limited by the fact that the instrumental record is too short to characterize its natural variability. Here we use the North American Drought Atlas—a database of drought reconstructions based on tree-ring records—to produce a continuous, annually resolved record of ENSO variability over the past 1,100 years. Our record is in broad agreement with independent, ENSO-sensitive proxy records in the Pacific and surrounding regions. Together, these records indicate that ENSO amplitude exhibits a quasi-regular cycle of 50–90 years that is closely coupled to the tropical Pacific mean state. Anomalously warm conditions in the eastern Pacific are associated with enhanced ENSO variability, consistent with model simulations. The quasi-periodic ENSO amplitude modulation reported here offers a key observational constraint for improving models and their prediction of ENSO behaviour linked to global warming. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cook, E.R., D.M. Meko, D.W. Stahle, and M.K. Cleaveland # Journal_Name: Journal of Climate # Published_Title: Drought reconstructions for the continental United States # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999-04-01 # Volume: 12 # Issue: 4 # Pages: 1145-1162 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1145:DRFTCU>2.0.CO;2 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The development of a 2° lat × 3° long grid of summer drought reconstructions for the continental United States estimated from a dense network of annual tree-ring chronologies is described. The drought metric used is the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The number of grid points is 154 and the reconstructions cover the common period 1700–1978. In producing this grid, an automated gridpoint regression method called “point-by-point regression” was developed and tested. In so doing, a near-optimal global solution was found for its implementation. The reconstructions have been thoroughly tested for validity using PDSI data not used in regression modeling. In general, most of the gridpoint estimates of drought pass the verification tests used. In addition, the spatial features of drought in the United States have been faithfully recorded in the reconstructions even though the method of reconstruction is not explicitly spatial in its design. The drought reconstructions show that the 1930s “Dust Bowl” drought was the most severe such event to strike the United States since 1700. Other more local droughts are also revealed in the regional patterns of drought obtained by rotated principal component analysis. These reconstructions are located on a NOAA Web site at the World Data Center-A in Boulder, Colorado, and can be freely downloaded from there. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cook, E.R., C.A. Woodhouse, C.M. Eakin, D.M. Meko and D.W. Stahle # Journal_Name: Science # Published_Title: Long-Term Aridity Changes in the Western United States # Published_Date_or_Year: 2004-11-05 # Volume: 306 # Issue: 5698 # Pages: 1015-1018 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.1102586 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The western United States is experiencing a severe multiyear drought that is unprecedented in some hydroclimatic records. Using gridded drought reconstructions that cover most of the western United States over the past 1200 years, we show that this drought pales in comparison to an earlier period of elevated aridity and epic drought in AD 900 to 1300, an interval broadly consistent with the Medieval Warm Period. If elevated aridity in the western United States is a natural response to climate warming, then any trend toward warmer temperatures in the future could lead to a serious long-term increase in aridity over western North America. #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Basic Research Program of China # Grant_Number: 2011CB309704 #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation of China # Grant_Number: 40890155 #------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Tropical Pacific # Location: Pacific Ocean # Northernmost_Latitude: 20 # Southernmost_Latitude: -20 # Easternmost_Longitude: -80 # Westernmost_Longitude: 145 # Elevation_m: #------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: enso_li2011 # First_Year: 900 # Last_Year: 2002 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: sea surface temperature # Notes: #------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Variables format: shortname what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method, C(har) or N(umeric) data,additional information # ## age age,,,year Common Era,,climate reconstructions;tree ring,,,N, ## ensoi El Niño Southern Oscillation Index,,,dimensionless,,climate reconstructions;tree ring,filtered,principal component analysis,N,filter: 9 year Lanczos highpass (Interannual ENSO variability during 900-2002) ## ensovar El Niño Southern Oscillation Index,,,dimensionless,,climate reconstructions;tree ring,smoothed,principal component analysis,N,smooth: 21 year running biweight (21-yr running ENSO variance) # #------------------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA age ensoi ensovar 900 -1.446 NA 901 -1.087 NA 902 0.536 NA 903 -0.741 NA 904 0.808 NA 905 1.801 NA 906 -1.546 NA 907 -1.967 NA 908 1.568 NA 909 0.559 NA 910 -0.393 1.158 911 1.184 1 912 -0.551 0.99 913 -1.199 0.982 914 -0.055 1.173 915 0.38 1.285 916 0.163 1.182 917 0.443 1.086 918 0.477 0.906 919 0.406 0.818 920 -0.622 0.948 921 0.022 1.016 922 -1.023 0.853 923 0.375 0.654 924 -1.936 0.379 925 1.648 0.441 926 1.203 0.446 927 -0.972 0.569 928 0.48 0.635 929 0.593 0.738 930 -1.728 0.728 931 0.552 0.845 932 0.131 0.879 933 0.274 0.845 934 0.078 0.841 935 -0.403 0.65 936 0.458 0.527 937 -0.214 0.466 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1520 0.257 1.215 1521 0.654 1.155 1522 -2.002 1.229 1523 0.138 1.228 1524 -0.162 1.222 1525 -0.179 1.081 1526 1.951 1.368 1527 0.322 1.343 1528 -1.712 1.659 1529 -0.503 1.653 1530 1.485 1.575 1531 0.389 1.587 1532 -1.878 2.025 1533 -0.183 1.699 1534 0.028 1.772 1535 -0.198 1.765 1536 1.769 1.582 1537 0.778 1.544 1538 -2.376 1.618 1539 1.02 1.454 1540 1.549 1.278 1541 0.471 1.332 1542 -2.922 1.473 1543 0.643 1.263 1544 0.048 1.135 1545 0.005 1.081 1546 0.638 0.971 1547 -0.768 0.709 1548 -0.948 0.853 1549 0.963 0.644 1550 0.847 0.584 1551 -0.337 0.545 1552 -1.308 0.535 1553 0.789 0.416 1554 0.214 0.451 1555 0.367 0.547 1556 0.347 0.548 1557 0.493 0.618 1558 -0.438 0.613 1559 -0.26 0.561 1560 0.034 0.514 1561 -0.795 0.491 1562 -0.282 0.493 1563 -0.377 0.474 1564 1.008 0.436 1565 1.289 0.448 1566 -0.1 0.483 1567 -1.408 0.534 1568 -0.163 0.614 1569 0.677 0.753 1570 0.366 0.824 1571 -0.498 0.873 1572 0.603 0.905 1573 -1.126 0.929 1574 0.025 1.043 1575 0.532 1.113 1576 -0.75 1.168 1577 1.034 1.28 1578 1.274 1.134 1579 -1.754 1.126 1580 -1.202 1.337 1581 0.76 1.373 1582 1.211 1.354 1583 0.333 1.232 1584 -1.193 1.327 1585 -1.823 1.345 1586 1.629 1.365 1587 0.36 1.333 1588 0.679 1.281 1589 0.755 1.403 1590 -1.676 1.456 1591 -0.477 1.426 1592 -0.271 1.426 1593 -0.137 1.406 1594 1.565 1.411 1595 -0.238 1.331 1596 0.869 1.151 1597 -0.442 1.058 1598 -0.959 1.059 1599 1.956 0.999 1600 -2.034 1.065 1601 -0.958 0.913 1602 0.568 0.887 1603 1.093 0.954 1604 0.397 0.961 1605 -0.309 0.809 1606 -0.272 0.811 1607 -0.958 0.746 1608 0.37 0.749 1609 -0.055 0.639 1610 1.196 0.47 1611 0.328 0.486 1612 0.075 0.42 1613 -1.13 0.468 1614 -0.357 0.409 1615 0.122 0.408 1616 -0.287 0.533 1617 0.37 0.599 1618 0.235 0.514 1619 -0.258 0.611 1620 0.309 0.67 1621 1.91 0.625 1622 -0.355 0.818 1623 -0.936 0.843 1624 -0.808 0.765 1625 0.387 0.859 1626 -1.477 0.857 1627 0.574 0.967 1628 0.264 1.081 1629 1.193 1.106 1630 0.856 1.126 1631 -0.713 1.135 1632 -2.415 0.962 1633 0.285 0.93 1634 0.488 0.789 1635 1.404 0.922 1636 0.223 0.932 1637 -1.019 0.82 1638 -0.998 1.151 1639 0.573 1.148 1640 0.995 0.986 1641 -0.189 1.294 1642 0.542 0.75 1643 0.074 0.914 1644 0.167 1.373 1645 -1.775 1.465 1646 0.557 1.554 1647 1.34 1.603 1648 -2.14 1.474 1649 0.274 1.382 1650 0.059 1.364 1651 2.332 1.387 1652 0.349 1.332 1653 -1.129 1.373 1654 -2.918 1.484 1655 0.807 1.519 1656 1.773 1.143 1657 -0.446 1.242 1658 -0.272 1.149 1659 -0.505 0.841 1660 0.265 1.016 1661 1.125 1.111 1662 0.485 0.847 1663 -0.048 0.828 1664 -0.824 0.877 1665 0.49 0.659 1666 0.144 0.738 1667 -0.528 0.592 1668 -0.85 0.617 1669 0.09 0.696 1670 -1.346 0.809 1671 0.93 0.841 1672 0.555 0.762 1673 -0.209 0.985 1674 1.485 0.998 1675 -0.573 1.29 1676 -1.312 1.278 1677 0.547 1.494 1678 0.593 1.503 1679 -1.207 1.409 1680 1.686 1.491 1681 -0.621 1.465 1682 -0.228 1.505 1683 2.222 1.481 1684 -0.365 1.43 1685 -2.772 1.36 1686 -0.762 1.485 1687 1.599 1.344 1688 0.269 1.444 1689 0.364 1.452 1690 -0.407 1.286 1691 -1.183 1.235 1692 1.152 1.292 1693 0.327 1.428 1694 0.406 1.226 1695 0.94 1.213 1696 -1.366 0.974 1697 -0.247 0.903 1698 -1.228 0.843 1699 0.45 0.839 1700 0.114 0.899 1701 1.401 0.914 1702 1.219 0.828 1703 -1.238 0.769 1704 -0.993 0.766 1705 -0.099 0.771 1706 0.877 0.769 1707 0.017 0.72 1708 -1.19 0.738 1709 -0.655 0.698 1710 1.148 0.729 1711 0.132 0.734 1712 0.462 0.713 1713 0.237 0.664 1714 0.146 0.648 1715 -0.376 0.638 1716 -0.867 0.859 1717 -0.992 0.94 1718 0.462 0.978 1719 0.659 1.058 1720 1.266 1.047 1721 -0.157 0.956 1722 -1.111 1.054 1723 0.792 1.108 1724 -1.114 1.271 1725 -0.896 1.443 1726 2.162 1.524 1727 1.563 1.331 1728 -0.622 1.336 1729 -1.697 1.438 1730 -0.463 1.434 1731 0.024 1.323 1732 1.358 1.596 1733 -1.15 1.405 1734 1.53 1.504 1735 -1.377 1.334 1736 -0.673 1.593 1737 0.244 1.634 1738 1.347 2.042 1739 -0.899 2.076 1740 0.624 1.85 1741 0.35 1.864 1742 -1.597 2.161 1743 0.06 2.054 1744 -0.881 1.926 1745 0.074 1.751 1746 2.484 1.546 1747 2.368 1.68 1748 -3.669 1.753 1749 0.94 1.595 1750 0.162 1.493 1751 0.842 1.516 1752 -1.977 1.596 1753 0.185 1.641 1754 0.696 1.65 1755 -0.017 1.738 1756 -0.52 1.869 1757 -1.306 1.517 1758 0.894 1.183 1759 0.316 0.86 1760 -0.22 0.841 1761 0.816 1.086 1762 1.04 1.101 1763 -1.792 1.092 1764 0.373 1.083 1765 -1.274 1.122 1766 1.483 1.144 1767 0.025 1.15 1768 -0.067 1.061 1769 0.134 1.035 1770 -0.483 1.057 1771 2.232 1.038 1772 -0.842 1.241 1773 -1.918 1.232 1774 -0.136 1.343 1775 1.108 1.418 1776 0.503 1.451 1777 -0.589 1.461 1778 -0.349 1.465 1779 0.694 1.689 1780 -0.392 1.754 1781 0.108 1.744 1782 -1.976 1.636 1783 0.991 1.809 1784 2.631 1.663 1785 -1.099 1.705 1786 -1.456 1.668 1787 1.536 1.679 1788 0.147 1.813 1789 -1.916 1.896 1790 -1.054 1.864 1791 0.434 1.944 1792 1.707 1.961 1793 1.836 1.721 1794 -1.149 1.738 1795 -0.697 1.513 1796 0.23 1.458 1797 0.645 1.407 1798 -1.868 1.324 1799 1.329 1.32 1800 -0.011 1.172 1801 -1.139 1.196 1802 0.489 1.172 1803 0.483 1.104 1804 1.152 0.961 1805 -1.165 0.915 1806 -0.615 1.126 1807 0.9 1.31 1808 -0.908 1.196 1809 -0.506 1.048 1810 0.591 1.036 1811 1.109 1.254 1812 -0.611 1.259 1813 -1.4 1.431 1814 0.009 1.42 1815 0.6 1.457 1816 2.362 1.416 1817 0.644 1.258 1818 -1.222 1.33 1819 -0.863 1.33 1820 -1.245 1.311 1821 1.978 1.414 1822 -1.175 1.344 1823 -0.861 1.51 1824 -0.951 1.416 1825 1.336 1.43 1826 0.277 1.488 1827 0.186 1.145 1828 1.441 1.086 1829 -0.912 1.132 1830 -0.019 1.131 1831 -1.445 1.174 1832 0.311 1.169 1833 1.8 1.097 1834 -0.613 1.255 1835 -0.334 1.19 1836 -0.5 1.115 1837 0.172 1.355 1838 0.182 1.416 1839 1.375 1.48 1840 1.014 1.496 1841 -1.515 1.717 1842 -1.912 1.645 1843 0.085 1.698 1844 1.911 1.601 1845 -0.213 1.603 1846 0.212 1.591 1847 -1.947 1.61 1848 -0.494 1.801 1849 1.743 1.805 1850 1.373 1.715 1851 -2.192 1.658 1852 0.084 1.632 1853 1.535 1.567 1854 0.508 1.757 1855 -1.242 1.537 1856 -0.072 1.653 1857 -1.196 1.661 1858 1.913 1.462 1859 -0.208 1.586 1860 -0.034 1.474 1861 -0.461 1.543 1862 1.299 1.412 1863 -1.555 1.43 1864 -1.832 1.266 1865 0.022 1.229 1866 1.395 1.168 1867 0.398 1.151 1868 0.554 1.269 1869 1.744 1.149 1870 -0.657 1.372 1871 -1.744 1.407 1872 0.038 1.417 1873 -0.006 1.268 1874 -0.087 1.125 1875 -0.15 1.101 1876 0.099 1.074 1877 0.544 1.223 1878 1.775 1.249 1879 -1.302 1.237 1880 -1.643 1.068 1881 0.19 1.227 1882 0.458 1.02 1883 -0.57 1.18 1884 0.84 1.264 1885 1.691 1.299 1886 -0.657 1.381 1887 -2.015 1.433 1888 0.906 1.456 1889 0.403 1.38 1890 -0.347 1.279 1891 1.696 1.1 1892 0.17 1.355 1893 -1.576 1.475 1894 -1.058 1.776 1895 0.611 1.805 1896 -0.905 1.698 1897 1.236 1.854 1898 1.147 1.506 1899 -1.024 1.497 1900 -0.048 1.64 1901 0.474 1.709 1902 -2.025 1.588 1903 1.746 1.562 1904 -2.409 1.631 1905 1.102 1.488 1906 0.763 1.504 1907 1.277 1.504 1908 0.441 1.585 1909 -0.058 1.536 1910 -1.815 1.66 1911 -0.982 1.637 1912 0.784 1.783 1913 -0.186 1.426 1914 1.151 1.279 1915 1.106 1.268 1916 -0.057 1.254 1917 -0.905 1.255 1918 -1.828 1.124 1919 0.684 1.154 1920 1.404 1.164 1921 0.461 0.954 1922 -0.819 0.942 1923 -0.129 0.915 1924 0.652 1.272 1925 -2.262 1.258 1926 1.012 1.217 1927 0.771 1.236 1928 0.217 1.045 1929 -0.855 1.036 1930 0.157 1.272 1931 0.015 1.362 1932 1.325 1.44 1933 0.416 1.458 1934 -2.694 1.453 1935 1.04 1.444 1936 -0.552 1.275 1937 0.43 1.236 1938 0.931 1.203 1939 -1.74 1.309 1940 -1.08 1.277 1941 1.902 1.388 1942 1.221 1.514 1943 -0.93 1.4 1944 0.311 1.38 1945 0.431 1.039 1946 -1.302 1.121 1947 0.489 1.11 1948 -0.124 1.275 1949 1.261 1.297 1950 -0.624 1.108 1951 -0.97 1.083 1952 1.412 0.942 1953 0.024 0.888 1954 -0.871 0.89 1955 -0.112 1.018 1956 -1.526 1 1957 0.52 0.933 1958 1.804 0.932 1959 -0.855 1.004 1960 0.345 0.898 1961 -0.873 0.993 1962 0.934 0.962 1963 -0.626 1.062 1964 -0.944 1.246 1965 1.418 1.314 1966 -0.163 1.304 1967 -0.693 1.313 1968 0.478 1.293 1969 0.957 1.305 1970 0.288 1.302 1971 -1.466 1.36 1972 -0.588 1.338 1973 2.052 1.475 1974 -1.747 1.418 1975 1.212 1.367 1976 -0.094 1.257 1977 -1.576 1.424 1978 0.27 1.428 1979 1.87 1.539 1980 -0.827 1.535 1981 -0.856 1.516 1982 -0.565 1.53 1983 1.653 1.697 1984 0.203 1.585 1985 -0.089 1.482 1986 -0.409 1.405 1987 1.672 1.479 1988 -0.73 1.344 1989 -1.475 1.498 1990 -0.998 1.437 1991 -0.109 1.268 1992 1.379 1.255 1993 1.873 NA 1994 -1.652 NA 1995 0.531 NA 1996 -0.758 NA 1997 -0.393 NA 1998 0.977 NA 1999 1.434 NA 2000 -1.019 NA 2001 0.065 NA 2002 -1.078 NA